NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY

OF MEXICO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT OF

A BOXER

Thesis

To obtain the title of Mechanical Engineer:

PRESENTS:

Ramirez Valadez Edgar Eduardo

Vieyra Díaz José Leobardo

THESIS DIRECTOR:

Dr. Lázaro Morales Acosta

University City, Cd. Max. October 2016

Introduction

The improvement in the performance of athletes throughout history has been influenced by
multiple factors, among which are: genetics, quality of life, diet, physiological controls,
psychological states, etc., without However, the most important reason is, without a doubt, the
improvement of technical movements during training, as a result of numerous studies, based on
the different sciences that affect it, as well as the use of increasingly modern measuring
equipment.

Biomechanics studies contribute to understanding the motor gesture and subsequently to the
improvement of movements based on sports techniques. In contact sports, sports technique must
contribute to solving a series of complicated tasks such as increasing effectiveness by maximizing
its strengths or improve the speed and accuracy of movements under the changing conditions of
sports competitions.

Boxing belongs to the group of sports that are characterized by a rapid change in competitive
conditions and a great variability of the athlete's actions in the competition process. Nowadays,
athletes with good offensive systems are required, which guarantee correct execution of the
blows, to achieve good effectiveness.

In order to reduce improvisations during the confrontation, which could threaten the
harmonious development of the boxers, it is essential to train athletes with high technical
mastery, taking into account the fundamental role that an athlete has during the combat, which is
that of get the point on the opponent, to do this, the movement technique is based on its tactical
application.

Boxing requires athletes with a good somatotype, physical qualities, tactical thinking, etc., but
the technical level of the athlete governs as an elementary standard. Without this, in the domain
of technical movements it is impossible for other qualities to be imposed, therefore , the problem
of the technical preparation of Boxing, will continue to be a dynamic aspect in the teaching
process, that is, it must respond to the needs of the athlete in order to achieve high sporting
performances through general and partial objectives, which allow carrying teaching to make up for
deficiencies and not to meet goals or parameters.

Achieving a technical level with quality is not a matter of moments, this takes patience and
time, therefore, when to start and how to achieve it is a problem that comes to life daily and the
way to solve it is in the dedication of the coaches.

Offensive technical patterns, in general, with good training, are not really difficult to master for
almost all athletes. An athlete, who correctly masters the technical elements and is able to use
them in the various tactical situations that arise in combat, can confidently face the competition
and obtain relevant results.

Filming has become an effective method for the study of sports movements and, together with
kinematic techniques, the sports gesture can be described to reveal parameters of speed and
hitting strength of boxers, revealing the technical weaknesses that may occur. be reducing their
performance and in this way being able to attack the key points to improve technique, thus
achieving greater efficiency and skill when it comes to combat.

In this work, the representative curves for the hook and straight punches of five fighters
are shown, with the purpose of visualizing the behavior of the sporting gesture and what is the
relationship that the variation of angles has with respect to the hitting force.
GOALS
General objective:
 Establish a system that generates information that allows analyzing the execution
technique of striking in UNAM amateur boxers, as well as quantifying the impact power.

Specific objectives:
 Selection of sensors capable of measuring force generated during the blow.
 Instrument a force measurement system.
 Implement the IDEF0 methodology for the discretization of a biomechanical analysis of a
boxer's technique.
 Generate a graphic tool that facilitates the evaluation of physical performance.
Chapter 1
Background
Chapter 1 Background

Chapter 1 Background

1.1 Historical context (origins, evolution).

The origin of boxing is uncertain, there are sources where it is mentioned that its origins date back
to the period between 6000-4000 BC. in North Africa, in what is now Ethiopia[1] and other
references indicate that the first signs of boxing come from Greek mythology with its appearance
as an Olympic sport in the year 688 BC. [2]. It is for this reason that it is difficult to give the exact
place and date of the origin of boxing. What can be assured is that it was not always as it is known
today, a sport where the primary objective is to win without leaving the opponent "useless." . In
its beginnings, boxing was an act of brutality since it was fought to the death, there was no type of
protection, nor a ring as it is now known, nor a referee, there were only a couple of people,
entertaining a crowd, this It is something that all sources of information agree on, a boxer was that
man who was capable of killing his opponent with blows, since it was totally valid to hit with his
feet and it was allowed to apply fighting holds, practically everything was allowed.

In some parts of the world boxing was banned since it was an act where one of the two
contestants had to die.

In the desire to continue practicing boxing, many people continued to perform clandestine
functions, following the same line that had been marked until then, the death of one of the two
contenders. Others, however, sought protection for the fighters and in this way the first signs of
boxing as a sport were recorded. The first thing that was done was the implementation of what we
know today as gloves, these consisted of a type of protection made with leather bandages, this
way the opponent would not be hurt as much.

But it was not until the 17th century that boxing was considered a sport as such, at this
time the King of England William III allowed the practice of bare-knuckle fighting (prizefighting),
the objective was to win the fight to earn a prize. In the year 1719 the first championship fight was
recorded where the winner was James Figg.

In the year 1741 in England, Jack Broughton defeated George Stevenson in a 35-minute
combat, leaving him seriously injured and later losing his life. After this event, Jack Broughton gave
boxing a technical and methodical approach to prevent boxers from suffering irreversible
damage. , thanks to these first rules he became “the father of English boxing”.

These first rules were:

1.- Retire to your own side of the ring if your opponent falls.
Chapter 1 Background

2.- The count of half a minute after a fall to be located in the center of the ring and restart the
fight or be considered “defeated man”.

3.- Only the boxers and their second could go into the ring.

4.- The prohibition of private arrangements between fighters for the distribution of money.

5.- The election of “umpires” to resolve disputes between boxers.

6.- The prohibition of hitting the opponent when he is down.

7.- The admission of keys above the waist.

At the end of the 19th century, boxing expanded to the American continent and also to
Spanish-speaking countries. It was at that time that the rules implemented by Jack Broughton
became obsolete due to the then new London Prize Ring regulations.

Among the important contributions that the London Pize Ring regulations made to boxing
is the sizing of a combat ring (7.3 m per side), the protection count of 30 seconds each time one of
the boxers fell to the canvas and one of the They also changed the way of fighting from the
prohibition of headbutts, bites and blows below the belt. For this, there was already a uniform for
the boxer which consisted of shorts, boxing boots and gloves.

For the year 1867, the rules of the Marquis of Queensberry were published, providing the
division of weights into light, medium and heavy.

At this time, boxing spread to the American continent, first in the United States and later to
Spanish-speaking countries. In Western lands, boxing performances were held in the facilities of
the National Sporting Club, which was founded in 1891 and who added nine rules to the twelve
already existing in the Marquis' regulations.

1.2 Categories and Divisions

Currently, practically the same Marquis rules are still used, but with some adjustments, one of the
most representative and which protects the physical integrity of the boxer are the weight divisions
by category.

To understand this section, you must first define the difference between category and
division.

Category : in current boxing there are categories of professional and amateur, within professional
sport we find the subcategories of women's and men's, remaining as follows: women's
Chapter 1 Background

professional and men's professional. In amateur boxing there are subcategories by age, by sex
(female and male) and by practice time (beginner, intermediate and advanced).

Divisions : refer to the separation by weight of the fighter, these vary depending on the
organization that sanctions the fight. The different associations have differences in the names of
the divisions as well as their weight ranges.

For a boxing tournament to take place, it is necessary that the fighters be classified in the
corresponding category and division, that is, a child of 8 years old and less than 45 kg / 99.21 lb in
weight should not face one of 11 years old. years and 50 kg / 110.23 lb in weight, for the safety of
the fighter, likewise, a 15-year-old with 55 kg / 121.25 lb in weight cannot fight with 3 years of
practice with a 25-year-old with 55 kg / 121.25 lb in weight. weight and 3 months of practice. It is
very important that these parameters are respected.

In the men's amateur category, the International Amateur Boxing Association only
sanctions 10 weight divisions. See table 1.1, in the same way in the women's category 10
categories are sanctioned, varying only the name of the divisions. See table 1.2.
Chapter 1 Background

There are currently 17 divisions in men's professional boxing, ranging from strawweight to
fullweight, the first with a maximum of 47,627 kg/105 lb, this being the one for the lightest boxers
and the largest fighters starting from a minimum. 90,719 kg/ 200 lb. See table 1.1.

Originally there were eight divisions: flyweight, bantamweight, featherweight, lightweight,

welterweight, middleweight, light heavyweight and complete. But as time went by, expansion and
updating of the sport yielded an increasing number of internationally recognized divisions.

The World Boxing Council (WBC) and the World Boxing Association (WBA) prefer to name
light flyweight, super flyweight, super bantamweight, super featherweight, super lightweight, and
super welterweight, while the World Boxing Organization and the International Boxing Federation
(IBF) refer to to such divisions as Jr. flyweight, Jr. bantamweight, Jr. featherweight, Jr. lightweight,
Jr. welterweight. and middle Jr. respectively; Furthermore, what for him (WBC) is strawweight,
(WBA) is minimum weight and for (WBO) and (IBF) it is light flyweight. The (WBO) calls junior
fullweight. Which in other organizations is cruiser weight. See table 1.3.

Table 1.1 divisions sanctioned by the International Amateur Boxing

Association for men.
DIVISION WEIGHT IN Kg/lb.
Flyweight Up to 48/ 105.82
Bantamweight From 48.1 to 51 / 106.04 to 112.44
Featherweight From 51.1 to 54 / 112.66 to 119.05
Light weight From 54.1 to 60 / 119.27 to 132.28
Super light weight or junior From 60.1 to 64 / 132.50 to 141.10
welterweight
welterweight From 64.1 to 69 / 141.32 to 152.12
Medium or medium weight From 69.1 to 75 / 152.34 to 165.35
Middle heavy or light From 75.1 to 81 / 165.57 to 178.57
heavyweight
Heavyweight From 81.1 to 91 / 178.79 to 200.62
super heavyweight From 91.1/200.84 onwards
Chapter 1 Background

Table 1.2 divisions sanctioned by the International Women's Amateur

Boxing Association.
DIVISION WEIGHT IN Kg/lb.
Flyweight From 45 to 48 / 99.21 to 105.82
Bantamweight From 48.1 to 51 / 106.04 to 112.44
Featherweight From 51.1 to 54 / 112.66 to 119.05
Light weight From 54.1 to 57 / 119.27 to 125.66
light welterweight From 57.1 to 60 / 125.88 to 132.28
welterweight From 60.1 to 64 / 132.50 to 141.10
Medium weight From 64.1 to 69 / 141.32 to 152.12
light heavyweight From 69.1 to 75 / 152.34 to 165.35
Full weight From 75.1 to 81 / 165.57 to 178.57
Super Heavyweight Over 81.1 / 178.79
Chapter 1 Background

Tabla 1.3 co mparativa de divis io nes entre las cuatro o rganizacio nes .

(WBC) (AMB) (OMB) (FIB)

F F V F F

Semimo s ca 0 a 47.627 / NA NA (0 a 47.627) (0 a 47.627)

Minimo s ca (47.628 a 48.988) NA NA (47.628 a 48.988) (47.628 a 48.988)

Mo s ca (48.989 a 50.802 ) NA (46 a 49) (48.989 a 50.802 ) (48.989 a 50.802 )

Supermo s ca (50.803 a 52.163) (45 a 48) (49.1 a 52) (50.803 a 52.163) (50.803 a 52.163)

Gallo (52.163 a 53.525) (48.1 a 51) (52.1 a 56) (52.163 a 53.525) (52.163 a 53.525)

Supergallo (53.526 a 55.525) NA NA (53.526 a 55.525) (53.526 a 55.525)

P luma (55.526 a 57.153) (51.1 a 54) NA (55.526 a 57.153) (55.526 a 57.153)

Superpluma (57.154 a 58.697) NA NA (57.154 a 58.697) (57.154 a 58.697)

Ligero (58.698 a 61.235) (54.1 a 57) (56.1 a 60) (58.698 a 61.235) (58.698 a 61.235)

Superligero (61.236 a 63.235) NA (60.1 a 64) (61.236 a 63.235) (61.236 a 63.235)

Welter (63.235 a 66.678) (57.1 a 60) (64.1 a 69) (63.235 a 66.678) (63.235 a 66.678)

Superwelter (66.679 a 69.853) (60.1 a 64) NA (66.679 a 69.853) (66.679 a 69.853)

Medio (69.853 a 72.574) (64.1 a 69) (69.1 a 75) (69.853 a 72.574) (69.853 a 72.574)

Supermedio (72.575 a 76.203) NA NA (72.575 a 76.203) (72.575 a 76.203)

Semico mpleto (76.204 a 79.378) (69.1 a 75) (75.1 a 81) (76.204 a 79.378) (76.204 a 79.378)

Crucero (79.379 a 90.892) NA NA (79.379 a 90.892) (79.379 a 90.892)

Co mpleto Más de 90.893 (75.1 a 81) (81.1 a 91) Más de 90.893 Más de 90.893

Superco mpleto No aplica Más de 81.1 91.1+ No aplica No aplica

Note: (lower limit to upper limit) in kilograms.

Chapter 1 Background

1.3 Regulations and associations

1.3.1. World Boxing Council (WBC)

The (WBC) is an organization that seeks to position boxing as the number one sport, as well as
protect the boxer in all aspects, which is why for 48 years the World Boxing Council has organized
its annual convention, where They bring together boxers, referees, promoters, judges and
representatives of all affiliated organizations to discuss important points and provide solutions to
existing problems within the sport.

It was created on February 14, 1963 by the then president of Mexico, Adolfo López
Mateos, with the purpose of creating an organization that would unify all the boxing commissions
in the world and in this way control the growth of the sport. The World Boxing Council initially
created by 11 countries: United States, Argentina, England, France, Mexico, Philippines, Panama,
Chile, Peru, Venezuela and Brazil, currently has 164 affiliated countries. Its main founders were the
Mexicans Luis Spota and Professor Ramón G. Velázquez, who were presidents of the World Boxing
Council, as well as the Englishman Onslow Fane and the Filipino Justiniano Montaño.

So far there have been six presidents of the World Boxing Council, but only one man
served as absolute leader for more than three decades, Dr. JoséSulaimanChangon (1931-2014),
who remained president from September 5, 1975 until January Of 2014.

Since the arrival of José Sulaimán to the Presidency, the WBC evolved and the way this
sport is currently seen was transformed; For the organization, the most important thing is the
safety, health and respect of the boxer.

The first rules (WBC) that revolutionized boxing:

1.- The reduction of the duration of the title fights from 15 to 12 rounds.

2.- The mandatory official weigh-in 24 hours before the fights.

3.- The creation of intermediate divisions.

4.- The four-string ring.

5.- The glove with attached thumb.

6.- Anti-doping tests after each fight sanctioned by the (WBC).

7.- Donations to UCLA for scientific research.

Chapter 1 Background

8.- Annual medical examinations for champions and classified boxers.

9.- Life and hospitalization insurance for all those fighters who participate in evenings with
headline fights.

10.- Financial support pensions for boxers who need it around the world.

11.- The fight against “apartheid” in South African boxing.

As an example of the work that has been done over the years CMB, the following points
approved in the last 48th convention (November 2010) can be mentioned:

 The use of oxygen during fights. In the minute of rest, the boxers will have access to
oxygen.
 The use of a new glove certification starting in 2012, to ensure that they comply with
safety parameters for boxers.
 The use of a written protocol for everything related to taping technique, what is allowed
and what is not allowed, so that it is uniform throughout the world.
 The referees have the necessary authority to stop the fight when one of the contestants is
in poor condition, and does not have the slightest chance of being victorious.

After the death of José Sulaimán, the presidency was taken over by his son Mauricio Sulaimán
Saldívar, who was elected by unanimous decision by the governing board as the new president of
the World Boxing Council, replacing his father. The decision that was supported by each of the 10
confederations that make up the WBC, in addition to the vote in favor of the six vice
presidents[3] .

1.3.2 World Boxing Association (WBA) World Boxing Association ― WBA ― Venezuela
― 1962 ― Gilberto Mendoza

The (WBA) is the oldest of the big four bodies in men's professional boxing, having originally been
a United States association called the National Boxing Association (NBA), founded in 1921. In 1962,
given the growth of the sport on a global scale, the NBA became the (WBA) with its offices in the
state of Florida (it currently has headquarters in Panama and Venezuela). It is worth mentioning
that before the WBA, many of the considered world championships were sanctioned by the
influential New York State Athletic Commission[4] .

1.3.3 International Boxing Federation (IBF)

Chapter 1 Background

The idea of forming the UnitedStatesBoxing Association (USBA) came to fruition in September
1976 when organizers decided it was time to form an organization based on commitment and
legitimate boxing. Twenty-four organizations from different states met in April 1977 to consider
the structure of the organization. The first annual convention was in December 1977, to decide the
regulations of the (USBA)

In April 1893 the members of (USBA) decided to expand the organization at the annual
convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

In 1984 the name of USBA changed to IBF (International Boxing Federation).

1.4 Protective equipment.

Boxing is a sport that cannot be practiced without adequate protection, let us remember that in
this discipline the only means to win a fight are blows, due to the force that these imply, special
protective equipment is required in order to Avoid as much as possible any irreversible damage.

It is worth mentioning that the protective equipment will depend on the type of fight
being had, that is, professional or amateur, the only difference that exists is that in amateur boxing
the fighters use a mask to protect the head, while in professional boxing the use of this is
suppressed[5] .

Protective equipment consists of the following elements:

1.- Bandages.

2.- Gloves.

3.- Mask.
Chapter 1 Background

4.- Genital protector or jockstrap.

5.- Mouthguard .

1.4.1 Bandage

The bandage is essential for the boxer both for training and for fights. Its purpose is to protect the
ligaments of the fingers and wrist from low-frequency shocks when the blow is connected.

A good bandage consists of two parts:

1.-Bandages

2.- Tape or adhesive cloth

The bandage serves to absorb low frequencies through the tension generated by
squeezing the hand, while at the same time preventing the accumulation of heat due to friction.
The bandage helps prevent dead space between the fingers and thus reduces the risk of knuckle
dislocation. The function of the tape is to keep the metatarsal ligaments together when we make a
fist, strengthening all the knuckles at the same time.
Chapter 1 Background

Fighters who lack a good bandage are prone to suffering multiple injuries to both their
hands, this is because the vibrations of the blow are transmitted from the knuckles to the wrist.
Many boxers have ended their careers due to hand injuries, cases such as Carlos Hernández, Jeff
Fenech, Berdonce, attest to this.

The bandages are made of cotton since this material allows firm support without being
uncomfortable for the fighter.

1.4.2 Gloves

The main function of the glove is to protect the fighter's hand, since that is what it was designed
for; over time, countless modifications have been made to increase the safety of the fighters. The
use of modern gloves results in fewer facial injuries but greater damage to the brain of fighters,
while they have also been proven to reduce the force of punches by 70% .

There are different types of gloves:

1.- Speed gloves.

2.- Gloves for hitting bag.

3.- Sparring gloves.

In the case of amateur boxers, gloves are used with a white section which is called the
“scoring zone”, remember that in amateur boxing it is scored taking into account the number of
effective blows.

The gloves are divided according to their weight, varying from 8oz to 18oz with increases
of 2oz, the increase in ounces has gone hand in hand with boxing misfortunes such as that of
Benny KidParett who died after a fight. Currently there is a cataloging and homologation.

The boxing gloves are made of beef leather, with water-repellent nylon lining and latex
foam padding. These materials provide greater comfort and precision when hitting.

1.4.3 Mask

Its main function is to protect the eyes-nose-mouth area, as well as reduce injuries caused by
accidental headbutts. The use of a mask has its pros and cons.
Chapter 1 Background

The masks are made of beef leather and latex foam cushion, materials that provide greater
protection against impacts. They have an anatomical adjustment in three points: contact closure
at the nape of the neck, strap at the chin and laces at the crown of the head.

1.4.3.1 Disadvantages:

1.- It increases the striking surface, in boxing millimeters are what separates a net blow from a
graze, also increasing the weight of the head and amplifying the cervical and cerebral effect of the
blow.

2.- Restrict the angle of vision (the blow you don't see is the one that knocks you down) to the
boxer, especially when he moves.

3.- It gives a feeling of security in the short-middle, for many fighters in the long run it only
produces deficiencies in defense.

1.4.3.2 Advantages:

1.- Allows a more physical combat in medium and short, avoids bruises and cuts.

2.- It also protects from giving and receiving headbutts, prevents deformations in the cartilage
(cauliflower ears), bursitis of the eyebrows, reduces the effect of elbows (the tall boxer puts his
elbows into the low one, the low one puts his head to the top).

1.4.4 Genital protector

Its only function is to protect the genitals from accidental blows during combat.

They are made of beef leather and a latex foam cushion, they have elastic straps on the legs and a
contact closure allowing freedom of movement at the time of the fight.

1.4.5 Mouthguard

This is a very important piece for the boxer's protection, as it prevents injuries caused to the lips
due to collision with the teeth. Another advantage of using a mouthguard is that biting it increases
shock absorption and prevents the shock wave from being transferred to the brain. It also allows
better breathing during combat and prevents vestibular compression from occurring. That is, it
prevents air compression in the ears, preventing them from becoming clogged due to a blow.

They are made of virgin natural rubber, a material that provides the necessary stability when
receiving an impact.
Chapter 2
Statement of
the need
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

Chapter 2 Statement of the need

2.1 Relationship between biomechanics and sport.

In the first instance we have to define the concept of biomechanics and what contribution it has
within sports. Sports Biomechanics is the discipline that applies the laws of physics to the study
and analysis of the movements of the human body as well as the internal and external forces that
act on it, the objective being the characterization and improvement of movement techniques
through from scientific knowledge. Its objectives are several, and differ depending on the area of
application. Therefore we will highlight those that pertain to sport.[6] .

 Description of the sports technique.

 Search for the most effective techniques.

 Development of measurement and recording methods.

 Helps with training planning.

 Development of new materials.

 Design of new sports equipment and tools, which will enable safer practices, better brands, or
the emergence of new sports.

This branch of mechanics has made multiple contributions to sport, among which it is
possible to mention the analysis and improvement of sports techniques, the prevention of injuries,
and the improvement of the performance of sports implements. Regarding research, the
biomechanical parameters for movement analysis are kinematics, dynamometry,
electromyography and anthropometry.

Biomechanics is analyzed through mechanics, which is divided for study into two large
branches, the part that describes the movements is called kinematics. Kinematics spatially locates
bodies and details their movements based on the displacements, velocities and accelerations in
said displacements. When the movement or lack of it is related to the forces that produce it, we
speak of dynamics; within this is the study of the forces that cause the movement is called kinetics,
while the study of the forces that determine that the bodies remain in equilibrium is called
static[7] .

In order to carry out a correct biomechanical analysis, there are methods and techniques
that help with this task. The most precise techniques are based on computer supports, both in
terms of programs (software) and devices (hardware). Kinematic measurement techniques are
divided into direct and indirect, they are considered direct when the measurement is carried out
on the individual, that is, the measuring instruments are placed on the subject. They are called
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

indirect when the measurements can be taken without the need to invade the subject. These
types of techniques are the most used when one does not want to interfere with the athlete's
movement since the others cannot be used in real competition situations.

Table no. 2: Sophisticated methods and instruments for biomechanical measurements [2].

2.2 Biomechanical methodology for the analysis and intervention of sports technique.

The analysis of the technique in sports biomechanics according to the methodology of Acero J.
in[6] It consists of the following steps:

1.- Direct or indirect observation of the movements executed by the athletes.

2.- Comparison of their movement techniques with those of “superior” athletes taken as the
model to improve and optimize.

3.- Evaluation and diagnosis of athletes' movements.

4.- Identification of technical errors and limiting factors.

5.- Teaching the athlete how to modify their technique through appropriate training.
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

Figure 1. Cycle of biomechanical methodology to analyze and intervene in the sporting gesture

Three methodologies have been used for this analysis of sports technique: qualitative,
quantitative and predictive.

The qualitative methodology is characterized by observation, evaluation and diagnosis.

The previously mentioned optimization cycle is an example of this. The other approach to
qualitative analysis is the deterministic performance model proposed by Hay and Reid in 1982.[8]
which is based on a theoretical model and on the relationships of the results and the limiting
factors which are determined by statistical analyses. This block diagram model (see Figure 3) has
been used to identify performance factors in various sports techniques, however the difficulties of
this approach are that it does not clarify the desirable movement patterns in sports techniques
and that it is very difficult to apply this method to contact sports.
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

Figure 3. Deterministic model of a boxer's punch used for a qualitative analysis. Adapted and modified from
Hay.[8]

Hitting power

hitting speed Mass of the striking Hit trajectory

assembly

body position Body rotation Point of impact

angle

The quantitative analysis methodology is the collection of biomechanical data to identify

key variables in the technique that affect performance. A quantitative analysis is ideal in the
diagnosis and evaluation of some parts of sports technique but this method is very time-
consuming in the analysis and may be of little benefit in identifying the characteristics of the
general body movement pattern in a given technique.

The predictive analysis methodology is based on modeling and computerized technical

simulations that are being developed and has great potential for the investigation and prediction
of the ideal movements of each athlete. In the use of this predictive method, difficulties have been
found in determining the objective functions and decision criteria to estimate ideal movements.

Achieving the integration of the three methodologies mentioned above could result in a
very effective methodology in the training processes and teaching of sports technique; however, in
world literature this integration has not been fully developed.

In traditional practice, the processes of training and control of technique and the teaching
of sporting gestures are basically done by imitating a technique made by superior or sufficiently
trained athletes. This ideal technique operates as a template for the technical model of
performance. Coaches adopt this model based on photographs or sequential figures of the
athletes with the highest performance. This approach has some limitations given the variability in
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

the model technique of an athlete who has his own anthropometric, muscular, bone, joint,
respiratory, and physiological and psychological response characteristics (to list just a few) so
there is probably no basis to determine the ideal technique or model in this form. However,
despite these limitations, another methodology can be approached if we discover and investigate
more appropriate movement patterns that in many cases are called standard or average patterns
in practical use.

2.3 Previous work on the biomechanical study of a boxer.

Currently there are works in the literature, which show a biomechanical analysis of an athlete,
specifically speaking of boxing and martial arts similar to this, there are works of kinematic analysis
of a punch or kick. Most tests are carried out with the help of a digital camera, which can record
videos, which are useful to analyze the correct execution of a shot. To date, most previous work in
this field of research is carried out in physical education universities in countries such as Cuba and
Brazil.

2.4 Why is it necessary to carry out a more in-depth biomechanical study of a boxer?

Carrying out this type of study will allow us to have quantitative elements to guide the athlete,
obtaining data that facilitates the assessment of their performance through training. This is
intended to analyze and reinforce the theoretical-practical knowledge given by the coach and thus
obtain quantitative results that contribute to the sporting performance of the fighters.

The "hit" or "punch" in a combat sport is one of the most important aspects, so much so
that much of a boxer's training program has to revolve around it. A strong, powerful and fast blow
will make a big difference in the ring. But to do this you have to know well how it originates, the
contributions and the movement patterns that make it up.

The blow is the last link in the kinetic chain of movement of the entire rest of the body.
The blows in boxing are all born from a hip extension (this gesture is what gives greater power to a
blow), knee extension and ankles provide even more power, then all the force generated in the
lower body is transmitted to the upper body through a turn of the hip, the torso, shoulder flexion,
elbow extension and finally, all that force is projected into the fist.

The lower body is the strongest and most powerful part of the entire body, and it is where
the blow is formed. The upper body, although it also contributes to enhancing the blow, in a way
takes the role of a path to transmit the forces generated to the fist. Making a mechanical analogy,
it could be said that the lower train is the engine where the gasoline explodes, and the upper train
is the pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and transmission that transfer the energy.[9] .
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

As we can see in figure #, what makes the difference is the accumulation of forces that run
through the entire body. All of this is what makes the boxing punch the most powerful of all
combat sports.

Figure 2. Traditional model of teaching, training and control of the technique of sports gesture.

The vision when developing an effective training program to increase and improve hitting
strength, and thus achieve a strong and fast hit, should not focus on working muscles, but on
enhancing the different actions and movement patterns mentioned above: extension hip, knee
and ankle (this is known as "triple extension"), hip and torso rotation, arm extension and core
stability.

In a blow, there is a combination of vertical, horizontal and torsional forces. Therefore, we

are interested in working on the movement patterns mentioned above in a horizontal, vertical and
torsional plane. This will be useful in designing training routines and programs to make the boxers
punch as strong, powerful and fast as possible.

2.5 Biomechanical perspective in boxing

Boxing is a sport where the technique of execution of movements is of utmost importance for the
good development of the athlete, in this way we can increase performance for both the
professional and amateur spheres. It is necessary to have a good command of defensive-offensive
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

techniques; this mastery can be achieved in two ways: one is to improve previously learned
movements and the other is to learn new movements (learning new techniques).

Among the objectives of Sports Biomechanics is to serve as a technique evaluation tool

and determine effectiveness criteria by applying the laws of classical mechanics to the execution
of movements.[10] .

In order to have an evaluation of a movement, there are two types:

1.- Formal assessment: on the process or execution of the movements, it is divided into two.

a) Qualitative analysis: it is carried out taking into account the characteristics and quality
of the movements.
b) Qualitative analysis: it is carried out in numerical terms, to carry out this analysis it is
necessary to implement two processes.

2.- Real assessment: about the product or result.

The use of biomechanics implies that it is considered as an element of understanding and

support, so that, together with sciences related to sports, it provides useful and reliable data.[11] .

The biomechanical model is an organization of dynamic factors by interdependent levels

that condition performance in a sporting skill. The highest level is determined by the fundamental
objective of the movement. The second level conditions the upper level and includes kinematic
factors, such as spatial (distances, angles), temporal (contact times, execution time, etc.), spatio-
temporal (linear velocities, angular velocities, linear acceleration) variables. , angular acceleration).
The third level conditions the second level and covers the linear dynamic factors (forces,
momentum) and angular dynamic factors (momentum of a force, angular momentum). The last
level conditions the third level and is made up of the factors corresponding to internal
biomechanics or muscular moments.

In order to begin a biomechanical study in boxing, we have to be aware of each and every
one of the blows, highlighting the most important physical phenomena that intervene in their
mechanics. Even though they are movements that last just a few fractions of seconds, they have
implicit a large number of variables, on which the effectiveness of the attack will depend.

Blows: As the trajectories and way of execution of each one are different, in boxing it is forced to
name each type of blow in order to differentiate them from the others.

Jab: Used to maintain a distance, to perform distraction blows, to initiate a combination. It has less
impact force, normally this type of movement is performed by the left arm or the defensive arm.
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

Direct: It is a more forceful blow than the JAB, the fighter who executes it must be well supported
on the ground and with greater momentum in the hip, shoulder and chest. It is used to stop the
rival, destabilize him or to hit hard.

Crochet: it is a lateral blow with a trajectory parallel to the ground that is directed at the
opponent's face.

Uppercut: it is a blow that is directed from the bottom up looking for the opponent's chin

Hook: has the same technique as the uppercut except that it is directed towards the body or
obliquely towards the chin.

Swing: it is a long crochet in which the fist is rotated so that the impact is in the knuckle area.

Pure explosive efforts require prior concentration (which only occurs in boxing in deep and
isolated blows), and although boxing movements are complex (between 150-300 msec) it is
important to have a good explosive base.

In self-defense methods, the initial 3 seconds are always considered critical. Within the
round there are phases in which the boxer loads the blows more. Counterpunchers and punchers
are characterized by a low intensity regime, but very explosive actions, with pauses that help them
recover their muscular and perceptual freshness. The need to fragment explosive power work
(anaerobic phase) from strength resistance work (anaerobic phase) is important to avoid the
formation of speed barriers.

The brain only understands in terms of power, not speed, a simple movement like
punching requires skeletal muscles (rounded, thick and strong) in a convergent and easily oriented
effort. But when a complex explosive movement is required, for example a feint and then a blow
(intermuscular coordination), the cluster of numerous small impulses throughout the entire route
requires much greater learning and concentration efforts. The muscles that allow small
movements that require a lot of coordination are usually made up of very numerous motor units
(2000) with a small number of muscle fibers (10 to 40). On the other hand, large human muscles
contain 2-3 times fewer motor units, but up to 200 fibers.[12] .

The effectiveness of a blow depends fundamentally on the following factors:

a) The Mass with which you hit: Impacting with "the whole body" implies that a greater
mass is involved in the blow, and therefore, a greater force.
b) The pressure exerted per unit surface: A blow delivered with only two knuckles (little
contact surface) causes more damage than another struck with the entire palm of the
hand (large impact surface).
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

c) The Rigidity of the "weapon": hitting with the elbow (very rigid) causes more damage
than doing so with a padded boxing glove.

Precision:
Hitting the face is not the same as hitting the shoulder. Precision refers to the place where the
blow is being connected, that is, it is a purely physiological concept, which is why for the practical
purposes of our analysis it will not be so important to expand this concept.

Speed: can be separated into two types.

Speed of perception in the attack : Perception is visual in the medium-long distance, and more
tactile in the short one (even having to imagine the external gaps of the rival). The first speed that
a boxer uses is that of the eye muscles, when calculating the target (rival's figure) he calculates the
trajectory and then the volume (gaps) and he always calculates it in relation to himself, he does it
from a positional frame ( his guard), planning the objective and his own action, that is, anticipating
where the rival will be and where his own position will be (balance situation), using very complex
parameters (head axis, center of gravity, etc.), adding all the sensors in a selective way (central
nervous system). The final effect is a recalibration between the sensory inputs and the desired
posture, not only calculating the opponent's movement but also what its own position will be.
Movement is a source of imbalance since it changes the geometry of the body. By learning good
movements and a good guard, an anticipated postural adjustment is achieved, which precedes any
order of movement in terms of speed and strength.

Speed of perception in defense: The retina locates the position of the rival in terms of
distance with respect to his body, while evaluating the position of his hand or forearm with
respect to the trunk. Only when that operation is done, does it give the order to the muscles and
joints. The calculation predicts it in the interest of the final stretch, to calculate the appropriate
positional rebalance, in parameters of rigidity (as a means of maintaining the base guard position)
and absorption (ankle rotation, hip displacement, flexion of the legs as cushioning) or execution of
a movement.

As previously mentioned, speed is a very important factor that affects the striking power
of a boxer, perhaps with much more importance than the mass of the striking set, since doing an
analysis of the kinetic energy, if we increase the mass, the Kinetic energy also increases
proportionally, while if we increase the speed with which the blow is made, the kinetic energy
with which it is impacted increases quadratically, it is expressed as follows.

(2.1)
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

The speed of a fist traveling towards its opponent usually depends on how quickly the fist
travels in a straight line from its start to the point of impact. Taking into account that this is a
linear speed, it can be easily calculated by dividing the space traveled (the length of the arm) by
the time it lasts, this result is divided by two since the average speed of the movement must be
estimated, given that the fist starts from rest, at zero speed.

A boxer with proper training knows from experience that his punches acquire more energy
if, during the trajectory of the blow, the hips and shoulders are turned a little from behind to the
front so that the fist is propelled (see figure 3), this A slight twist of the body provides the blow
with complementary energy, which is known as "Rotational Kinetic Energy". In this way, the total
movement is now formed by the linear advancement of the fist and a rotation of the hip that
complements the previous one.

Figure 3. Analysis of angles and positions during a hit.

Rotational kinetic energy (Er) is similar to linear kinetic energy (Ec) and its magnitude
depends on the "Moment of Inertia" (I) of the rotating body, as well as the "Angular Velocity" (W)
of said rotation. The Moment of Inertia (I) of a moving body depends, in turn, on the mass of each
particle, atom or molecule that is rotating around a common axis and the distance of said particle
from the center of rotation. Adding all the masses of the rotating body, and multiplying their
respective radii squared, we will obtain the total Moment of Inertia of the system[13] .
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

(2.2)

(2.3)

Equations 2.2 and 2.3: rotational kinetic energy[14] .

Rotational Energy increases when the spin speed (w) or angular velocity increases, as well
as when the radius of the spin increases, that is, the distance from the fist to the center of the
body (r). A clear example of this It can be seen in the “jaw hook”, that when the elbow is raised at
shoulder height, the radius of the turn will increase and thus the fist is forced to separate from the
center of the body, achieving a substantial increase in the Moment of Inertia (I) and therefore,
rotational kinetic energy (see figure 4).

Figure 4. Analysis of angle and rotation in a “jaw hook”.

Mass:

When a blow is thrown, no matter what it may be, the mass involved in the impact is not the total
body mass, only the fist and part of the arm act in the impact. The “impact mass” can be increased
if you know how to place your body in a good position, that is, hit while advancing, project your
shoulder forward and load your trunk. It is also important to support the feet in an appropriate
way to avoid the recoil of the entire mass driven (remember the action-reaction principle). With
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

effective training, the mass that is projected forward can increase considerably and at the same
time increase kinetic energy.

Pressure:

We know that pressure is the force applied per unit area, the smaller the area, the greater the
pressure exerted. In our case, greater pressure translates into greater force in the blow. In boxing,
the greatest pressure exerted is manifested in the first two inner knuckles, this means that if we
reduce the number of knuckles involved in the blow, the surface will also be reduced so we will
obtain greater pressure.

Rigidity:

Another crucial factor is the rigidity of the fist-arm-body assembly. Stiffness is important because it
is one of the properties that directly intervenes in the final power of an impact. A deficiency in
rigidity (very soft fist) causes the loss of a large part of the kinetic energy achieved during the
movement, because much of this energy is dissipated or used to deform the fist, therefore, the
lower the rigidity, the greater the loss of energy. . The only way to increase the stiffness of the fist
is to train to get denser hands, increase the muscle mass of the entire arm (especially the hand,
wrist and forearm) and force the hardening of the bone mass through training with the bag. .

Calculating the stiffness coefficient of a human arm can only be done by using high-speed
cameras. The stiffness coefficient is proportional to the applied force (Fi) and the displacement
due to deformation . Knowing this, the lower the displacement (compression) of the entire arm
involved in the blow, measured in units of axial length, the greater the rigidity, and therefore, the
greater the energy used.

In order to theoretically analyze the movements of an athlete, the application of

mathematical expressions and concepts related to them is required.

 Circular movement:

It is defined as one whose trajectory is a circle. Once the origin O of angles is located, we describe
the circular motion using the following magnitudes.
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

Angular position, θ

At time t the mobile phone is at point P. Its angular position

is given by the angle θ, which makes the point P, the center
of the circle C and the origin of angles O.

The angle θ is the quotient between the length of the arc s

and the radius of the circle r , θ= s/r. Angular position is the
quotient between two lengths and therefore has no
dimensions.

Angular velocity, 

At instant t' the mobile will be in the position P' given by the
angle θ ' . The mobile will have moved Δ θ = θ ' - θ in the
time interval Δ t=t'-t between t and t' .

The ratio between displacement and time is called average angular velocity.

As already explained in rectilinear motion , the angular velocity at an instant is obtained by

calculating the average angular velocity in a time interval that tends to zero.

angular acceleration, α
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

If at instant t the angular velocity of the mobile is w and at

instant t' the angular velocity of the mobile is w ' . The
angular velocity of the mobile has changed Δw =w' -w in the
time interval Δ t=t'-t between t and t' .

The quotient between the change in angular velocity and the time interval it takes to make said
change is called average angular acceleration.

The angular acceleration at an instant is obtained by calculating the average angular acceleration
in a time interval that tends to zero. [4]

 Kinetic energy

When a body is in motion it has kinetic energy, since colliding with another body can move it and
therefore produce work.
For a body to acquire kinetic or motion energy, it is necessary to apply a force to it. The
longer the time that this force is acting, the greater the speed of the body and therefore, its kinetic
energy will also be greater. Another factor that influences kinetic energy is the mass of the body.
The kinetic energy of any body is determined by writing similar expressions for each of the
particles of the body and integrating the results, that is: [6]

The formula that represents Kinetic Energy is the following:

E c = Kinetic energy
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

m = mass
v = speed [7]
Chapter 2 Statement of the need

 Power:

It is the work that has been done during the unit of time, that is, the energy developed per
unit of time.

Solving the previous equation, if we know the power of a machine and the time it has been in
operation, we can calculate the energy it has produced and the work it has performed.
Chapter 3.
Design
according to
IDEF0
methodology
Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

What is an IDEF0?

The literal translation of the acronym is IntegrationDefinationforFunctionModeling (integral

definition for the modeling of functions). IDEF consists of a series of standards that define the
methodology for the representation of modeled functions.

A0 Biomechanical analysis of a boxer

In this first stage of the methodology, an outline of what the process will be is presented,
indicating what results are expected, the inputs that will be analyzed, as well as the controls that
will be in place. See image 1

A1. Video recording

To make a video recording it is necessary to take into account the following parameters:

Correct lighting: it is necessary to have lighting greater than 2000 lumens

Adjust the boxer-camera position: the image to be recorded on video must be of the study
subject's full body, in order to perform an analysis of all the parameters of interest.

A1.1 Camera/boxer positioning.

The correct distance that should exist between the boxer and the camera is that which allows the
subject of the study to be viewed in full body. To check the position, different combinations of
blows will be performed to ensure that no study parameter is lost. See image 2.

A1.2Performing the blow

Together with the coach, a specific combination of blows will be performed in order to carry out
an evaluation. See image 3.

A1.3 video recording of the blow

The video recording will begin when the boxer begins the hitting sequence and will end when the
coach indicates it. See image 3.

A2. Video processing

This section covers from the filtration of material until the first results are obtained .

A2.1 Video analysis

Once the video recording has been made, the material is subjected to a series of filters to rule out
erroneous evidence and thus leave only the material to be analyzed. See image 4.

A2.2 Images of postures

In this part of the process, we work only with the images that comprise the path of the stroke of
interest. See image 4.
Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

A2.3 Obtaining results

In this part, the first numerical values of hitting power and the processed video will be obtained.
See image 4.

A3. Analysis of results

Once the result of the processed images is obtained, a comparison is made with the images of the
first evaluation of the technique.

A3.1 Review of positions of interest

Once the images to be analyzed have been selected, the postures of interest will be selected in
search of possible corrections in the technique of each of the boxers. See image 5.

A3.2 Review of a new video with specific parameters of interest

Once the deficiencies in the technique of each boxer have been identified, a new video recording
will be made in search of an improvement in the technique. See image 5.

A3.3 Data comparison

Once the new quantitative results of before and after the technique corrections have been
obtained, the percentage of improvement in hitting power will be obtained. See image 5.

A4. Technique improvements

Once we have identified the errors that the recordings show, it will be possible to propose the
pertinent changes in the usual boxing training in order to improve the movements and techniques.

A4.1 Data optimization

Once the results obtained from the boxer's images have been analyzed, they will be delivered to
the trainer in charge of the training to be able to make the relevant modifications to the training.
The data obtained from the test will be analyzed to find the points to improve. See image 6.

A4.2 New training

The coach in charge will implement the modifications made during the time he considers
necessary in order to obtain an improvement in the technique of the subject analyzed. See image
6.

A4.3 Improvement of the technique

The final result obtained will be a considerable improvement in both boxing technique and
punching power. See image 6.
Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

Image 1. A0 biomechanical analysis of a boxer (parent diagram)

Image 2. Child diagram

Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

Image 3.Grandson diagram 1

Image 4. Grandson diagram 2

Chapter 3. Design according to IDEF0 methodology

Image 5. Grandson diagram 3

Image 6. Grandson diagram 4

Chapter 4
Design and
implementation
Chapter 4. Design and implementation

Chapter 4. Design and implementation:

This chapter develops the points taken into account for the selection, instrumentation and
implementation of the apparatus used for the developed tests, as well as the mathematical and
sporting parameters that are involved during the athlete's movement.

4.1 Product needs.

To determine what parameters are necessary for the creation of the new training equipment, an
approach was had with the coach of the UNAM boxing team Alexis Solórzano Uzeta.

4.1.1. Planning and clarification of the task.

The objective is to obtain and analyze all the reference parameters necessary in boxing techniques
in order to establish a training program which maximizes the physical performance of the boxer
with the help of the instrumented device.

4.1.2. Conceptual design.

Sports training presupposes or demands a complete mastery of the morphophysiological

characteristics of the human organism, and its adaptations with exercise, which lead the organism
to seek the use of exercise and therefore an increase in physical-sports performance. This increase
in performance is not only useful for high-level athletes, but also to achieve better physical shape
that improves the functioning of the body.

However, the more trained an athlete is, the more difficult it will be to reach a state of
functional alteration, which forces the body to make permanent adaptations to guarantee
superior performance. Therefore, it is important to know the basic principles that establish the
guidelines for intervening the human organism in training processes and generating optimal
adaptations for the proposed objective, always reaching the desired levels at the appropriate time
of competition or simply higher levels of performance. physical-motor skills for tasks not
associated with direct competition or for health purposes[7] .

In the human body, movement is the result of the action of muscular force. Force allows
us to move a resistance without taking into account the problem of time, but when it is required
to be applied in a short period of time, then we speak in terms of muscular power. Running,
jumping, throwing and lifting are the fundamental gestures of any sporting activity. All of them
require muscular contractions in a minimum time, from which it follows that the development of
muscular power is essential for the athlete, speed and strength are the virtuous components
found in varying degrees, in almost all athletic movements.

The manifestations of power are reflected in the load that is supported and in the speed
with which it moves, for this reason, choosing a load for each subject that causes the necessary
power according to the sporting discipline, is of vital importance taking into account the demands
of modern sport[6] .
Chapter 4. Design and implementation

 Muscle power:

Muscular power is the performance of force with an associated minimum time requirement. This
is the case of jumps, where to achieve maximum results the force must be applied quickly.[15] .

It depends on pure strength, coordination, the speed of muscle contraction and respect for
the biomechanical principles that govern movement.[16] . For the author, power training has the
following possibilities:

 Increased pure strength.

 Improvement of coordination.
 Relationship between force and time.

Hill's Law (1939) says that the greater the load, the lower the speed and this is verified as we
approach the maximum RM force (maximum repetition) where the movement becomes
increasingly slower.

As an athlete's performance progresses, the time to apply force is reduced and the only
solution to increase performance is to improve the force-time relationship, that is, apply more
force in less time.[17] .

The force-time relationship is expressed through the force-time curve. This curve can be used
for static or dynamic measurements and proposes that positive modifications occur when the
curve moves to the left and up, which means that it takes less time to produce the same force or
that it is reached in the same time. more strength. Any modification that occurs will also be
reflected in the force-velocity curve and vice versa. If the results of a force measurement are
expressed through the force-velocity curve, positive changes occur when the curve shifts upward
and to the right, and this means that the same resistance moves at a higher speed or that at a
higher speed. The same speed moves greater resistance. Producing greater force in less time is the
same as moving the same resistance at greater speed. In the same way, achieving more force in
the same time (same speed) is the same as displacing greater resistance at the same speed .

Figure 1. Force-velocity curves for muscles with different fiber arrangements -Transverse longitudinal-. The
solid lines represent fibers with 2 units of length and 1 cross section. The dashed lines represent fibers with 1
unit of length and 2 of cross section . Source: González (2007).
Chapter 4. Design and implementation

As mentioned by González, B.[17] If infinite measurements were made of the production of force
in the unit of time (explosive force) between two points of the force-velocity curve, it would be
found that there is a moment in which the production of force per unit of time is the most high of
the entire curve. The time in which this force production is measured is in practice 1 to 10 ms, this
point is known as maximum explosive force (FE max), and is defined as the maximum force
production per unit of time in the entire force production, or the best force-time relationship of
the entire curve. FEmax occurs 100ms after starting force production, coinciding, logically, with the
phase of maximum slope of the curve.

If the variables that determine maximum power are strength and speed, and increasing any of
these two variables in their maximum expression would modify the f/v curve, then the strategies
to increase muscular power can be:

 Increase maximum strength.

 Increase maximum speed.
 Different combinations of these two options.
It is known then that the development of muscular strength, like any other quality, depends
on the magnitude of the demand in the unit of time, which is what determines the intensity of the
stimulus, and with it, the muscular tension. According to this physiological principle, if the tension
is low due to the low resistance to be overcome, the muscle does not increase its strength.

Only with the successive use of high loads is the thickening of the muscle fiber achieved, and
with it, an increase in strength. The weight that a given muscle is capable of overcoming will
determine in each case the intensity of the stimulus applied to it. When talking about the
maximum value of muscular strength, we must consider that this must be related to the other
motor qualities.

In specialties that require a high level of dynamic strength or resistance, muscular strength is a
necessary complement to obtain a high degree of training; However, neglecting the dominant
qualities in a given sporting specialty in favor of intensive strength work can completely reverse
the desired effect. Sports performances cannot be carried out without strength[18] .

4.1.3. Product variables

The mentioned device must meet the following characteristics:
Chapter 4. Design and implementation

1.- It must be able to measure power based solely on the striking contact between the boxer and
the device.

2.- It must provide numerical data that is easy for the coach to interpret.

3.- It must be easy to be operated by anyone.

4.- It must withstand the impact power without failures of any kind.

4.1.4. Realization design.

For the acquisition, a quote was made for three devices already on the market:

1.-The wave master XL

2.- Bob the monkey

3.- The bounce bounce.

All three meet the objective of withstanding the impact of a boxer's punch, so the wave master
was selected due to its material, since its instrumentation will be more viable than the others.

Figure# different sports equipment for hitting[19]

4.2 Activities program

Chapter 4. Design and implementation

Once the equipment was instrumented, the straight punches and hooks were performed for each
of the athletes, in order to obtain the video and the hitting force for each of them.

The videos obtained will be processed in software which will provide data on positions, angles and
speeds to obtain the behavior of the technique of each of the athletes.

4.2.1 Data processing

The processing of data obtained in tests covers the following operations

1.- Editing of the video of the coup.

At this stage the video is edited in software to delimit the duration of the cycle, key images and
know the points of interest for the analysis.

2.- Obtaining positions, angles and speeds.

Once you have the study points, positions, angles and speeds will be obtained for the entire
trajectory of the blow.

3.- Processing of the information obtained.

With the data obtained, the duration cycle of the blow will be generated, which will allow the
postures of interest to be taken, as well as the beginning and end of the sporting gesture. The
beginning of the cycle will begin at the moment where the fist goes forward, aligning (as far as
possible) with the shoulder markers forming an angle α. See Figure #. The cycle ends when the
fist makes contact with the instrumented device, forming an angle β. See Figure #

Figure # start of cycle Figure # end of cycle

4.- Obtaining representative graphics.

With the information from the cycle, the behavior of the blow is obtained and in this way we can
know the striking gesture of each of the fighters.

Subjects analyzed
Chapter 4. Design and implementation

The sample observed for this investigation was 5 fighters, of which # were from the championship
name of the championship . Table # presents the characteristics and description of all the subjects
analyzed.

Fighter Characteristics
Weight kg Experience
Alan 60
Raul 68
harumy 44
Carlos 68.5
Balam 63

Board #. Characteristics of the fighters that make up the sample.

Chapter
5Results
 Chapter 5. Results

Chapter 5. Results

This section shows the behavior of the hits performed during the tests, as well as the hitting force
values achieved by each of the participants.

The striking force factor [Ff] is the result of the ratio of the force generated by the blow and the
weight of the fighter, this being dimensionless.

fuerza de golpeo
Ff =
peso

Table #. Hitting force value for hooks and Ff.

Fighter Hook 1 Hook 2 Hook 3 Hook 4 Hook 5 Prom . Ff

Fighter 1 130.473 88.29 104.967 106.929 95.157 1.7524

Fighter 2 88.29 112.302 98.1 93.195 115.758 1.4937

Fighter 3 99.081 91.233 86.328 93.195 79.195 2.0422

Fighter 4 141.264 151.074 145.188 184.428 149.112 2.2348

Fighter 5 77.499 103.005 95.157 92.214 111.834 1.5228

 All units given in Newtons except Ff.

Table #. Hitting force value for straight and Ff.

Fighter Straight 1 Straight 2 Straight 3 Straight 4 Straight 5 Prom . Ff

Fighter 1

Fighter 2

Fighter 3

Fighter 4

Fighter 5

 All units given in Newtons except Ff.

Chapter 5. Results

Results of Fighter 4 c

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 1

Hit 1 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

151.074
64.561 97.960 61.916 2.106

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 2

Hit 2 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

143.006 138.353 ° 141.264 37.342 2.208

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 3

Hit 3 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]
Chapter 5. Results

73.417 97.304 145.188 66.28 2.119

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 4

Hit 4 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

184.428
78.770 104.516 28.301 2.692

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 5

Hit 5 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]
Chapter 5. Results

149.112
64.071 116.006 32.191 2.177

Figure #. Representation of the fighter's blows 4.

Figure # shows the behavior of the angles β; likewise, the general behavior of the striking
technique of fighter 4 can be analyzed. It is evident that one of the blows does not follow the
behavior of the others and therefore cannot be analyzed as representative of the technique for
the fighter.
Chapter 5. Results

Figure #. Gesture of the 4 effective blows.

In this graph it is observed that the boxer's technique remains almost constant during all his
gestures under analysis. It is observed that the value of the angle β for representative blows has a
value close to 90°, which means that this fighter has good technique. * put a little more
Chapter 5. Results

Results of fighter 2 against example

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 1

Hit 1 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

88.29
152.340 133.751 25.604 1.298

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 2

Hit 2 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

112.30
168.669 179.954 26.122 2.049

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 3

Chapter 5. Results

Hit 3 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff

α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

98.1
177.394 ° 179.933 ° 36.254 1.447

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 4

Hit 4 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

93.195
152.340 133.751 40.426 1.370

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 5

Chapter 5. Results

Hit 5 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Max Fff

α [°] β [°] [N] [deg/s]

115.758
163.572 179.966 25.414 1.720

Figure #. Representation of the fighter's blows 2.

Figure # shows the behavior of the angles β; likewise, the general behavior of the striking
technique of fighter 2 can be analyzed. It is evident that the gestures do not present similarities
between themselves, therefore a general behavior of the striking technique cannot be obtained
for this fighter.
Chapter 5. Results

Chart #. Gesture of the 5 blows

In this graph it is observed that the boxer's technique remains almost constant during all his
gestures under analysis, but this does not mean that his technique is good, on the contrary it can
be observed that the range of variation of his angles β is very large for this hit, which indicates that
you do not have a good movement during the technique and it is necessary to improve your
technique.
Chapter 5. Results

Discussion of results

The variation of the angles, striking force and speeds is directly related to the sporting gesture of
the subjects under study. In figures # and # it is observed that the technique for each of the
fighters remains constant, but the variation is of the angle β which makes the difference in the
results obtained.

For fighter4 we can see that his anglesβ range from 97°-138°, depending on the hook
technique[20] The hook must impact at 90° (or close to this), this condition is difficult to achieve
since the target is never static. The value of the striking force was minimum when the amplitude of
the angle β formed between fist, elbow and shoulder was maximum.

It is observed that for blow No. 4 there is the greatest striking force with the lowest speed,
validating what the author said in Dynamics of particles and systems.[13] “ A boxer with proper
training knows from experience that his punches acquire more energy if, during the trajectory of
the blow, the hips and shoulders are turned a little from behind to the front so that the fist is
propelled, this slight turn of the body "It provides a complementary energy to the blow, which is
known as Rotational Kinetic Energy." It can be seen that the subject is hitting using the other parts
of the body, see figure #.

Figure #. hook technique

For fighter 2 it is observed that the angle β is excessively large, varying between 133°-179°,
which for the hook technique is completely wrong. It is observed that the fighter is not impacting
with his fist, but with the inside of the glove. Regarding the rotation of the body at the time of
movement, it should be noted that the fighter completely rotates the shoulders before turning the
fist, which is reflected in poor technique and with this a decrease in striking force. See Figure #.
Chapter 5. Results

Figure #. Wrong hook technique

Other results

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 3

Strike 3 Angle α Angle Fff Vel. Fff
[°] Β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

104.967
73.985 151.259 25.293 1.749
Chapter 5. Results

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 4

Hit 4 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

106.929
89.675 127.249 23.519 1.782

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 5

Hit 5 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

95.157
90.572 131.967 23.809 1.586
Chapter 5. Results

Figure #. Angle behavior in fighter 1's punches

Figure #. Gesture of effective blows of fighter 1

Chapter 5. Results

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 2

Hit 2 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

103.005
96.075 123.266 41.769 1.635

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 3

Strike 3 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

95.157
88.851 142.741 40.73 1.510
Chapter 5. Results

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 4

Hit 4 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

92.214
68.041 132.681 22.182 1.464

Figure #. Behavior of the angle in the fighter's blows 5

Chapter 5. Results

Figure#. Gesture of the fighter's effective blows 5

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 1

Hit 1 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

99.081
65.249 135.897 35.549 2.252
Chapter 5. Results

Chart #. Data obtained from hit 2

Hit 2 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

91.233
58.929 124.144 33.389 2.073

Chart #. Data obtained from blow 3

Strike 3 Angle Angle Fff Vel. Fff
α [°] β [°] [N] Max
[deg/s]

86.328
83.121 124.662 35.394 1.962
Chapter 5. Results

Figure #. Behavior of the angle in the fighter's blows 3

Figure # .Sports gesture of the fighter's effective blows 3.

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