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[AM REPORT]
[Generation of DSB-SC]

[Name: Menna Hassan Hamed] [ID:13240126] [SEC:8]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Oscillator.................................................................4

Filters......................................................................6

Single diode............................................................9

Practical diode......................................................11

Diode Bridge ........................................................14

Ring Diode.............................................................17

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 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CIRCUITS

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OSCILLTOR
In this stage we’ll design an oscillator to generate a frequency of 1260KHz (Carrier

frequency).

My Oscillator of choice is the “LC Tank” Oscillator.

LC Oscillator:

- We have resistors, capacitors, and inductor coils.

For proper transistor biasing we’ll assume:

- Vcc = 9V.
- R1 = 12KΩ
- R2 = 8.8KΩ
- R3 = 1KΩ
- R4 = 1kΩ
- R5=200Ω
- To calculate the value of the LC tank oscillator we’ll assume Capacitance

“C” = 1nF.

- Next, we’ll calculate the value of inductance “L” through the following

equation:
𝟏
- 𝒇𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪

- 𝑓𝑟: Resonant frequency (Carrier)

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In this case 𝒇𝒓 = 1.26MHz & C = 1nF → L = 30.905uH

proteus of LC Oscillator

input signal vs LC oscillator.

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FILTERS
BAND PASS FILTER:

cascaded band pass filter is made up of high pass filter cascaded with low pass filter as shown below. The high pass filter and

low pass filter can be 1st order or 2nd order filters the one shown below uses second order filters.

LOW PASS FILTER TERM:

Substitute. FL=F carrier - F message = 1260k + 126k=1.134Mhz

Assume C1=C2=C= 1PF R1=R2=R

Therefore, the R =114.83kΩ

Assume Rb1=10k therefore, the Ra1=12.4k

HIGH PASS FILTER TERM:

Substitute. Fc =F carrier - F message = 1260k - 126k=1.386Mhz

Assume C1=C2=C= 1PF R1=R2=R

Therefore, the R =140.35kΩ

Assume Rb1=10k therefore, the Ra1=1.52k

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LOW PASS FILTER:

Low Pass filter is a filter which passes all frequencies from DC to upper cut-off frequency fH and rejects

any signals above this frequency.

Second Order Active Low Pass Filter

𝑅2
The gain of the above circuit is Amax = 1 + (𝑅1)

R1=10K R2=12.4K
1
The cut-off frequency of second order low pass filter is fc = 2𝜋√(C1C2R3R4)

Assume C1=C2=C= 1PF R3=R4=R

Substitute. Fc = 126kHZ

Therefore, the R =1263kΩ

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Generation of DSB-SC
(Modulators):

1) Multiplier Modulators (double balanced modulator)

2) Nonlinear Modulators
a) Single diode

(unbalanced modulator)

b) Practical circuit for non-linear modulator (two identical diodes)

(single balanced modulator)

3) Switching modulators
a) Diode bridge modulator

(single balanced modulator)

b) Ring modulator

(Double balanced modulator)

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SINGLE DIODE
By using any non-linear device such that as diodes

Modulation Equation

𝑤𝑚 = 2𝜋 × 126 × 103 , 𝑤𝑐 = 2𝜋 × 1260 × 103

m(t)= cos𝑤𝑚 𝑡

Select modulation signal 𝟐𝒃𝒎(𝒕)𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝑶𝑺 𝒘𝒄𝒕 selected by BP

SINGLE DIODE

Demodulation Equation

In the demodulator we enter the modulated signal with the carrier into the diode.

The input of the diode will be.

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) + cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) , 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

And the output will be.

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎(2𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) + cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)) 𝑏(2𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡)2

𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + acos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡))2 (cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡))2 + 𝑏 cos(𝜔𝑡)2 + 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡)(cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡))2

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CIRCUIT OF MODULATION:

CIRCUIT OF DEMODULATION:

OUPUT :

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TWO IDENTICAL DIODES

- Modulation can also be achieved by using nonlinear devices, such as a semiconductor diode or a

transistor.

- Figure shows one possible scheme, which uses two identical nonlinear

elements shown by boxes

marked NL.

- Let the input-output characteristics of either of the nonlinear elements be

approximated by a power

series: Where:

Modulation Equation:

➢ x(t) and y(t) are the input and the output, respectively, of the nonlinear
element.

➢ X1(t) = cos 𝑤𝑐𝑡 + m(t).

➢ X2(t) = cos 𝑤𝑐𝑡 - m(t).
➢ y1(t) = ax1(t) + bx12(t).
➢ y2(t) = ax2(t) + bx22(t).

The summer output z(t) is given by.

•
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑚(𝑡) + acos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑏(𝑚(𝑡))2 + 2𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑏(cos 𝑤𝑡)2 − acos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑎𝑚(𝑡) − 𝑏(cos 𝑤𝑡)2
+ 2𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑏(𝑚(𝑡))2

• z(t) = 2am(t) +4bm(t) cos 𝑤𝑐𝑡.

After passing through BPF tuned at ±𝝎𝒄 the output will be 𝟒𝒃𝒎(𝒕) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒘𝒕

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 Demodulation Equation:

The input equations:

➢ 𝑥1 (𝑡) = 4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑡

➢ 𝑥2 (𝑡) = cos 𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡

The equations after passing by nonlinear device:

➢ 𝑦1 (𝑡) = 𝑎(4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑡) + 𝑏(4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑡)2

𝑦1 (𝑡) = 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + acos 𝑤𝑡 + 16(𝑚(𝑡))2 (cos 𝑤𝑡)2 + 𝑏(cos 𝑤𝑡)2 + 8𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡)(cos 𝑤𝑡)2
1
Since (cos 𝑤𝑡)2 = (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡) Then:
2

1
𝑦1 (𝑡) = 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + acos 𝑤𝑡 + 16𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡))2 (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡) + 𝑏 (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡) + 8𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡)(1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡)
2

2 𝑏 𝑏
𝑦1 (𝑡) = 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + acos 𝑤𝑡 + 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡))2 − 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡)) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡)2 − 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + − cos 2𝑤𝑡
2 2

➢ 𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑎(cos 𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡) + 𝑏(cos 𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡)2

𝑦2 (𝑡) = acos 𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑏(cos 𝑤𝑡)2 +16(𝑚(𝑡))2 (cos 𝑤𝑡)2 − 8𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡)(cos 𝑤𝑡)2
1
Since (cos 𝑤𝑡)2 = (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡)
2

𝑏 𝑏 2
𝑦2 (𝑡) = acos 𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + − cos 2𝑤𝑡 − 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) + 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡))2 − 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡)) cos 2𝑤𝑡
2 2

Output equation:

➢ 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑦1(𝑡) − 𝑦2(𝑡)

2 𝑏 𝑏
➢ 𝑧(𝑡) = 4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + acos 𝑤𝑡 + 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡))2 − 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡)) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) − 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + − cos 2𝑤𝑡 − acos 𝑤𝑡 +
2 2

𝑏 𝑏 2 2
4𝑎𝑏𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 − + cos 2𝑤𝑡 + 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) − 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝑤𝑡 − 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡)) + 8𝑏 2 (𝑚(𝑡)) cos 2𝑤𝑡
2 2

We Ned to select the desired signal 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡) so, we will select it by using Low Pass Filter

So, the output after passing through LPF is 4𝑏 2 𝑚(𝑡).

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Circuit Of Modulation:

Circuit Of Demodulation:

OUPUT:

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BRIDGE DIODE

the positive Half cycle the information signal 𝑚(𝑡) passes to next stage and D1, D2, D3, and

D4 are conduct and act as short circuit.

the positive Half cycle the information signal 𝑚(𝑡) doesn’t pass to next stage and D1, D2,

D3, and D4 are conduct and act as open circuit.

• Modulation Equation:

𝑍(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ∗ 𝑤𝑐
∞
1 2 (−1)𝑛−1
𝑍(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ∗ ( + ∑ cos((2𝑛 − 1)𝜔𝑡))
2 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1

1 2 1 1
𝑍(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡) (cos 𝑤𝑡 − cos 3𝑤𝑡 + cos 5𝑤𝑡 )
2 𝜋 3 5

1 2 2 2
𝑍(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑡) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos 3𝑤𝑡 + cos 5𝑤𝑡
2 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
2
After passing through BPF tuned at ±𝜔𝑐 the output will be 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡.
π

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 • Demodulation Equation
The input equation is:
2
Modulated signal 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 , 𝜔𝐶
π

Output equation:

2
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 ∗ 𝑤(𝑡)
𝜋

2 1 2 1 1
𝑧(𝑡) = ( 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡))( + (cos 𝑤𝑡 − cos 3𝑤𝑡 + cos 5𝑤𝑡 ))
𝜋 2 𝜋 3 5

1 4
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)(cos 𝑤𝑡)2
𝜋 𝜋

1 2 2
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝑤𝑡
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2
The output of the low pass filter is 𝑚(𝑡)
𝜋

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Circuit Of Modulation:

Circuit Of Demodulation:

OUPUT:

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RING MODULATOR

• Modulation Equation

Ring Modulator acts as Square Pulse Train signal between [-1,1].

4 (−1)𝑛−1
The square wave equation: 𝜔𝑐 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos((2𝑛 − 1)𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 2𝑛−1

Output equations:

𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ∗ 𝑤𝑐 (𝑡)

4 1 1
𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ∗ (cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) − cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡) + cos(5𝑤𝐶 𝑡) − ⋯ )
𝜋 3 5

4 4
𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡) + ⋯
𝜋 3𝜋

4
The modulated signal is 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) which selected by BPF.
𝜋

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 • Demodulation Equation
The input equation is:
4
Modulated signal 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝑤𝑡 , 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)
π

Output equations:

4
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) ∗ 𝑤 (𝑡)
𝜋
4 4 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = ( 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) ) ∗ (cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) − cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡) + cos(5𝑤𝐶 𝑡) − ⋯ )
𝜋 𝜋 3 5

16 2(
16
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚 (𝑡 ) cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡)
𝜋2 3𝜋 2
1
Since cos2 (𝑤𝑐 𝑡) = (1 − cos (2𝑤𝑐 𝑡))
2

16 1 16
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚 (𝑡 ) ( (1 − cos(2𝑤𝑐 𝑡 ))) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡)
𝜋2 2 3𝜋 2

8 8 16
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚 (𝑡 ) − 𝑚 (𝑡 ) cos(2𝑤𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) cos(3𝑤𝑐 𝑡)
𝜋2 𝜋2 3𝜋 2
8
The demodulated signal is 𝑚(𝑡) which selected by LPF.
𝜋2

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Circuit Of Modulation:

Circuit Of Demodulation:

OUPUT:

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