Standard: Design for engineering

EI.B.IT1.IT.5 Know the fundamental concepts inherent in the

creation of a research proposal. The emphasis is on knowing the
scientific method and the bases for the development of a research
proposal. Emphasis should be placed on identifying research
problems, identifying variables, writing hypotheses, measurement,
means of collecting and interpreting data, and aspects of ethics and
safety.
Learning objectives:
-
You will be able to pose a problem, develop a hypothesis, define
the research variables.
You will analyze the data and make a conclusion about a daily
living problem.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Review of stages of the scientific method Mrs. Hernández

Seventh grade
October 8, 2020
Soocc
HOW DO WE WORK
scientists?
iii We use the
METHOD
SCIENTIST!!!
SCIENTIFIC
MFFOÜO
 DrEGL ntos

documentTccid n

conclusio ns
h!pothesis

exper imne ntac ion

 Formula "
Dredun That allows you to know
h— an objective, organism,

Plan
an investigation

Observe
The world around you looks
for patterns, cycles,
similarities...

. Use
instruments
to obtain accurate and
comparable data.

Think about A Look for reliable

other areas
applicable.
where it is sources of
information.

Try different forms of

8 Reflect °Information
with others
Experiment on your protection.
or build models. — 9 - TO
The=- -----■ ■ ■ ----a= - IB E-ss- =i JI ■

•DaEO.Id LL IIe ODLJL1OI-) OpO+LI I as

OBSERVATION I QUESTIONING i HYPOTHESIS
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
What is the scientific
method?
• A technique to solve scientific
and everyday life problems.
• A step-by-step method for
answering a question or solving
an everyday situation.
 Steps of the scientific method

2. Reply 3. Formula
1. Observation a question a hypothesis

4. Design and carry out

5. Pick up
out a
data
exp eriment

6. Analyze the 7. Extract

results conclusions
• The first step is to observe something, using your senses or some type
of device that is basically an extension of your senses. Qualitative
observations are made with the senses
• Ex: The pencil is blue
• Quantitative observations are made with measuring instruments EJ:
The pencil measures 5 cm.
Activity 1
Observe an object in your home
• Qualitative observations (5) • Quantitative observations (5)
STEP 2: Ask a question
• The question or problem identifies what you want to
find out. Write the problem in the form of a question.
• Examples:
Ej. ¿Crecerán más las plantas si les añado compost o
si les añado fertilizante químico? P
También pueden ser de la forma…
¿Cómo afecta___________a________?
¿Cuál es el efecto de________en_________?
Because? and what would happen if...? It can also
be used.
• They must be verifiable:
For example: Are canaries prettier than ueros? IT IS
NOT A QUESTION THAT CAN BE PROVED.
ACTIVITY 2

• Formulate 2 examples of problems that can be investigated

scientifically 4 points
• Indicate which of the following could be examples of scientific
problems. Indicate Yes or NO (5 points)
• TO. What effect does darkness have on the photosynthesis process?_
• b. What brand of paper towel is more absorbent? __________
• c. How much do you love your parents?
• D. What was the cause of the guppies' death?_________
• E. Which is more beautiful, goldfinches or nightingales?___
STEP 3: Formulate a hypothesis
• A hypothesis should be a prediction about the
research, a possible answer to the question.
a) Respond to the observation and the question.
b) It must have the structure:
“Yes…then…because…”
c) If...independent variable, then...dependent variable
Example. If you add compost to a plant
X, then the plant will grow faster than those that are given fertilizer.

Activity 3

• ACTIVITY 1: Reflect on this observation and indicate a

working hypothesis that attempts to explain the reason
for this fact.
• Read the following observation: 3 points
It has been observed that in greenhouses there are
ventilation windows, which if they are removed or closed, the glass
fogs up.
Activity #4

• We want to investigate whether the size of a fish tank that houses fish
species A influences, and the number of eggs it lays in each clutch.
State a hypothesis.
 STEP 4: Design and conduct an experiment.
• Experiment: a procedure to test the validity of the hypothesis
• How are you going to test your hypothesis?
• . Design an experiment!
• It should include: materials and step-by-step instructions and
include safety rules that must be observed.
• The experiment must have several repetitions to eliminate errors.

Variables, constants and controls

•A researcher changes a factor and
 observes or measures the
consequence .

Control groups and experimental groups

CONTROL GROUP
• The normal conditions, with which you
compare your experiment or the change
 you have made
• Group that is not exposed to the variable
is used for comparison.
• Ex. No compost or fertilizer is added to plant
number 1.
EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
• Group exposed to the variable .
• Ex. Fertilizer is added to plant 2 and compost
is added to plant 3.
Variables

• A variable is something that changes, naturally or

because we change it. In an experiment, it is what
changes from one group to another. Ex. If fertilizer
 or compost is added.
• There are two types of variables: Independent and
Dependent.
 The factor that we change or whose change can be controlled is the independent variable . It is the factor
that the researcher controls in order to accept the hypothesis. It's the cause .

Ex. If we add compost or fertilizer to the plant.

Dependent variable
• The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable . It
is the result or consequence of the change made or observed by the
researcher in the independent variable. It's the effect.
• It is measured in the experiment, that is what we want to find out.
• Changes because of the independent variable
• It is called that because it depends on the independent variable
Ex. plant growth

Constants or control variables?

• They are the factors that the scientist must keep unchanged in both the
control group and the experimental groups.
 • They are all the factors except the dependent and independent variables.
• This is called a controlled experiment.
• Ex. Type of plant, type of soil, amount of light and water,…

• For example: imagine that you want to find the shortest

way to get to school from your home.
• You try different routes and count the time it takes to get
 from home to school.
• The different paths you take would be the independent
variable.
• The time it takes to travel each of the paths is the
dependent variable.
• A control variable would be to travel the roads at the
same time of day and that the person who travels them is
the same person.
ACTIVITY #5 20 points

❖ We want to investigate whether the size of a fish tank that houses fish
species A influences, and the number of eggs it lays in each clutch .
❖ State a hypothesis.
❖ Design an experiment that attempts to confirm the hypothesis.
❖ Indicates the variables: dependent, independent
and controlled, specifying whether they are qualitative or
quantitative.
❖ Indicate what the control experiment will be.
 STEP 5: Collect data
• Write down all the measurements and results of the experiment.
Exampl
They
e : can be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative.
• You must be very precise and consistent when writing down the
GROWTH OF A PLANT

results. Independent

• Use a table to record your results.

variables

• Write the independent<PlantA_ variablePon the

ant B left.QW
bias 10 variable
• Point the dependent 1cm to(fert' the right
2 Screen
• If you have more 20 than one
Day 2cmvariable, 3cmuse multiple 4cm columns.
30Day
-
3cm 4cm 5cm
Dependent variable ________________________(unit)
Independent variable
40[üía 4cm
_________________(Unit) 5cm 6cm
50 fia 5cm
Fertilizer amount
Floor 1 <6cm.
floor 2
7cm
Floor 3

Growth, variable
(dependent
 STEP: Analyze the data and make graphs

• Use the data in your table to make a graph

• Charts make it easier to describe patterns and trends
on charts.
2
X axis Independent variable
Y axis 9 dependent variable
Line graph!
Linear
a. It is used to show changes in the dependent variable (plant
growth) over time.
b. You must have a title and a title for each axis with units.
c. Compare and look for trends and patterns in graphs
example
plant growth

Bar graphic
Bar graphic
 a. It is used when a series of measurements can be divided into
comparable groups.
b. Used to show the relative change between these groups
c. Titles must be written for the axes and for the graph and
legend.
Average growth of three different plants during 40 days

Pie chart
Pie chart
a. Shows parts of a total, percentages
b. Title and legend

Gym

Swimming
Tenn k (27%)
is
(12

Clue
(20%) Soccer
(30%)
 Activity #6

The following example table represents the percentage of seeds from different
seeds that have germinated at different temperatures.

0ºC 5ºC 15ºC 20ºC 25ºC 30ºC 35ºC

Bean 0 1 14 25 100 100 80

lentil 0 2 12 20 98 100 70
sunflower 0 0 10 20 99 100 84
pumpkin 0 0 10 25 100 100 92
Exercise #6 (6 points)

After observing the previous table it indicates:

• A possible investigation that was being developed in light of the data that
appears in the table.
• The independent and dependent variable of experimentation.
• The possible controlled variables.
What kind of pet do you have?
Countries Area ■ Austria
| Denmark
■ Finland
■ Germany
■ Greece
■ Italy
| Sweden
] United Kingdom
PAS© 7: Draw conclusions
• Indicates the results. Explain why these results occur.

Do your results and data support the initial

hypothesis? Because?
Answer:
How can you improve your data?
What would you do differently if you could repeat the
experiment?
STEP 7: Draw conclusions

Affirmation
a. Rewrite the hypothesis if necessary
b. For example: If you give compost to several plants, then they will grow better than those that had
fertilizer.
Evidence
to. Accept or reject your hypothesis b. Use the data obtained .

Reason
a. Explain scientifically why what happens happens.
b. Ex. Fertilizer only contains traces of phosphorus and nitrogen but compost contains dead organic
matter that can provide these elements for a time. That's why plants with compost grow more.
Communicate your results:
Laboratory report
• A laboratory report should be written after ALL
scientific investigations.
It must contain the following parts:
1. Qualification
2. Introduction
3. Materials
4. Procedure
5. Results
6. Conclusions