Stairs and Platforms
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ScribdTranslationsStairs and Platforms
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ScribdTranslationsSTAIRS AND PLATFORMS.
The stairs, platforms and railings have the purpose of placing personnel who require it in an area of the tank that
needs constant maintenance or supervision, generally on the roof where various nozzles and the man entrance
are located, in addition to providing protection and security. to the staff.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PLATFORMS AND CORRIDORS
(SPECIFIED BY API 650)
1.- All components must be metallic.
2.- The minimum width of the floor will be 610mm. (24 in.).
3.- The entire floor must be made of non-slip material.
4.- The height of the railing from the floor will be 1,067mm. (42 in.).
5.- The minimum height of the skirting board will be 76mm. (3 in.).
6.- The maximum space between the floor and the bottom of the hallway plate thickness will be 6.35mm. (1/4
in.).
7.- The height of the central railing will be approximately half the distance from the top of the hallway to the top
of the railing.
8.- The maximum distance between the railing posts must be 1168mm. (46 in.).
9.- The complete structure will have to be capable of supporting a concentrated live load of 453 Kg. (1,000 lb),
applied in any direction and at any point on the rail.
10.- The handrails will be on both sides of the platform, and will be interrupted where necessary for access.
11.- Any space greater than 152mm. (6 in.) Between the tank and the platform there must be foot STAIRS AND
PLATFORMS. The stairs, platforms and railings have the purpose of placing personnel who require it in an area of
the tank that needs constant maintenance or supervision, generally on the roof where various nozzles and the
man entrance are located, in addition to providing protection and security. to the staff.
12.- The tank corridors that extend from one side of the ground or another structure to the other must be
supported in such a way that there is free relative movement of the structures joined by the corridors; This can
be accompanied by a firm tie of the corridor to the tanks, in addition to the use of a sliding or expansion joint in
the contact bridge between the corridor and the other tank (this method allows that in the event that a tank
suffers rupture or any sudden movement, the other is not damaged).
REQUIREMENTS FOR STAIRS. (SPECIFIED BY API 650)
1.- All parts of the staircase will be metal.
2.- The minimum width of the stairs will be 610mm. (24 in.).
3.- The maximum angle between the stairs and a horizontal line will be 50º.
4.- The minimum width of the steps will be 203mm. (8 in.). The elevation will be uniform along the entire length
of the staircase.
5.- The steps must be made of mesh or non-slip material.
6.- The top of the grate must be attached to the handrail, of the platform without margin and the height,
measured vertically from the level of the step to the edge of the same, from 762 to 864mm. (30 in. to 34 in.).
7.- The maximum distance between the grid posts measured along the elevation of 2,438mm. (96 in.).
8.- The complete structure will be capable of supporting a concentrated live load of 453 Kg. (1,000 lb), and the
handrail structure must be capable of supporting a load of 90Kg. (200 lb), applied in any direction and point on
the railing.
9.- Handrails must be placed on both sides of straight stairs.
CALCULATION BY EARTHQUAKE AND WIND.
CALCULATION BY EARTHQUAKE.
Telluric movements are a very special issue in the design of vertical storage tanks, especially in areas with a high
degree of seismicity.
These telluric movements cause two types of reactions on the tank, which are:
a) When the amplified high relative frequency causes a lateral movement of the ground on which the tank
is located, subsequently the amount of liquid that the container contains moves in unison with the body
of the tank.
b) When the amplified low relative frequency causes a movement of the mass of the contained liquid,
causing waves inside the tank.
The lateral movement of the masses generates forces that act on the center of gravity of the tank, causing the
instability of the assembly, which, multiplied by the lever arm with respect to the bottom, causes a tipping
moment, producing longitudinal compression, causing deformation. of the body. Therefore, the tank will be
designed to resist this phenomenon.
EFFECTIVE MASS CONTAINED IN THE TANK.
The effective masses W1 and W2 will be determined by multiplying WT by the ratios W1/WT and W2/WT
respectively obtained from Figure 3.2. and the D/H ratio.
D/H
Where:
D=Tank diameter (m)
H=Design height of the liquid (m)
W T = Total weight of the tank fluid (Kg.).
4.00/3.25=1.23
With this dimensionless value we will look for the corresponding values:
Factor
For W1/WT = 7.9 previous table
For W2/WT = 3 table above
W T = 36,000 kg
Substituting values:
W1= W T * W1/WT
W1= 36,000 * 7.9= 284,000 kg
W2= W T * W2/WT
W2= 36,000 * 3= 108,000 kg
Calculation of the height from the bottom of the tank to the centroid of the lateral force
Where:
H=Design height of the liquid (cm)
r=Design tank bottom radius
X1 =0.375*H
X1 =0.375*325
X1 =121.88/100= 1.2188 m
X2 =(1-(cos(1.84(H/r))/1.84(H/r)sin(1.84(H/r))*H
X2 = (1- (cos (1.84 (325/200))/1.84 (325/200) Sen (1.84 (325/200)) 325
X2 =321.75 cm/100= 3.2175 m
TURN MOMENT.
The overturning moment must be determined using the following expression, carrying out the calculations with
respect to the base of the tank, so the foundation requires a separate particular design.
M = ZI (C 1 WsXs + C 1 WrHt + C 1 W 1 X 1 + C 2 W 2 X 2 .
WHERE:
M = Overturning moment (Kg − m.).
Z = Seismic coefficient (See Figure 3.1. and Table 3.1.).
I = Stiffness factor = 1 for all tanks except when an increase in this factor is specified by the user. It is
recommended that this factor does not exceed 1.5, which is the maximum value that can be applied.
C1, C2 = Seismic lateral force coefficient.
Ws = Total weight of the tank body (Kg.).
Xs = Height from the bottom of the tank body to its center of gravity (m.).
Wr = Total weight of the tank roof plus a user-specified live load (Kg.)
Ht = Total height of the tank body (m.)
W1 = Weight of the effective mass contained in the tank that moves in unison with the body of the tank (Kg.)
X1 = Height from the bottom of the tank body to the centroid of the applied seismic lateral force.
W2 = Effective weight of the mass contained by the tank that moves in the first wave (Kg.).
X2 = Height from the bottom of the tank to the centroid of the applied lateral seismic force.
FIGURE 3.1. SEISMIC ZONES OF THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC.
TABLE 3.1. SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Z).
DATA:
Z= 0.375
I=1
C1=0.24
C2=1.5
Ws=6,680.00 kg
Xs=1.625 m
Wr=2815.33 kg
Ht=3.97 m
W1 = 284,400.00 kg
X1 = 1.2188 m
W2 = 108,000.00 kg
X2 = 3.2175 m
Substituting values:
M = ZI (C 1 WsXs +C 1 WrHt +C 1 W 1 X 1 +C 2 W 2 X 2 .
M=(0.375)(1)((0.24*6,680*1.625)+(0.24*2815.23*3.97)+(0.24*284,400*1.2188)+(1.5*108,000*3.2175)
M=0.375*609,712.96
M=228,642.36 kg-m
Earthquake load calculation:
COMBINED EFFECTS OF GROUND MOVEMENTS
The tanks and deposits will be analyzed under the action of two orthogonal horizontal components of ground
movement of the same intensity. For containers located in areas of high seismicity, the action of the vertical
component will additionally be considered, the effect of which will be taken as a hydrodynamic pressure equal
to the corresponding hydrostatic pressure, multiplied by 2/3 of the maximum horizontal acceleration of the
terrain divided by the acceleration of the gravity. The internal forces resulting from these seismic stresses will be
obtained by applying the square root rule of the sum of the squares. The internal forces thus obtained must be
combined with the gravitational forces.
Hydrostatic pressure.
P H= γ water *H
Where:
γ water =Specific weight of water 1,000 kg/m3
H=Design height of the liquid (m)
PH=1000*3.25= 3,250 kg/m3
CALCULATION BY WIND.
WIND PRESSURE.
All storage tanks will be designed and calculated for complete stability. The overturning moment produced by
the constant wind load, which must be considered at least 146 Kg / m 2 (30 lb / ft 2) on the surface of the
vertical plane, 88 Kg / m 2 ( lb / ft 2 ), in the projected areas of the cylinder surfaces and 73 Kg / m 2 (15 lb / ft 2 )
in the projected areas of conical and double curved surfaces. Which is determined based on a wind speed of 161
km / h (100 mph ).
