1. Dry saturated steam at 12 bar admitted into the cylinder of a steam engine expands isentropically to a pressure of 0.8 bar.

The pressure then falls to a back pressure of 0.28 bar. Present the cycle on P-V and T-S plots and compare it with corresponding diagram for the complete Rankine cycle. Calculate for the modified cycle, a) steam consumption per kg/kWh, b) mean effective pressure, c) modified Rankine cycle efficiency and d) heat removed in condenser/kg of steam. What is the theoretical loss of work per kg of steam due to incomplete expansion? Assuming that the modified Rankine cycle has a stroke and bore of 250 mm and 1000 m, what would be the new stroke if the steam is allowed to expand without any restriction from the stop valve pressure to steam pressure? 2. The following data pertains to a single cylinder double acting steam engine. Boiler pressure = 14 bar, back pressure = 0.35 bar, cut off at 0.4 stroke, diagram factor = 0.7, cylinder diameter = 300mm, stroke = 1.5 times of cylinder bore, mechanical efficiency = 80%. Neglecting the clearance, estimate the brake power developed by the engine if running at 200 rpm. 3. The following data pertains to a two cylinder locomotive steam engine which is required to give a tractive effort of 24.5 kN at the driving wheel having a diameter of 2m. Steam at 10 bar is supplied to the cylinders for 40% length of the stroke which is 60 cm for both cylinders. The back pressure is 1.25 bar. Find the cylinder bore and indicated power when running at 80 kmph. Assume a diagram factor of 0.8 and mechanical efficiency of 90%. 4. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is admitted to a double acting single cylinder steam engine. The steam supply is cutoff at 40% of the stroke and exhaust takes place at 1.5 bar. The compression commences at 0.85 of the return stork and the clearance volume is 10% of the displacement volume. Calculate the mean effective pressure. The engine is designed to deliver 36.46 kW brake power when running at 120 rpm. Estimate the cylinder dimensions. Assume hyperbolic expansion and take mechanical efficiency as 80%. The engine has mean piston speed of 72 m/min. 5. A single cylinder double acting steam engine has a piston diameter of 30 cm and stroke 50 cm and the clearance volume is 10% of swept volume. Dry saturated steam at 10 bar is supplied to the engine for 40% of the stroke. The steam expands, according to the law PV1.2=C, up to release point. After blow down the exhaust takes place at 0.15 bar. At 80% of the return stroke, the compression commences and it follows the law PV1.3=C. assuming a diagram factor of 0.9, find the indicated power of the engine when it runs at 250 rpm. 6. A double acting steam engine has a bore 250mm and stroke 300 mm. Dry saturated steam is supplied from the boiler at a pressure of 10 bar. The condenser pressure is 0.3 bar. The engine has a speed of 160 rpm and a diagram factor of 0.8. If the cutoff occurs at 0.35 of the stroke, neglecting clearance, determine the indicated power of the engines.

7. If the clearance of the above problem (6) is 15% of the stroke and cutoff is 35% of stroke as before, calculate mean effective pressure and indicated power developed in the engine. Neglect the effect of cushioning. 8. A double acting steam engine has a stroke equal to 1.4 times the cylinder diameter. Dry saturated steam is supplied to the engine cylinder at 12 bar. The cutoff is at 0.4 stroke and steam exhausts at 1 bar. Find the dimensions of the cylinder when the indicated power of the engine is 160.3 kW at 200 rpm and diagram factor is 0.75. Neglect the clearance volume. 9. The areas of the indicated diagram cards obtained from a single cylinder double acting steam engine is 15 cm bore and 20 cm stroke are : cover end = 15 cm 2, cross end = 14.4 cm2 , base length = 3cm. The spring constant =1.5 bar/cm. Determine the average mean effective pressure. Compute the indicated power and mechanical efficiency of the engine if the engine develops brake power of 15 kW at 250 rpm. 10. The following data were obtained during a test on a single cylinder double acting steam engine. Bore= 15 cm, stroke =20 cm, mep = 2.25 bar, speed = 200 rpm, net brake load on engine = 657 N, effective brake diameter = 60.5 cm, pressure and temperature of the steam supplied to the engine = 6 bar and 200 oC respectively, condenser pressure = 0.05 bar and mass of condensate = 1.4 kg/min. determine mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Rankine efficiency and relative efficiency. 11. Conventional indicator cord without clearance shows the percentage cutoff as 33%. Intake pressure is 10 bar and exhaust pressure is 1.125 bar. For a 50x60 cm double acting simple steam engine with a piston speed of 18 m/s, find the indicated power for a diagram factor of 0.78. Neglect piston rod area. 12. Calculate the theoretical mean effective pressure for a simple steam engine at a pressure of 6 bar and cutoff takes place when the piston has traveled 0.4 of the stroke. The clearance volume is equal to 10% of the stroke. The clearance volume is equal to 10% of the stroke volume. Back pressure is 1 bar. 13. A single cylinder double acting steam engine gives an indicated power of 45 kW when running at 4 rps, the engine being 0.25 m bore and 0.3 m stroke. Steam is supplied at 860 kpa and back pressure is 117 kN/m2, while cutoff is at 0.4 of the stroke. Calculate the diagram factor. If a condenser is now fitted to an engine, so that the back pressure is 35 kN/m2, calculate the new indicated power if nothing else changes. 14. A steam locomotive has two cylinder engine of 40 cm diameter x 60 cm stroke. The steam is supplied at a pressure of 15 bar up to 50% of the stroke. The exhaust pressure is 1.8 bar. Calculate the tractive effort at the driving wheel whose diameter is 2 m. Assume the diagram factor to be 0.8. If the speed of the locomotive is 50 kmph, calculate the power developed.

15. Calculate the specific stream consu8mption in kg power kW per hour of a double acting steam engine from the following data. Diameter of cylinder = 60 cm, stroke = 90 cm, speed = 88 rpm, admission pressure = 8 bar, back pressure = 1.8 bar, cutoff takes place at 20% o f the stroke for both sides. Take specific volume of steam entering the cylinder 0.24m3/kg. Assume the diagram factor to be 0.8. Neglect the effect of clearance. 16. Dry saturated steam is supplied to a single cylinder double acting steam engine at a pressure of 9 bar and is exhausted at 1.4 bar. Cutoff takes place at 40% of the stroke. Find the necessary cylinder bore and piston stroke if the engine is to develop 22.5 kW. Assume a diagram factor of 0.8, stroke/bore ratio of 1.25:1, speed of 240 rpm and hyperbolic expansion. If the actual steam consumption is 1.8 times the indicated of the theoretical quantity, calculate the probable steam consumption and indicated thermal efficiency. 17. Calculate the indicated power and steam consumption in kg/hr of a double acting steam engine from the following data. Diameter of cylinder =30 cm, stroke=45 cm, speed = 120 rpm, steam pressure = 7 bar absolute, condition of steam = 0.9 dry, back pressure = 1.2 bar absolute, cutoff takes place at 32% of stoke for both ends. 18. In a trail on a singe cylinder double acting steam engine the following readings were taken. Cylinder diameter = 25 cm, stroke = 37.5 cm, speed = 245 rpm, area of the indicator diagram for cover end = 14.4 cm2, area of indicator diagram for crank end = 15.8 cm2, scale of spring = 165 kN/m2, circumference of brake wheel = 4.7 m, circumference of brake rope = 8 cm, dead load on brake = 3 kN, reading on spring balance = 150 N. calculate the indicated power, brake power and mechanical efficiency. 19. Following data refer to a double acting steam engine. Bore=300 mm, stro9ke = 550 mm, piston rod diameter = 30 mm, speed = 97 rpm, base of indicator diagrams = 100 mm, area of cover side diagram = 765 mm 2, area of crank side diagram = 741 mm 2, spring number = 500 bar/m, steam pressure at inlet = 7.5 bar, steam pressure at exhaust = 0.3 bar, cutoff = 2/5 of stroke. Neglect the clearance volume of the cylinder and calculate the indicated power of the engine. 20. Steam at 20 bar and 250 oC is supplied to a steam engine where it is expanded isentropically to a release pressure of 3.5 bar. The steam is released from the engine at constant volume into the condenser where it is condensed at a pressure of 0.5 bar and the condensate is pumped back to feed boiler. The steam flow rate is 0.4 kg/s. neglecting pump work, determine with the help of steam tables, a) power output of the engine and b) efficiency of the cycle. 21. The cylinder of a steam engine is 30 cm in diameter and piston stroke is 58 cm. The steam at admission is at 10 bar and 300 oC. It expands adiabatically to 0.7 bar and is then released at constant volume to a condenser at 0.28 bar. Determine a) modified Rankine efficiency, b) new stroke, if the same amount of steam from the original

condition is expanded adiabatically to condenser pressure, c) new Rankine efficiency and d) work done by the extraction and boiler feed pump per kg of water returned to the boiler. 22. A steam engine with expansive working admits steam at 8 bar and 0.9 dry and exhausts at 1.1 bar. Cut off is at 5/8th of the stroke. Find a) the work obtained by expansive use of steam and b) thermal efficiency of the cycle. Neglect clearance and assume hyperbolic expansion. c) If this engine work non-expansively, what would be the percentage increase in work done and decrease in efficiency. 23. A double acting steam engine uses 0.0507 kg of steam per stroke. The cylinder diameter is 30 cm and stroke 45 cm. The clearance volume is 0.00269 m3. Compression begins at 70% of the stroke, the pressure then being 1 bar and steam can be assumed dry at that point. Cutoff takes place at 15% and release at 85% of the working stroke, the corresponding pressure being 10.5 bar and 3 bar. Estimate the total mass of steam present during expansion and the dryness at cutoff and release. Assuming that the expansion follows the law PVn= C, find the heat passing through the cylinder walls per kg of steam during each expansion. 24. The cylinder of a double acting steam engine is 30 cm diameter and stroke 44 cm. The initial condition of steam is 6 bar. The steam is cut off at 0.4 of stork and compression starts from 0.8 return stroke, the clearance is 10% of the volume swept by the piston in one stroke. The crank shaft speed is 150 rpm. Assuming hyperbolic expansion and compression, find a) indicated power produced b) mass of indicated steam per hour, c) steam consumption per kWh. Assume diagram factor 0.9. 25. A steam locomotive has a two cylinder engine of 45 cm diameter by 60 cm stroke. The driving wheels are 206 cm diameter. The steam supply is at 12 bar dry and exhaust pressure is 1.3 bar. The maximum cutoff is at 0.82 of the stroke and the diagram factor for this condition is 0.78. Estimate the tractive effort at 8 kmph withthis maximum cutoff. At 80 kmph the resistance amounts to 0.12 kN per 1000 kg. Determine the total train load that can be handled at this speed if the cutoff is then at 0.23 of the stroke and the diagram factor is 0.72. 26. Describe with sketches the working of a steam engine. 27. What are the functions of piston rings? Can only one piston ring be provided? 28. What is the function of the stuffing box? Where stuffing boxes are used in steam engine. 29. Where a cross head is used in a steam engine and why? 30. What is the necessity of providing guides for a cross head? How many guides should be provided and why?

31. What are the various methods of fabricating a crankshaft? 32. What is an eccentric? Where it is used in steam engine and why? 33. Write a short note on various methods of classification of steam engines. 34. Define the term expansive working of steam. Why it is generally adopted in steam engine? State an example where a non-expansive working of steam is used? 35. Why modified Rankine cycle is adopted for reciprocating steam engines? Develop and expression for the efficiency of modified Rankine cycle. 36. How and why the actual indicator diagram of a steam, engine differs form the theoretical and simplified diagram assumed for the sake of mathematical treatment. 37. Describe working of a steam engine. Sketch an indicator diagram to illustrate the cycle and mark important events of the cycle on it. 38. Sketch the hypothetical P=V diagram for a simple steam engine assuming hyperbolic expansion and neglecting clearance volume. Show that the effective pressure of such diagram may be written in the form P1/r(1+ln r)-Pb where Pb- condenser pressure, P1 steam supply pressure r- expansion ratio. 39. Explain the following terms as applied to steam engines a)mep, b) back pressure, c) brake power, d)indicated pressure, e) mechanical efficiency, f) thermal efficiency and g) relative efficiency. 40. What are the causes of cylinder condensation? 41. Explain the advantages of compounding in reciprocating steam engines. 42. What are the various methods of compounding? Explain the advantages of each with the help of torque-crank angle diagram. 43. Distinguish between the following types of heat engines. A) Simple and compound, b) condensing and non-condensing and c) single acting and double acting. 44. What is the difference between mechanical and volumetric clearance? 45. State the assumptions made in drawing the hypothetical indicator diagram. 46. How will you determine the mean effective pressure from hypothetical indicator diagram? 47. Derive an expression for the theoretical mean effective pressure in terms of initial pressure, back pressure and ratio of expansion.

48. Define clearly with help of a sketch the term diagram factor. 49. Explain the following terms applied to an engine. Swept volume, piston speed, diagram factor, mean effective pressure, indicated power, brake power. 50. What are the functions of flywheel, piston rings, cross head. 51. Discuss briefly some reasons for adopting multiple expansion steam engine in preference to a single cylinder steam engine. 52. What advantages are claimed by a compound steam engine over simple steam engine?