Basic Programming Elements
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ScribdTranslationsBasic Programming Elements
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ScribdTranslationsPROGRAMMING BASICS
In programming, the difference between the design of the algorithm and its
implementation in a specific language must be separated. Therefore, a clear
distinction must be made between programming concepts and the means in
which they are implemented in a specific language.
However, once you understand programming concepts and how to use them,
teaching a new language is relatively easy.
Programming languages – like other languages – have basic elements that
are used as building blocks, as well as rules by which these elements are
combined. These rules are called language syntax. Only syntactically correct
instructions can be interpreted by the computer and programs containing
syntax errors are rejected by the machine.
The basic constituent elements of a program or algorithm are:
Reserved words (beginning, end, if – then..., etc.),
Identifiers (essentially variable names),
Special characters (comma, apostrophe, etc.),
Constants,
variables,
Expressions,
Instructions.
In addition to these basic elements, there are other elements that are part of
the programs, whose understanding and operation will be vital for the correct
design of an algorithm and naturally the coding of the program.
These elements are:
loops,
accountants,
accumulators,
switches,
Structures:
sequential,
Selective,
Repetitive.
DATABASE MANAGER
The database management system is the most important portion of a
database system software. A DBMS is a collection of numerous interrelated
software routines, each of which is responsible for some specific task.
The DBMS is also known as Database Manager. In itself, a database
management system is the heart of the database since it is responsible for
total control of the possible aspects that may affect it.
USE AND APPLICATIONS OF THE DATABASE
One way in which companies or organizations can achieve their objectives by
having better control of said organization is by storing their information in
databases, since this administration system (DB) will help them provide a
better service for both them. as an organization and in the same way for its
clients, giving them quality service. The information stored in databases can
be used to develop new businesses, achieve operational excellence,
communicate management decisions, and help the company meet its
regulatory reporting requirements.
Database applications are software programs designed to collect, manage
and disseminate information efficiently.
The move from paper to digital databases was a great advance in terms of
information management and storage. Databases are much more efficient
than paper storage because they take up less space, are easily accessible by
multiple users at once, and can be transferred over long distances with
virtually no delay. The use of databases gave rise to business infrastructures,
credit card processing, email, and the Internet. Databases allow information
to be shared around the world rather than being physically stored in one
place on a piece of paper.
Database applications are used to search, sort, calculate, report, and share
information. Databases may contain codes to perform mathematical and
statistical calculations on the data, in order to support queries submitted by
users. These applications provide security by restricting data access based
on usernames and passwords. Most of them can be customized with a
database programming language that automates certain types of work.
STATIC DATABASE
These are read-only databases, used primarily to store historical data that
can later be used to study the behavior of a data set over time, make
projections and make decisions. For example, the company IBM dedicated
itself to the development of the computer and has made great impacts in the
computing area.
DYNAMIC DATABASE
These are databases where the stored information is modified over time,
allowing operations such as updating, deleting and adding data, in addition to
fundamental query operations. An example of this may be the database used
in an information system of a supermarket, a pharmacy, a video store or a
company.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATABASE
They only contain a surrogate (representative) of the primary source, which
allows it to be located. A typical record in a bibliographic database contains
information about the author, publication date, publisher, title, edition, of a
given publication, etc. It may contain a summary or extract of the original
publication, but never the full text, because otherwise we would be in the
presence of a full-text database (or primary sources - see below). As its name
indicates, the content is figures or numbers. For example, a collection of
laboratory analysis results, among others.
DEDUCTIVE DATABASE
A deductive database system is a database system but with the difference
that it allows deductions to be made through inferences. It is mainly based on
rules and facts that are stored in the database. Deductive databases are also
called logical databases, because they are based on mathematical logic.
NETWORK DATABASE
This is a slightly different model from the hierarchical one; Its fundamental
difference is the modification of the node concept: the same node is allowed
to have several parents (a possibility not allowed in the hierarchical model). It
was a great improvement over the hierarchical model, as it offered an efficient
solution to the data redundancy problem; But even so, the difficulty of
managing information in a network database has meant that it is a model
used mostly by programmers rather than end users.
TRANSACTIONAL DATABASE
They are databases whose sole purpose is to send and receive data at high
speeds. These databases are very rare and are generally aimed at the quality
analysis environment, production and industrial data. It is important to
understand that their sole purpose is to collect and recover data at the
highest speed possible, therefore redundancy and duplication of information
is not a problem as with other databases, generally in order to make the most
of them they allow some type of connectivity to databases relational.
RELATIONAL DATABASE
This is the model currently used to model real problems and manage data
dynamically. In this model, where and how data is stored is irrelevant (unlike
other models such as hierarchical and network). This has the considerable
advantage of being easier for a casual user of the database to understand
and use. Information can be retrieved or stored through “queries” that offer
extensive flexibility and power to manage information.
DOCUMENTARY DATABASE
They allow full-text indexing, and generally perform more powerful searches.
Tesaurus is an index system optimized for this type of databases.
