Linux Commands
Contents
Pre requisite Software’s.
1) SSH tools
Putty
Super Putty
Mobaxterm
2) FTP tools
WinSCP
Filezilla
Cyberduck
Introduction to Linux
Linux File Structure
Different types of commands
Introduction
Linux started around 1991 by Linus Torlvads.
Linux is an multi-user, multitasking Operating System.
Linux is Open Source not like AIX , Sun Solaris, HP-UX...
Linux is “case-sensitive” ls is different of LS.
Following are the Linux distributions.
1) Redhat
2) CentOS
3) Ubuntu.
4) SuSe Linux
5) Fedora
6) Gentoo
7) Mandriva.
8) Debian.
9) Slackware
Linux File Structure
/
/home /bin /sbin /etc /lib /opt
Linux file system is casesensitive. (Manikanta and manikanta both are different)
Hidden files start with . (dot) extension.
dot (.) refers to current dir.
Following are the directories in the Redhat OS.
/ called is root directory.
home : It contains home directories for all users to store their personal files.
Ex: /home/manikanta or /home/reddy
bin : It contains the commands and binary files. User can access the commands.
Ex: mkdir, ls, cd, ps….
sbin : Just like /bin It contains the commands and files, but only root user can access.
Ex: ifconfig, reboot, shutdown and swapon …
etc : It contains the configuration files.
Cont….
lib : It contains the system libraries.
proc : It contains the process information.
tmp : It contains the temporary files.
usr : It contains the binaries and libraries. WAS,IHS or DB2 etc related softwares will install in
this directory.
var : It contains variable files. This includes system log files(/var/log), emails (/var/mail) and
temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp)
dev : It contains the device files.
Ex: USB or any device attached to the server.
Navigation and Directory Control Commands
mkdir : Make or Create directory
ls : List the directory contents.
tree: It will list contents of directories in a tree-like format.
cd : Change directory
pwd : Print working directory
rmdir : Remove or Delete directory
rm : It will remove a file or directory.
Difference between Linux vs DOS Navigation and Directory Control Commands
Command in Linux Command in DOS
mkdir md & mkdir
ls dir
cd cd (OR) chdir
pwd cd
rmdir rd & rmdir
cd cd/
File Maintenance Commands
touch :It will create the file with zero bytes.
find : find command used to search and locate list of files and directories based on conditions
you specify for files that match the arguments. Find can be used in variety of conditions like
you can find files by permissions, users, groups, file type, date, size and other possible
criteria.
umask: User Mask or User file creation MASK : It is used to set the permissions for
files/directories newly created on a Linux Machine.
chmod : It will change the file or directory access permissions.
chown : It will change the ownership of the file a file. Only root user can execute this.
chgrp : It will changes the group ownership of a file or directory. Only root user can execute
this.
cp : It will copy file contents of one file to another file.
mv : It will move or rename the file.
file : Determine file type.
wc : Counts the number of lines, words, bytes, or characters in a file.
ln : It will create the link between files.
Text Editor Commands
vi or vim: Text editor.
nano : Another Test editor.
Text Reading/Display Commands
echo : For display purpose we will use. Like System.out.print() method in Java.
cat : Display the contents of a file
head : Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
tail : It will display the last 10 rows.
more :It is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time (stop the display on each
screen)
less : less is the same except you can scroll back and forward.
sort: It is used to sort the output in numeric or alphabetic order .
tr: Translate characters
sed: Stream editor.
grep: which stands for "global regular expression print," processes text line by line and prints
any lines which match a specified pattern.
System Resources Commands
who : Displays the current users working on the system.
w : Show who is logged on and what they are doing
users : Displays a compact list of the users currently logged on the system.
whoami : Display the current user info who gave this command
whereis : Path/locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
date : Print or set the system date and time
df : Report file system disk space usage
du : Estimate file space usage.
hostname : Show or set the system host name.
ifconfig (OR) hostname -i (OR) ip a : To find the IP address.
man : Display the on-line manual pages.
info:
help:
whatis: The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified
command in Linux.
service : It will give the status of service.
systemctl list-unit-files: It will list all services.
uptime: Tells how long the system has been running.
last: show listing of last logged in users.
Process Management Commands
ps : Display the current process running.
kill : Kill the process
top : Display Linux tasks.
sar: (System Activity Report): It is used to collect the CPU, Memory and I/O usage.
Archive/Data Backup Commands
zip : Package and compress (archive) files
unzip :Extract compressed files in a ZIP archive.
tar : It is used to archive the directory/file.
User/Group Administration Commands
useradd : Creates
a new user account. ---> Only root user can execute this command
passwd : Changes a user's password
Note: Old password is first requested then new password is requested twice for confimation
chage : It is used to see user related “threshold details” such as user disable time etc.
groupadd : create a new group ---> Only root user can execute this command
usermod : Changes user attributes. ---> Only root user can execute this command
id : It is one more command which will show the user details such as his primary group and
his secondary group.
groups : Displays group membership. Means display the user belongs to which groups.
lid: Display user’s groups or group’s users. Only root user can execute.
su : To switch user. To come out from the user press Ctrl+d, logout or exit.
sudo : Execute a command as another user.
userdel : Removes a user account. ---> Only root user can execute this command
groupdel : Delete group. ---> Only root user can execute this command
Automating/Scheduling Tasks Commands
Cron: Cron is a daemon that executes scheduled commands. Cron also reads /etc/crontab.
crontab: Crontab is the program used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron
daemon in Vixie Cron.
Crontab format:
# Minute Hour Day of Month Month Day of Week Command /Script
# (0-59) (0-23) (1-31) (1-12 or Jan-Dec) (0-6 or Sun-Sat) /usr/bin/find
*/1 * * * * /usr/bin/find - Every one min, cronjob will trigger
Example:
*/1 * * * * /home/bhaskar/devops/lscmd.sh >> /home/bhaskar/lscmd.log 2>&1
Remote Access Commands
ssh : Secure Shell
scp : Secury Copy between servers.
Hardware Information Commands
free: To find the amount of free and used RAM memory in the system.
dmidecode -t 17 : It Give the RAM information like Type of RAM(SD RAM, DRAM or
DDR2/3), Speed, Manufacture etc --> Root user can perform this command
vmstat: I will gives the virtual memory statistics.
Communication Commands
mail : Sends and receives mail.
Other Commands
clear : Clears the terminal screen.
cal : Displays a calendar
wget : The non-interactive network downloader.
tee: : It is command is used to store and view (both at the same time) the output of any other command.
script : This command records your login session in a typescript in the current directory.
ping: The ping command sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.
telnet:
history : Displays the recently executed commands .
uname:
cat /etc/*releases
netstat -tunlp:
watch: Using watch command we can execute the command periodically.
shutdown:
restart:
reboot:
exit (OR) Ctrl +d (OR) logout :
