BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF PEOPLE'S POWER FOR DEFENSE

NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL UNIVERSITY OF FORCE

BOLIVARIAN NAVY

GUÁRICO CORE-TUCUPIDO HEADQUARTERS

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SECTION D4-1 DAY

TEACHER):

Ynirida Gomez

BACHELOR (S):

CI: 24,792,542 Mary Goncalves

CI: 20,528,880 Ron Denys

CI: 18,895,620 Eudes Millán

Tucupido, October 13, 2011

 INDEX

INTRODUCTION IV
DATA PROCESSING PRINCIPLES 5
 BASIC DATA STRUCTURE 5
-Data 5
-Information 5
-Archive 6
-Database 6
-Data processing 6
-Transaction processing 6
-Information processing 6
 INFORMATION SYSTEMS 6
-Definition 6
-Components 7
-Structure 7
-Functions 8
-Classification 9
STRUCTURED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (SSA) 10
*Structured Systems Analysis Tools 11
*Data flow diagram (DFD) 11
*Data Dictionary (DD) 12
*Description of processes (DP) 13
STRUCTURED ALGORITHM 13
*Structured algorithm 13
*Structures 14
-Sequential 14
-Decisions 15
-Repeat 16
CONCLUSIONS XX
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 21
INTRODUCTION
 Systems Engineering represents the main work tool of information systems
developers. It is represented by a methodology composed of a set of stages that
are carried out sequentially to give life to an application in an evolutionary way.
Each stage is made up of a set of actions aimed at obtaining specific products,
such as: specifications, diagrams, formats, code, tests and various documents.
For many organizations today, computer-based information systems are at
the heart of daily activities and are the subject of great consideration in decision
making ; companies carefully consider the capabilities of their information
systems when deciding whether or not to enter in new markets or when planning
the response they will give to the competition .
When establishing computer-based information systems, they must be
certain that two main objectives are achieved: that it is a correct system and that
the system is correct. No system that meets both objectives will be completely
useful to management or organization .

The development of algorithms is a fundamental topic in program design,

which is why the student must have good foundations that will help them develop
their programs easily and quickly.

The use of algorithms will facilitate the development of the student's

analytical and creative capacity, in order to improve their skills in developing
algorithms that serve as a basis for the coding of the different programs that they
will have to develop throughout the degree.

PRINCIPLES OF DATA PROCESSING

 BASIC DATA STRUCTURE

 It is a way of organizing a set of elementary data with the aim of
facilitating its manipulation. An elementary data is the minimum information that
is available in a system.
A data structure defines the organization and interrelation of data and a set
of operations that can be performed on them. The basic operations are:
 High, add a new value to the structure.
 Low, delete a value from the structure.
 Search, find a certain value in the structure to perform an operation with this
value, in sequential or binary form (as long as the data is ordered).
Other operations that can be performed are:
 Ordering of the elements belonging to the structure.
 Pairing, given two structures, create a new ordered one that contains the paired
ones.
Each structure offers advantages and disadvantages in relation to the
simplicity and efficiency of carrying out each operation. Thus, choosing the
appropriate data structure for each problem depends on factors such as the
frequency and order in which each operation is performed on the data.

I. DATA
It is a symbolic representation, attribute or characteristic of an entity, the
data has no meaning of its own and therefore lacks meaning. When properly
processed it can be used in calculations and decision making.

II. INFORMATION
Information is the result obtained from one or some processed data.
Information has form and meaning.
III. FILES
It is a collection of information or data related to each other, which is
stored as a unit in the computer. Files are used as inputs and outputs to the
computer, managed by programs that manipulate them. They do not require a
predetermined size, so they can exist with large amounts of data or small,
depending on the need.

IV. DATABASE
It is a set of data belonging to the same context and systematically stored
for later use. In a Database there is independence between the data, which makes
its management easier.

V. DATA PROCESSING
It is a technique that consists of collecting data, which is evaluated and
organized, to then obtain useful information that is subsequently evaluated by an
end user and allows them to make decisions or carry out the actions they consider
appropriate.

VI. TRANSACTION PROCESSING

It is the process by which the data generated by transactions are captured,
classified, ordered, calculated, summarized, and finally stored in an activity
system.

VII. INFORMATION PROCESSING

It is the process by which stored data is selected, reduced and converted to
present and distribute it in a way that has meaning and provides knowledge to the
receiving element.
 INFORMATION SYSTEMS
I. DEFINITION
An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated elements with the purpose of
paying attention to the information demands of an organization, to raise the level
of knowledge that allows better support for decision making and development of
actions.
II. STRUCTURES
 We can structure an Information System as a network of information
centers associated with the functional units of the company, depending on the
flows of data and information, an information network is created between the
different functional units of the organization, which leads us to the structure of an
information system.

It is simply having the sub-systems in order.

III. COMPONENTS
The most important components of an information system are the
following:
 FINANCIAL. It is the economic aspect that allows the acquisition,
contracting and maintenance of the other resources that make up an
information system.
 ADMINISTRATIVES. It is the organic structure of objectives,
guidelines, functions, procedures, departmentalization, direction and
control of activities; that supports the creation and use of systems.
 HUMANS. It is made up of two groups:
 THE TECHNICIAN, who has specialized knowledge in the development
of systems, these being: Administrators, Project Leaders, Analysts,
Programmers, Operators and Capturists.
 THE USER , represented by people interested in the management of
information via computing, as support for the best performance of their
activities, these being: Officials, Accountants, Engineers, Employees,
Public, etc.
 MATERIALS . They are those physical elements that support the
operation of an information system, for example: work premises, electrical
and air conditioning installations, media, furniture, machinery, stationery,
etc.
  TECHNOLOGICAL . It is the set of knowledge, experiences,
methodologies and techniques; that guide the creation, operation and
maintenance of a system.

IV. FUNCTIONS
The functions of an information system in general are:
1-Provides timely business information to senior management
2-Help with decision making
3-Streamline business transactions and get the most out of it
4-Share information that in the long run can save time, resources and costs.
5-Present business information in a timely and accurate manner for decision
support

V. CLASSIFICATION
Information systems, in general, can be classified in three ways according
to their general purposes. In this sense, Peralta (2008) classifies information
systems into three fundamental types:

1- Transactional systems : These are Information Systems that achieve the

automation of operational processes within an organization since their primary
function is to process transactions such as payments, collections, entries, exits,
etc.

2-Decision-Making Support Systems, Group Decision-Making Systems,

Expert Decision-Making Support Systems and Information System for
Executives : These are Information Systems that support the decision-making
process.

3-Strategic Systems : They are information systems developed in organizations

in order to achieve competitive advantages, through the use of information
technology.
 Depending on the approach (three in total), as reported by Peña (2006),
information systems can be grouped into a certain classification, which provides
an essential idea of their structure and functioning.
According to the main element of information processing, information
systems can be of three types (Manual, Mechanized and Bath):

-Manual : when the man assisted by certain equipment (typewriters, adding

machines, files, etc.) performs the main functions of collection, registration,
storage, calculation and generation of information.

-Mechanized : when certain machinery performs the main processing functions.

For mechanized systems that make use of a computer, according to the type of
Human-Machine interaction, information systems can be of two types (Batch and
Online): Batch : the user provides the data necessary for the execution of a
process and waits for the computer to finish the task to receive the results;
Online : there is a direct dialogue between the user and the computer during the
execution of a process.
Regarding the physical organization of the main data processing resources,
information systems can be of the following types:

-Centralized processes : the resources are located in a specific physical area, so

their access is made in the same facility or from remote locations, through data
communication lines (telephone, microwave, satellite, etc.).

-Distributed process : the resources are scattered in various places in a territorial

area (city, country, continent, etc.), so the processing is carried out in the place
where the data originates, with the possibility of sharing information between the
various facilities, through the information of a “Communication Network”.

EXAMPLE

Tickets:
 General customer data: name, address, type of customer, etc.
 Credit policies: credit limit, payment term, etc.
 Invoices (automatic interface).
 Payments, purges, etc.

Process:
 Calculation liabilities aging.
 Calculation of default interest.
 Calculation of the balance of a customer.

Storage:
 Movements of the month (payments, purges).
 Customer catalog.
 Bills.
Departures:
 Payment report.
 Account statements.
 Accounting policies (automatic interface)
 Balance inquiries on a terminal screen.

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AES).

It refers to the process of examining the situation of a company with the

purpose of improving it with more appropriate methods and procedures. It is a
method for the analysis of manual or automated systems, which leads to the
development of specifications for new systems or to make modifications to
existing ones. This analysis allows the analyst to understand a system or process
in a logical and manageable way while providing the basis to ensure that no
pertinent details are omitted. That is, it conceives the analysis and design of
systems based on the construction of models in order to represent the functions
performed by the system, from its physical conception to the logical deduction of
its information and processes.
 The structured analysis development method aims to overcome this
difficulty by:
1. The division of the system into components and
2. The construction of a system model.
The method incorporates elements of both analysis and design.

I. TOOLS FOR STRUCTURED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AES)

The fundamental tool of Structured Design is the structured diagram,

which is graphic in nature and avoids any reference related to hardware or
physical details. Its purpose is not to show the logic of programs (which is the task
of flowcharts). Structured Diagrams describe the interaction between independent
modules along with the data that one module passes to another when it interacts
with it. Within these tools are:
Data flow diagram.
Data Dictionary.
Description of Processes.

II. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

It is a tool that allows you to visualize a system as a network of functional

processes, connected to each other by conduits and data storage tanks. It provides
a function-oriented view of a system. Tool that allows a system to be graphically
represented, showing both the processes that are carried out in it and the data that
passes from one process to another.
III. DATA DICTIONARY (DD)
It is a catalog, a repository, of the elements of a system. These elements
center around the data and the way it is structured to meet the requirements and
needs of the organization. It contains the list of all the elements that are part of the
data flow throughout the system.
The data dictionary saves and organizes the details of the Data Flow
Diagram (DFD). It is the second component of structured analysis. It is also
known as "Data Repository". It includes the content of data flows, data stores,
external entities and processes.
 Data elements: It is the smallest part of the data that has meaning in the
information system. Various data elements are combined to make records or "data
structures." Example: name, address, social security.
Data Structure: Also known as record. It is the combination of related data
elements that is included in a data flow or retained in a data store.

IV. PROCESSES DESCRIPTION (DP)

Defines what must be done to transform inputs into outputs. It is a detailed
description of the user's business policy of which each bubble carries out. The
process specification describes the rules on how to perform the process to
transform inputs into outputs. They indicate the process to be carried out, the data
transformation, not the algorithm (which is selected at the design stage)

STRUCTURED ALGORITHMS

I. STRUCTURED ALGORITHMS
Program operation structures are a group of ways of working that allow,
through the manipulation of variables, to carry out certain specific processes that
lead us to solving problems. These structures are classified according to their
complexity into:

II. STRUCTURES
 i. SEQUENTIAL STRUCTURES
The sequential structure is one in which one action (instruction) follows
another in sequence. The tasks follow one another in such a way that the output of
one is the input of the next and so on until the end of the process. A sequential
structure is represented as follows:

Start

Action1

Action2

.Action n

End

Example:

Suppose an individual wants to invest his capital in a bank and wants to

know how much money he will earn after one month if the bank pays at a rate of
2% per month.

Start
Read cap _inv

gan = cap_inv * 0.02

Print gan

End

ii. STRUCTURES OF CONDITIONS OR DECISIONS

Conditional structures compare a variable against another value(s), so that

based on the result of this comparison, a course of action is followed within the
program. It is worth mentioning that the comparison can be made against another
variable or against a constant, as needed. There are two basic types, simple and
multiple.

 Simple:
Simple conditional structures are known as “Decision Making”. These
decision-making takes the following form:

If <condition> then Action(s) End-if

 Double:

Double conditional structures allow you to choose between two possible

options or alternatives depending on whether or not a certain condition is met. It is
represented as follows:

If <condition> then Action(s) else Action(s) End-if

 Multiple:
Multiple comparison structures are specialized decision making that allow
a variable to be compared against different possible results, executing a series of
specific instructions for each case. The common way is as follows:

If <condition> then Action(s) if no If <condition> then Action(s) if no...

Various conditions.
 Example

A man wants to know how much money is generated as interest on the

amount he has invested in the bank. He will decide to reinvest the interest as long
as it exceeds $7000, and in that case he wants to know how much money he will
ultimately have in his account.

Start

Read p_int, cap

int = cap * p_int

if int > 7000 then

capf = cap + int

End yes

Print capf

End

iii. CYCLIC OR REPETITIVE STRUCTURES

Repetitive or cyclical problems are those whose solution requires using the
same set of actions that can be executed a specific number of times. This amount
can be fixed (previously determined by the programmer) or it can be variable
(depending on some data within the program). The cycles are classified as:

 Cycles with a Determined Number of Iterations (Do-To)

They are those in which the number of iterations is known before the cycle
is executed. The form of this structure is as follows:
 In this cycle the control variable takes the initial value of the cycle and the
cycle repeats until the control variable reaches the upper limit

 Cycles with an Undetermined Number of Iterations (Do-While,

Repeat-Until)

They are those in which the number of iterations is not known exactly, since it
is given based on data within the program.

 Do while :

This is a structure that will repeat a process for “N” times, where “N” can
be fixed or variable. For this, the instruction uses a condition that must be met for
it to continue being executed. When the condition is no longer met, then the
process is no longer executed. The form of this structure is as follows:

Example
 Read 20 numbers and print how many are positive, how many are
negative, and how many are neutral.

Start

cn = 0

cp = 0

cneg = 0

Do for x = 1 to 20

Read number

Without num = 0 then

cn = cn + 1

but

If num > 0 then

cp = cp + 1

but

cneg = cneg + 1

End yes

End yes

End-for

Print cn, cp, cneg

End

 Repeat-Until
 This is a structure similar in some characteristics to the previous one. It
repeats a process a number of times, but unlike Do-While, Repeat-Until does it
until the condition is met and not while, as in Do-While. On the other hand, this
structure allows the process to be carried out at least once, since the condition is
evaluated at the end of the process, while in Do-While it may never enter if the
condition is not met from the beginning. The form of this structure is as follows:

Repeat

Action1

Action2

.ActionN

Until <condition>

NO

CONCLUSIONS

Information technology is transforming economic and daily activities as

one of the most important sociological phenomena of the century. For this reason,
the levels of job opportunities are increasing rapidly in different areas of
knowledge.

Unquestionably, computers have already invaded each and every one of

the fields of activity, technology, art, education, recreation, administration.
Economy and according to the current trend, our civilization and those to come
will depend more and more on these electronic "brains."
The speed of change in the environment of almost all organizations has been
accelerating, which is why they now need more information to support decision
making.

The importance of information systems, as well as the parts that compose

them, is essential to provide the necessary elements for decision making.

Information systems meet important and determining aspects in the

different system concepts and can be defined as a complex organization that
relates the entire set of methods, data, means and instruments necessary to satisfy
the management needs of an object. certain.

The algorithm is a method for solving a problem through a series of

defined, precise and finite steps.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

 Internet sources:

- http://www.wolnm.org/apa/articulos/Ingenieria_Software.pdf

- http://www.econlink.com.ar/sistemas-informacion

- http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/sisinf/sisinf.shtml

- http://www.inf.udec.cl/~apuente/archivos/Cap%203.pdf

- http://www.inf.udec.cl/~apuente/archivos/Cap%203.pdf
- http://www.slideshare.net/darmy9/clase-2-unit-2-parte-14

- http://es.scribd.com/doc/2492917/algoritmos

 Bibliographical sources:

-LOPEZ Roman Leobardo; "Structured programming (algorithmic approach)"

Computec