(For The Revised 2023 Exam) DET Course Book
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 1
Tenses
I. Present tenses
. P
1 resent simple tense
➢ ormula
F
Verb to be (am/is/are) Verb NOT to be
Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Object Subject + Vs/es + Object
Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Object Subject + don’t/doesn’t + V1+ Object
Interrogative Am/Is/Are + Subject + Object? Do/Does + Subject + Object?
y
➢
Usage and Examples
● regular or repeated actions/events
ud
Example: It rains heavily in March and April.
● permanent situations and general facts
St
Example: Water freezes at 0℃
● scheduled events (trains, shops, TV, programmes, etc)
an
Example: What time does the bank open today?
● state verbs (opinion, preference, feelings, memory, knowledge, state or appearance)
ic
Example: He enjoys traveling.
er
● narrating fictional stories
Am
Example: Oliver Twist runs away and goes to London.
➢ Adverbs of frequency
never hardly ever seldom sometimes often usually always
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. Present continuous tense
2
➢ Formula
Verb to be (am/is/are)
Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Object
Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Ving + Object
Interrogative Am/Is/Are + Subject + Ving + Object?
➢
Usage and examples
● Things happening at the moment of speaking
Example: It isn’t raining at the moment.
● Actions taking place around the present
Example: I’m not going to school today.
● To talk about temporary actions
y
Example: What are you doing these days?
ud
● Trends or changing situations
Example: The world population is increasing.St
● Future arrangements
Example: Ellen’s having lunch with us tomorrow
an
● To talk about things that happen more often than expected, often to show envy or to criticize with
words like always, constantly, continually, forever
ic
Example: My mom’s always saying I don’t help enough! (complaint)
Example: He’s always visiting exciting places (envy)
er
Am
➢ State verbs
hepresentcontinuousisnotnormallyusedwithstateverbsbecausethemeaningoftheverbitself
T
is a generaltruthratherthansomethingtemporary.Theseverbsdescribethoughts,feelings,senses,
possession and description.
Here are some examples of state verbs:
● Thoughts: agree, assume, believe, disagree, forget, hope, know, regret, remember, suppose, think,
understand
● Feelings: adore, despise, dislike, enjoy, feel, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, want
● Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste
● Possession: have, own, belong
● Description: appear, contain, look, look like, mean, resemble, seem, smell, sound, taste, weigh
● Some state verbs can be used in the continuous form when the meaning is temporary:
Example:
What are you thinking about? (now)
I think you should tell her exactly what happened (my opinion, so not temporary)
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. Present perfect simple tense
3
➢ Formula
Verb NOT to be
Affirmative Subject + have/has + past participle
Negative Subject + have/has not + past participle
Interrogative Have/has + subject + past participle?
➢
Usage and example
● To talk about a time period that is not finished (e.g. today, this week)
Example: I’ve written a rough plan this morning (it is still morning)
● To show that something happened at some point in the past before now. We don’t state when it
happened
Example: I’ve collected plenty of information (at some point before now and I will use it to write
y
my essay)
ud
● To talk about a present situation which started in the past, usually with for/since
Example: I’ve worked really hard for the last two weeks.
St
● To talk about something that happened at an unstated time in the past but is connected to the
present
an
Example: I’ve read all the books on the reading list (I have the notes now)
ic
➢
Practice
er
.1 Write four sentences about yourself. Use I haven’t and choose from the boxes
1
Am
used a computer ⬤ traveled by bus ⬤ eaten any fruit ⬤ been to the cinema ⬤ read a book ⬤ lost anything
1. I haven’t used a computer today.
2. _I ______________________________________________
haven't traveled by bus for the last two week
3. _I ______________________________________________
haven't eaten any fruit since last week
I haven't been to the cinema for forever
4. _______________________________________________
5. _I ______________________________________________
haven't read any book for a while
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.2 Complete the table for yourself and then write sentences about Louise and Pete, Ann and yourself. Do
1
you…?
Activity Louise and Pete Ann You
like Chinese food ✔
✘
_X
watch football on TV ✘ ✔ _X
play badminton ✔ ✘ _V
eat lots of ice cream ✔ ✘ X _
go abroad in the ✘ ✔ _X
summer ✔ ✘ _V
study at weekends _
_
_
_
_
_
_
y
_
ud
_
St _
_
_
an
ic
.
1 Louise and Petelike Chinese food . Louise and Pete don't
4 … like to travel abroad in the summer
Anndoesn’t like Chinese food Ann … like to travel abroad in the summer
er
I… I …
Am
2. Louise and Pete … like playing badminton 5. Louise and Pete … like to eat alot of ice cream
Ann… doesn't like badminton Ann … doesn't like to eat alot of ice cream
I… I …
3. Louise and Pete … don't like to watch football on the TV 6. Louise and Pete … like to study during weekends
Ann like
… to watch football on the TV Ann … doesn't like to study during the weekends
I… I …
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II. Past tenses
➢ Formula
Statement I/you/we/they/he/she/it + V-ed
Negative I/you/we/they/he/she/it + didn’t + V
Question Did + I/you/we/they/he/she/it + V?
➢
Spelling rules
★ Regular verbs
To form the Past simple of regular verbs, we add-edto the base form
work → worked start → started
● When a verb ends in -e we add -d
like → liked escape → escaped
● When a verb ends in a vowel + -y we add -ed
play → played enjoy → enjoyed
y
● When a verb ends in a consonant + -y we change the -y to -ied
ud
study → studied try → tried St
● When a verb ends in one vowel + one consonant we double the consonant
➔ With one-syllable verbs
an
stop → stopped plan → planned
➔ If it has two syllables and the second syllable is stressed
ic
prefer → preferred regret → regretted
er
● When a verb ends in a consonant + vowel + -l we double the -l
Am
travel → traveled cancel → canceled
★ Irregular verbs
● We do not form irregular verbs by adding -ed. Irregular verbs need to be memorized!
go → went take → took buy → bought
➢ Usage
● Completed actions
Example: I saw the new James Bond film yesterday
● Repeated actions in the past
Example: I went to the theater four times last month
● General truths about the past
Example: Fifty years ago, people didn’t spend as much on entertainment as they do today
● Main events in a story
Example: Josh pushed the door open and looked inside the room
➢ Helpful hints
The past simple is often used with the following words and phrases:
yesterday, last week/summer/year, in January/2001, an hour/a week/ a year ago
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Used to
We use ‘used to’ to talk about past habits and old routines when:
● The state or action lasted for some time, or happened repeatedly
● The state or action doesn’t happen now
● The state or action happened a long time ago
➢ Formula
Statement I/you/we/they/he/she/it + used to + verb
Negative I/you/we/they/he/she/it + did not (didn’t) + use to + verb
Question Did + I/you/we/they/he/she/it + use to + verb?
Note
● There is no present form of used to. We only used to talk about the past. For present habits or
situations, we use the Present simple.
y
Example: She used to love coffee, now she loves tea
ud
➢
Practice St
.3 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box
1
laugh ⬤ cook ⬤ play ⬤ organize ⬤ arrive ⬤ listen ⬤ walk ⬤ snow
an
ic
.The trainarrivedat 10.35 a.m
1 6.I organized
_____ a surprise birthday party for my
2.It _____
snoweda lot last winter sister
er
3.The children played
_____ outside yesterday 7.My mum _____ cookeda delicious roast lunch last
Am
4.We _____
laughedat his funny joke! Sunday
5.Brian _____
arrivedto school yesterday morning 8.Lizzie _____
listenedto a new CD by her favorite pop
group yesterday
1.4 Complete the paragraph by putting the verbs in brackets in the Past simple
esterday,Tina(1)gotup(getup)early.Afterbreakfast,she(2)_listened
Y _____(listen)tothenewsonthe
radio. It (3) _____ (be) a sunny day so she (4) _decided
was ____ (decide) to invite James to lunch. They (5)
_had ____ (have) a barbecue in the garden and (6) _ate____ (eat) hamburgers and sausages. They (7)
_drank
____ (drink) home-made lemonade. Tina and James (8) _chatted ____ (chat) all afternoon. James (9)
_wanted
____(want)togotothecinemabutTina(10)didn't
_____ (notwant)toseeahorrorfilm.They(11)bought
want _____
(buy)ticketsonlineforthenewJamesBondfilm.Atthecinematherewerelotsofpeoplebutthey
(12) didn't
_____queue
(not queue)! The film was fantastic.
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III. Future Time
1. Present continuous
➢ Formula
For the formula of the present continuous, see Unit 4
➢ Usage
We use the present continuous to talk about:
● Things we want to do in the future but have not arranged are called ‘intentions’. We do not use the
present continuous for intentions. We usebe goingtoinstead
✘ I’m becomingan explorer when I grow up.
● We do not use the present continuous for predictions. We usewillorbe going toinstead
✘ Do you think you’re enjoyingyour trip to Berlinnext week?
. Be going to
2
➢ Formula
Statement I am going to + verb
y
You/we/they/he/she/it + are/is + going to + verb
ud
Negative I am not going to + verb
St
You/we/they/he/she/it + are/is + not + going to + verb
Question m I going to + verb?
A
an
Are/Is + you/we/they/he/she/it + going to + verb?
ic
➢
Usage
er
● Be going to is used to talk about future intentions
Am
Example: I’m going to have a haircut tomorrow.
● To predict something that we are sure is going to happen when we have proof or information
Example: It’s freezing today. It’s going to snow.
. Will - shall
3
➢ Formula
Statement I/you/we/they/he/she/it + will + verb
Negative I/you/we/they/he/she/it + will not + verb
Question Will + I/you/we/they/he/she/it + verb?
➢
Usage
● Facts about the future
Example: The new airport will be the biggest in Europe.
● Predictions
Example: You’ll have a great time in the Bahamas.
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● O ffers and requests
Example: We’ll help you get ready for your holiday.
● Decisions made now
Example: I know! I’ll go to China this summer.
Note
● With offers which are questions, we useShallwithIandwe
Example: Shall I drive you to the airport?
● We do not use ‘will’ for arrangements
Example: We’ll visit my grandma this weekend.
➢
Practice
.5 Complete using ‘will’ or ‘shall’ and the verbs in the box. You may have to use some negative forms
1
be come find have lend live take visit
.
1 his year, more than a million tourists _______
T will visit our local area.
2. I’m sure we will _______
find your bag soon. Where did you last see it?
y
3. _______ you _______
Shall lend me some money until Saturday?
ud
4. Everything on the menu looks delicious? Erm … I will _______
take Chicken Kiev, please
5. I will
_______
take you to the bus station, if you like.
St
6. One day, people will _______
live on Mars in special buildings.
an
7. No, there _______
won't be any problems with delivering your new furniture next week.
8. _Shall
______ we _______
come at six to help you get things ready for dinner?
ic
er
.6 Complete using the correct form of ‘be going to’ and the verbs in brackets. You may have to use some
1
negative forms
Am
1. When I grow up, I _______ (play) guitar in a rock group!am going to play
2. Rick and Mark _______ (start) going to the gym twice a week.are going to start
3. _______ Lauren _______ (tell) her mum about what happened?Is Lauren going to tell
4. I _______ (look) on the Internet for information about snowboarding.am going to look
5. No, Nadine _______ (invite) everyone from class - just her close friends.
6. _______ Harry _______ (be) ready on time or not?
7. Careful! You _______ (break) something with that ball! Go outside!
8. I _______ (lie down) for half an hour. Call me at 6 o’clock.
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Duolingo English Test
Sentence Types
sentence is the basic unit of written English language communication. One way to categorize
A
sentences is by the clauses they contain (A clause is part of a sentence containing a subject and a
predicate)
➢ Simple sentence
The simple sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. It requires a subject and a verb. We
ordinarily include some additional words that explain the subject. A sentence or part of a sentence that
contains a subject and a verb and constitutes a complete thought is called an independent clause.
Example:
● He came yesterday.
● All the tickets are sold out.
➢
Compound sentence
● A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses linked together by a
coordinating conjunction. The independent clause can function as a complete sentence.
y
● Two independent clauses may be joined by a comma and a conjunction, or by a semicolon.
ud
● When you are combining two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives, you don’t need a comma
● Below are some common coordinating conjunctions
St
an
Conjunction Use Example
ic
and adds information ars are convenient, and people like to
C
drive them.
er
Am
but shows a contradiction C
ars are expensive, but many people own
or contrast them.
or shows a choice ou can drive your car, or you can take a
Y
bus.
yet hows a
s am is a vocal supporter of public
S
contradiction or transportation, yet he never rides the
contrast subway.
so shows a result Cars are expensive, so I don’t own one.
for shows a cause e decided not to sell the car, for no
W
buyers could be found.
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Duolingo English Test
1.7 Which sentence needs a comma? And explain why.
1. She wore a blue dress but nothing else
2. She wore a blue dress but she didn’t wear anything else
3. I think that taxes are both good and bad
4. After high school you can get a job or go to university
5. I was tired but I went to work early
6. I was tired but went to work early
7. Smartphones are addictive but they are essential
8. Smartphones are addictive but essential
➢
Complex sentence
● A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses
Example: There will be less traffic congestion when the city extends the subway lines.
● Below are some subordinating conjunctions
Conjunction Use Example
y
ud
because, as, show cause I use public transportation because I don’t like driving.
since St
lthough, even
a hows a
s am bought an expensive car even though he doesn’t
S
though, though, contradiction have much money.
an
while or contrast
ic
after, as, before, show time or When I got on the bus, I paid the fare.
er
since, until, sequence
when, while
Am
if, unless show condition I will catch the early bus if I leave the house on time.
1.8 Choose the correct word
1. School is not all about studyingthough/since/whilethere are a lot of clubs and fun activities on
campus.
2. Even though/Even if/Ascars cause a lot of pollution,they are essential to our lives.
3. Most children will participate in sportsunless/providedthat/in order tothey are encouraged.
4. Because/If/Whilevideo games are highly addictive,parents need to monitor how much time their
kids play them.
5. The environment will improvesince/once/whereasthenumber of cars decreases.
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Duolingo English Test
➢ Compound - complex sentence
A compound - complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses
Example:
1.9 Identify the sentence type of each sentence
A. There are good preschools everywhere, but many families don’t take advantage of them because
they prefer to keep their children at home.
B. Telecommuting has become more common in recent years.
C. I learned to drive when I was 16, and I have been driving ever since then.
D. Modern technology has improved our lives in many ways.
E. Some companies encourage telecommuting since it saves the company money.
y
F. The waiter was very polite and efficient, so we gave him a large tip.
ud
G. 70% of the students enrolled in science classes, but only 30% enrolled in language classes.
H. Children learn to speak foreign languages fluently when they study them in primary school.
St
1.10 Combine each set of sentences into one sentence using the conjunctions provided
an
Compound sentences
1. Some neighborhoods are noisy and crowded. Others are quiet and clean. (but)
ic
er
2. I enjoy water sports. I always spend my vacation at the beach. (so)
Am
3. You can have dinner alone. I can cook for you. (or)
Complex sentences
. I will move to a new apartment. I can find one closer to my job. (if)
1
2. This neighborhood was quiet and peaceful. They built a large shopping mall nearby. (before)
3. I usually eat at restaurants. I don’t like to cook. (because)
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Duolingo English Test
Compound - complex sentences
. People like living in this city. Rents are high. Crime is a growing problem. (even though, and)
1
2. Life in a small town is peaceful and quiet. Many young people move away. They can’t find jobs.
(but, because)
1.11 Write 5 sentences of different types to response to the following topic
When people succeed, it is because of hard work; luck has nothing to do with success. Do you agree or
disagree? Why? Give specific reasons for your answer.
(1)Topic sentence
y
(2)Supporting sentence
ud
St
(3)Supporting sentence
an
ic
er
(4)Supporting sentence
Am
(5)Supporting sentence
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 2
Passive Voice
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Everybody calls her Amy. he is called Amy (by
S
everybody).
Present continuous They are building a new school. A new school is being built.
Present perfect Have they sent the price list yet? as the price list been sent
H
yet?
Past simple Who made the cake? Who was the cake made by?
Past continuous They were cleaning it. It was being cleaned.
y
Past perfect We had finished all the water. ll the water had been
A
ud
St finished.
Future simple Dr. Young will examine you. ou will be examined by Dr.
Y
Young.
an
Be going to They’re going to fire him. He is going to be fired.
ic
er
Modal verbs obody can see it.
N It can’t be seen (by anybody).
They may/might invite us. We may/might be invited.
Am
People must pay taxes. Taxes must be paid.
Everybody should help the poor. The poor should be
We could do that in a shorter helped.
time. That could be done in a shorter
They would kill him if he did it. time.
He would be killed if he did it.
Verb +-ing She likes it when they praise her. She likes being (to be) praised.
Infinitive I’d like them to give me more I’d like to be given more money.
money.
-ing form I remember when they hit me. I remember being hit.
Passive - Interrogative form
assive questions typically use the verb ‘be’ as the auxiliary for inversion. Compare the active
P
and passive form of questions in the following examples.
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Usage and examples
● The passive form is used when you want to emphasizetheobjectoftheactionratherthanthe
subject, or when the agent is not very important in the sentences
● It is typically made up of the verb ‘be’ (which changes tense) with a pastparticiple.TheDirect
Object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
● Whenyouspecifyanagent,itisintroducedbytheprepositionby.Genericagentslikeeverybody,
they, people, etc or agents that are logical subjects of the action aren’t usually mentioned in a
passive sentence.
● Study the examples:
Passive Be Past participle (Agent)
English is spoken in this
hotel
The rooms are being cleaned
y
ud
The gallery will be opened by the Queen
JFK was killed by Leo Harvey Oswald In 1963
St
The paintings mustn’t be touched (by anybody)
an
ic
.1 Put a tick (✔) next to the sentences containing passive forms in the following popular English proverbs
2
er
and underline each of them
Am
_ __ A man is known by the company he keeps _ __ Marriages are made in heaven
___ Rome wasn’t built in a day ___ Fingers were made before forks
___ Every cloud has a silver lining ___ The fish will soon be caught that nibbles
___ What may be done at any time will be done at every bait
at no time ___ A fool and his money are soon parted
➢
Passive form with verb + preposition
● In the passive sentence, with verbs followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept close to the
verb, as in the examples below:
Has anybody paid for these drinks? Have these drinks been paid for?
I don’t like it when people laugh at me I don’t like being laughed at
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Verbs often used in the passive form + to infinitive
● be allowed to Were you allowed to go to bed after 10pm as a child?
● be supposed to Aren’t teachers supposed to be in class by 8 AM?
● be expected to I’m not expected to tolerate this every day
● be told/asked I was told not to leave the room for any reasons
➢ Have something done
We use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us
Compare
● Lisa repaired the rood (=she repaired it herself)
⚠️
● Lisa had the roof repaired (=she arranged for somebody else to repair it)
Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object
Have Object Past participle
Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday
here did you have
W y our hair
y
cut?
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
ud
Our neighbor has just had a garage built
We are having the house painted this week
St
How often do you have your car serviced?
I think you should have that coat cleaned
an
I don’t like having my picture taken
ic
➢
er
Practice
.2 Put the words in the correct order
2
Am
1. had/a few weeks ago/the house/we/painted
__________________________________________________________________
2. serviced/her car/Sarah/once a year/has
__________________________________________________________________
3. twelve pounds/have/cleaned/it/my suit/cost/to
__________________________________________________________________
4. my eyes/I/two years ago/had/tested/the last time/was
__________________________________________________________________
5. had/in the kitchen/fitted/some new cupboards/we’ve
__________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
Relative clause
● R elative clauses give information about a noun (or noun phrase). They are linked to the noun (or noun
phrase) by a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which).
● The relative pronoun can be either the subject or the object of the clause, and we do not use another
pronoun in the clause to refer to the noun
xample: Why not install lights which have a timer? (not ‘Why not install lights which they have a timer?’)
E
elative pronouns
R
We use:
● Whoto refer to people
I met a man. He can speak 5 languages → I met a man who can speak 5 languages.
● Whichto refer to things
I have a watch. My watch keeps time perfectly → I have a watch which keeps time perfectly.
● Thatto refer to people or things
We arrived at the airport. The airport was 50 km from the resort → We arrived at an airport that was 50
y
km from the resort.
ud
Note:Thatis an alternative towhoandwhichandis more common in spoken English.
● Whereto refer to places
St
This is the apartment. I grew up in this apartment → This is the apartment where I grew up.
● Whento refer to times
an
In 2011 I was sixteen. In 2011 I got my diploma → In 2011, when I was sixteen, I got my diploma.
● Whoseto show possession
ic
We have a cat. Our cat’s name is Fluffy → We have a cat whose name is Fluffy.
er
● Whyafter the reason or reasons
Am
There are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is not.
● There are 2 types of relative clauses
Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses
iveessentialinformation about
G iveextrainformation about something
G
something or someone. They cannot be or someone. We separate them from
separated from the rest of the sentence the main part of the sentence with
by commas. commas. The sentence still makes
sense without the clause.
In defining relative clauses, we can use We cannot use ‘that’ instead of who and
‘that’ instead of who and which which
Example: In the evening, a house that is Example: Megan, who comes from
very dark can really stand out. Sweden, is 14 years old.
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Practice
.3 Underline the correct relative pronoun
2
1. Is this the smartphone who/which you 4. W here is the sandwich which/who was in the
lost? fridge?
2. That’s the policeman whose/that works 5. This is the building whose/where I have
in the village. English lessons.
3. Is that the girl which/whose mum 6. That was the year where/when I took my
works in the school office? driving license.
2.4 Complete the sentences with when, where, which, who or whose
1.The book _______ you bought me for my birthday is 4
. The place _______ I rode a camel, is in
fascinating. Egypt.
2.Nancy, _______ is my best friend, just donated 5. James, _______ dad owns a boat, is sailing
some money to charity. round the Mediterranean at the moment.
a
3.Last summer, _______ we stayed with my
y
grandparents in France, we hiked in the
ud
mountains. St
.5 Fill in the blank to complete the paragraph
2
an
WhenIthinkofthepeople(1)________havehadanimportantroleinmylife,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfirst
teacher, (2) _________ name was Ellen Grant. Every morning, (3) ________ I and the other pupils got into the
ic
class,sheusedtogreetusonebyoneandspendabout10minutesaskingus(4)__________wehaddonethe
er
daybefore.Then,shewouldtellusaboutthenicethings(5)_________hadhappenedtoher.Herlifewasquite
simple and uneventful, but she was able to turn everysingledayintoanentertainingstory(6)__________we
Am
wereallkeentolistento.ItwasonlymuchlaterthatIrealizedhoweffectivethatlittletrickwasinmakingher
lessons so pleasant: school was the place (7) ________ we had fun while learning because Miss Grant, (8)
________hadagreatsenseofhumor,madeeveryclassauniqueexperience.Iguessthisis(9)________inthe
following years I never felt that school was a boring place (10) _________ had to go to.
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Duolingo English Test
Question type #1: Read and Select
his task asks you to “Select the real English words in this list”. Similar to Listen and Select, you will need to
T
read each word in a list and decide if it is an actual word in English. You will have 60 seconds with 18 words
Tips:
- Select only the words you know are real.
- There could be any number of real words in the list, so don’t worry if one question has more than
another.
- Read carefully. Some words look real, but have small differences from real English words.
Sample question:
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
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Duolingo English Test
ractice
P
Read and select the real English words
2.6
aduse ammock application perfolds bunch perium
lat hap reluctant dright trace heest
persenet remedy slid apply tapity pervity
2.7
beared divorce bleeded counterbrain organic cously
blick hidden tragedy slunged dagin decangle
orchestra blackbite herb edual dehumanics retirement
2.8
y
fratforter vein ghow hableck nessly ning
accountant misroof trail
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minical mulx helmet
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hurrite olomb hition footage opere imprear
an
2.9
ic
tessity revision unlial buffer remainder trading
er
Am
ink vicial highway urbact bresk bude
trace trailer absorb visly bornal disturb
2.10
bullet bucle capen noing torture sullet
cappose casult business obstial obstor fancy
family cerge flesh vague sheck dube
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 3
Introduction to English Pronunciation
I PA Chart Introduction
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. There are 5 vowel letters and there are 21 consonant letters. But
there are more than 40 vowel and consonant sounds in English. In some words, the number of letters is the
same as the number of sounds.
What is the IPA?
The IPA is a system of phonetic notation created by linguists to be able to represent the different sounds of
languages. When we teach English as a foreign language, we are concerned with the sounds, or phonemes,
which make up the English language. Thus the IPA we deal with has 44 sounds.
How is the IPA organized?
The sounds on the top half of the chart are vowel sounds. This section is divided into monophthongs on the
left and diphthongs on the right.
The bottom section shows consonant sounds. The two dots which you can see on certain sounds show that
that particular sound is a long sound.
y
ud
St
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Duolingo English Test
Part 1: Vowels
1. Long and short vowel sounds:
1.
🎧
There are five long vowel sounds in English. Listen to the sounds and the words with these sounds.
Then listen again and repeat. Audio - Track 1
/ɑ:/ bard 4./ɔ:/ board
2. /i:/ beard 5./u:/ booed
3. /ɜ:/ bird
1. /æ/pat 4./ɒ/ pot
🎧
There are seven short vowel sounds. Here you have six of them; the other is the schwa /ə/. Listen to
the sounds and the words with these sounds. Then listen again and repeat. Audio - Track 2
2. /e/ pet 5./ʊ/ put
3. /ɪ/ pit 6./ʌ/ putt
2. Diphthongs:
A diphthong is a vowel sound, representing a single syllable,inwhichyourtonguemovescontinuouslyfrom
one position to another. Study the table below for the usual spellings and example words. Listen and repeat.
Add one more example word for each spelling. Check the pronunciation of the words you add in your
🎧
dictionary because spelling can be misleading.
y
Audio- Track 3
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Vowel sounds Usual spellings
St Example words
(especially before
a
ame
s
consonant + e)
eɪ aim
an
ai
day
ay
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(especially before
o
ome
h
er
əʊ consonant + e)
boat
oa
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i (especially before
t ime
consonant +e)
aɪ fly
y
night
igh
u
o loud
c
əʊ
ow cow
oi choice
ɔɪ
oy boy
er
e
eer
p
ere
ɪə mere
ear
hear
ir
a air
p
eə
are stare
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Duolingo English Test
3.1 Spot the different sound
Example: /ə/ /e/ /ʊ/ /eə/ /i/
Answer: The fourth sound is a dipthong. All the others are short vowels.
- /əʊ/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ /ə/ /ɔ/
- /ɔɪ/ /e/ /ɪə/ /ai/ /aʊ/
- /ɒ/ /i:/ /ɔ:/ /ɑ:/ /ɜ:/
3.2 Read these pairs of words
1. skid - skied 3. full - fool
2. pitch - peach 4. wok - walk
🎧
3.3Listen to the recording and tick the S (same)column or the D (different) column. If you are not sure,
tick the question mark (?) column.
y
For example: if you hear, ‘sheep sheep’ tick the S column
if you hear, ‘sheep ship’ tick the D column
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St
S D ? S D ? S D ? S D ?
an
1a 5c 10b 15a
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1b 6a 11a 15b
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2a 6b 11b 16a
Am
2b 7a 12a 16b
2c 7b 12b 16c
3a 7c 13a 17a
3b 8a 13b 17b
4a 8b 14a 18a
4b 9a 14b 18b
5a 9b 14c 19a
5b 10a 14d 19b
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Duolingo English Test
Question Type #2: Read Aloud
Key Point
● Around 7 times in the test
● 20 seconds to complete
● Testing: Reading and speaking
● Scored on: Content, fluency, pronunciation
Content
● Don’t add words. If you add words, you will lose point
Ex: If you need help TO getting another job, I’ll help you with that
● Don’t omit or skip words
● Don’t replace words. You have to read exactly what is written down
Fluency
● Speed: you don’t have to speak really quickly. Speak at your natural pace.
● Sentence stress and rhythm:
+ Content words are stressed
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Words carrying the Example
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meaning St
Main verbs Sell, give, employ
an
Nouns Car, music, mary
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Adjectives Red, big, interesting
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Adverbs Quickly, why, never
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Negative auxiliaries Don’t, aren’t, can’t
+ Function words are not stressed
Words for correct grammar Example
Pronouns He, we, they
Prepositions On, at, into
Articles A, an, the
Conjunctions And, but, because
Auxiliary verbs Do, be, have, can, must
+ Time between stressed words is about the same
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Duolingo English Test
Example
Record yourself saying the statement below
“ Do youknowif he isbusythismorning?”
➔
This question has the three stressed words: know, busy, morning
● Connected speech
+ Weak and strong forms of words:Strong forms (contentwords) are stressed. Weak forms
(grammar words) use the sound /ə/
/ə/ ut = /bə(t)/
B Than = /ðən/
Can = /kən/ The = /ðə/
Have = /həv/ An = /ən/
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And = /ən/ A = /ə/
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Example St
Record yourself saying the statement below
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“ Star Wars is good,butit’s notasgoodamovieaspeople say”
➔ Weak words: but = /bə/, as = /əz/, a = /ə/, as = /əz/
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Am
+ Contractions
I will = I’ll He is = He’s e has = he’s
H
She would = she’d We have = we’ve It had = It’d
Example
Record yourself saying the statement below
“ If you need help getting another job,I’llhelp youwith that”
➔ Contraction: I’ll
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Duolingo English Test
+ Linking
Rule:
● W hen one word ends in a consonant sound, but the other begins in a vowel that consonant links to the
next word
● For vowel to vowel, we have to include another sound that sound can be /ya/ /wa/ or /ra/ in British
English
Example
Record yourself saying the statement below
“Star Wars is good, but it’s not as good a
/z/ /t/ /t/
/d/
movie as people say”
/j/
y
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Pausing
● St
xample
E
Record yourself saying the statement below
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“If you need help getting another job,I’llhelp youwith that”
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Am
hen you read the sentence out loud, you need to pay attention to the punctuation marks
W
The most common mark you need to look for is the comma. When you see a comma, it is an indication for you
to pause. You don’t need to pause for so long, just pause slightly
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Duolingo English Test
Pronunciation
● Vowel sounds: long and short vowels
● Consonant sounds
● Consonant clusters: when some consonants join together - str, wr, spl
DR FL STR THR
rab
D lag
F trike
S hrow
T
Dragon Flap Stroke Three
Drama Flame Stream Thriller
Drain Flower Strawberry Threat
● Word stress: one word has only one stress. We can only stress vowels, not consonants
Example
Record yourself saying the statement below
If I had known about the party,I would have come.
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I’d /n/ /ðə/ I’d’ve/I would’ve
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➔ Stressed words: known, party, come
St
an
3.4 Practice: Record yourself saying the statement below
ic
1. I will ask him to come over as soon as possible.
er
2. Online learning allows students to study at their own pace.
Am
3. We are able to accommodate more students than in previous years.
4. Career opportunities in this field are quite limited at the moment.
5. His lack of technical knowledge kept him from moving up the ladder.
6. In the past, people traveled primarily on foot.
7. The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.
8. All teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for accommodation.
9. The key findings contradict our original hypothesis.
10.Attracting skilled workers to an expensive city is hard.
11.The administration office is located at the entrance of the campus.
12.They had to change their plan because their plane landed late.
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 4
Question type #3: Listen and Type
isten and Type asks you to “Type the statement that you hear.” In this task, you will listen to a person
L
speaking a statement and then transcribe what you hear.
You have 1 minute to complete. There is only 1 sentence. This task appears between 3-7 times in the test.
Tips:
● Type out what you hear first. Then check your response by replaying the statement and comparing it to
what you wrote.
● Listen to three times even if you are confident
● Use correct punctuation, capital letter
● You can use contractions
Sample question:
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St
an
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Duolingo English Test
Skill: Note-taking
❖
N ote Taking Basics: Abbreviations and Symbols
● Abbreviate names, places and titles by using the first letter or the first several letters. You can use a period,
but when taking notes, this isn’t always necessary.
R (Rita) S. (Steve) US (United States)
S.A. (South America) Prof. (Professor) Gen (general)
Pres (President) dir. (director)
● Abbreviate important words in a lecture by shortening them
x (excelled)
E Milit sch (military
Fath (father) school)
Bril (brilliant)
● Use symbols to indicate relationships between things
& (and) = (equal, is, has)
y
≠ (not, not the same as) @ at
🎧 ud
4.1Listen to information from the lecture. Matchthe notes below to the information you hear. Write
St
the number of the sentence in the blank.
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_____________ N. = exc math & milit sc
______________ @ 16 Fr. arm
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______________ N. ≠ gd stud
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_____________ att Rus. & defeated
____________ N. died 1821 @ 51
🎧
1.
4.2Listen to four dates. As you listen, writethe dates as numbers in the spaces below.
_________
2. _________
3. _________
🎧 4. _________
4.3Listen to the lecture about Napoleon. As youlisten, put the following parts of the lecture in the
order that you hear them.
Number them 1 to 5
_______ Napoleon is all alone
_______ Napoleon controls most of Europe
_______ Napoleon lives on Corsica
_______ Napoleon becomes Emperor of France
_______ Napoleon attacks Russia
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Duolingo English Test
🎧
4.4You will hear the first part of the lecture again. Listen and complete the notes by adding the
abbreviations and symbols from the box
gen. Yrs @ Fr.
N’s early life
● Born 1769
● 10 ______ old - to milit sch
● Poor stud mst subj - exc. ______ math and milit sci
when ______ 16 yrs old joins ______ army
______ @ 24
🎧
4.5Type the statement that you hear
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
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St
6.
an
7.
8.
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9.
er
10.
Am
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Duolingo English Test
Question type #4 : Interactive Listening
hat is Interactive Listening?
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This type of question is basically a simulated conversation that requires you to use your listening and reading
skills together to complete an interaction. All the conversations for this question type are in an academic
setting where you will be interacting with a peer or a professor.
here are two Interactive Listening scenarios on the test, each containing two components. One passage will
T
be a peer-to-peer interaction and one will be a student-to-professor interaction. Both interactions will first have
a listening component where you will participate in the conversation as a student by responding to your
interlocutor. The second component will be a summarization of the previous interaction.
You will have a time limit for both respective components of each scenario. For the listening portion, you will
have4 minutes. For thesummarizationyou will have75 seconds.
hese question types will contribute to the overall Duolingo English Test score. More specifically, the listening
T
component will affect the conversation and comprehension subscores, and the summarization component will
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affect the production and literacy subscores.
ud
St
Directions
1. The first thing you will do is read some context about the conversation you are about to have.
an
ic
er
Am
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Duolingo English Test
2. Then you are going to choose an option from a list to start the conversation
y
3. Then, your conversation partner, either the student or professor, who will be portrayed by a Duolingo
ud
character, will respond with an audio prompt. Then you keep the conversation going in this way for five
St
or six questions.
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Duolingo English Test
4. At the end, you will be asked to write a summary of the conversation you just had.
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Tips and tricks
Interacting with the question
ud
St
● Listen carefully! You can only play the audio clips once.
● You can read the earlier parts of the conversation again to help you.
an
Responding to the question
● Pay attention to the relationship between the speakers. How would two students talk to each other?
ic
How would a teacher and a student have a conversation?
er
● Don’t worry if you don’t choose the best response—the test will let you know so that you can still get the
Am
next ones correct. Pay attention to the correct answer in order to follow the conversation.
● Try to remember the main ideas of the conversation for the summary task that follows.
Summarize the conversation tips
● Write a complete paragraph instead of separate bullet points
● You don’t have very much time, start with the facts about the conversation. Who was speaking? What
was the conversation about? What was the outcome?
● Write as much as you can in 1:15, as long as it is a summary of the discussion.
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Duolingo English Test
ractice
P
4.1 (Non-interactive)
a. Read the questions and choose the correct answers
Context: You are struggling with academic writingand you want to form a study group to improve. you ask
your friend about participating.
Question 1:
1. Hi, I enjoy discussing study strategies! Have you considered setting goals for your writing improvement?
2. Hey, I recently participated in a study group for exam preparation. Maybe I could help with some tips?
3. Hello, I’m thinking about forming a study group to improve our presentation skills. What are your
thoughts?
4. Hey, I’m thinking about creating a study group to help improve our academic writing. Would you be
interested in joining?
5. What's up? Have you heard about the new techniques for improving reading comprehension?
y
That sounds like a great idea. What do you think the main focus of our group should be?
ud
Question 2:
1. I think we should concentrate only on how to write social media posts. That should be enough, right?
St
2. How can we integrate more critical analysis into our presentations for a stronger argument?
3. Is it true that clear organization and coherence are essential elements of academic writing?
an
4. I taught my students that using a variety of sentence structures can make our writing more engaging
and sophisticated.
ic
5. I believe we should focus on improving our thesis statements, developing well-structured paragraphs,
er
and refining our citation skills. What do you think?
Am
🔊
Those are excellent aspects to focus on! We could also work on developing our arguments and
incorporating evidence more effectively.
Question 3:
1. What are some tips for improving the clarity and conciseness in our emails?
2. That's a great suggestion! I’ll make sure to include those points in our study group plan. Do you have
any ideas for structuring our meetings?
3. Can you help me understand the differences between the various citation styles, like APA, MLA, and
Chicago?
4. How can we practice writing engaging social media posts to gain new followers?
5. In my last class I shared some strategies for refining our editing and proofreading skills. My students
loved it!
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Duolingo English Test
🔊
We could start each meeting by discussing specific writing challenges we're facing. then work together on
exercises and share feedback on each other's writing.
Question 4:
1. I disagree. I think feedback is so important. We need more of it, especially from our teachers.
2. That sounds like a productive approach. I'lI organize our first meeting and prepare some exercises for
us to work on. Thanks for your input!
3. How can we better understand the nuances of academic language and tone in our presentations?
4. What are some techniques for effectively memorizing quotations to use when we debate?
5. I just told my students about the benefits of using peer review and feedback to improve our academic
writing.
🔊
You're welcome! I'm looking forward to our study group meetings don't hesitate to reach out if you need any
help with planning or preparation.
Question 5:
1. Thanks a lot! I'II be in touch if I have any mo re questions or need additional input.
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2. I still don't understand the concept of counterarguments. Can you explain it?
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3. I'lI make a study schedule.
4. I'lI make sure to use different colors for my flashcards to help me remember better.
St
5. OK, you should put some sound effects on every slide you make.
an
ead the conversation again, then write a summary in the box below. Remember in the real test, you only
R
have 75 seconds for this task.
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.2-4.4
4
For the best experience, please open these exercises in this onlineslides
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 5
Question type #5 : Read and Complete
➢
Language Study: Word Family and Word Order
Most words are part of a “family” of words that have a shared meaning. A word family is a group of words that
may share a common root word with different Prefixes and Suffixes in morphology.
For example, the word forms “appear” (a verb) and “appearance” (a noun) are related.
Common Suffixes of Noun
● -ment: development, arrangement, entertainment, establishment, payment, movement,….
● -tion: invitation, information, discussion, application, production, dedication, addition, ambition,…
● -ty/-ity: royalty, certainty, security, personality, stupidity, nationality, activity, opportunity,…
● -ant: assistant, applicant, inhabitant, attendant, servant, assistant, consultant,….
● -ness: illness, happiness, freshness, readiness, forgetfulness, sadness, blindness, weakness,….
● -ship: relationship, partnership, hardship, leadership, friendship, membership, internship,….
y
● – or: owner, mentor, driver, doctor,editor, director, supervisor,…
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● -er: examiner, builder, lawyer, driver, prisoner, foreigner,….
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Common Suffixes of Verb
● -ate: separate, appreciate, alternate, celebrate,graduate, congratulate, estimate,….
an
● -ify: beautify, identify, clarify, specify, simplify, qualify, exemplify,…
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● -en: strengthen, frighten, widen, threaten, soften,….
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● -ise/-ize*: realize/ realize, rationalize, recognise,capitalize, modernize, dramatize,….
Am
Common Suffixes of Adj
● -al/-ial:,normal,presidential, industrial,…
● -able/-ible: comfortable, comparable, readable, capable, incredible, considerable, invisible,….
● -less: careless, endless, harmless, priceless, motionless, timeless,….
● -y: rainy, angry, muddy, busy, sunny, wyndy, wealthy,……
● -ic: romantic, classic, specificm economic, toxic, heroic,…….
● -ful: careful, beautiful, wonderful, harmful, peaceful,….
● -ish: childish, foolish, British, Irish,
● -ical: economical, aeronautical, comical, historical, alphabetical,musical, political, physical,……
● -ive, -ative: attractive, active, decisive, alternative, talkative, creative,……
● -eous, -ious, -ous: spontaneous, humorous, hideous, poisonous, ambitious, anxious, notorious, famous,
dangerous,…….
● -ed: interested, tired, excited, surprised,….
● -ing: exciting, touching, interesting,….
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Duolingo English Test
Word Order
1. Subject (Noun) + Verb
2. Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct Object
3. Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
4. Adj + Noun
5. be/become/seem + adj
6. Verb + ADV
ractice
P
5.1 In each of the following sentences, one word form is incorrect. Cross it out and write the correct word
form in the blank.
A. A develop country needs to build up its industry
B. Here is a plan to develop the economic rapidly
C. I need to obtain more acknowledgement in earth science
D. She worked on loan applications for a corporate
y
ud
.2 The table contains word families for some words. Complete the table. An X indicates that there is no
5
form or that the form is not common. Sometimes more than one form may be possible. If you are unsure
St
about a form, check your dictionary.
an
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
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x Complexity Complex x
er
. Diversification
1 Diverse Diversely
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2. Diversity
Estimate . Estimate
1 X
2. Estimation
x Eventually
Evolve Evolving X
X . Globalization
1 Globally
2. Globe
Interact Interaction Interactive
Symbolize . Symbol
1 Symbolic Symbolically
2.
Transform Transformation x
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Duolingo English Test
hoose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b. Use the word families
C
table you just completed as a guide. The first one has been done for you.
1.
a. Communication is one area in which there have been amazing developments in technology.
b. Technologicallyadvanced methods of growing food havestill not prevented hunger in some parts of the
world.
2.
a. Visitors to a new country are encouraged to interact with the local people to learn more about their
culture.
b. Social _________________ is an important part of childhood development.
3.
a. Environmentalists work to save endangered plants and animals in part to protect biological diversity in
the natural world.
b. Major soft drink companies have _________________ their product lines by adding bottled water as a new
product.
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4.
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a. The estimation that one-fifth of Americans are seriously overweight is shocking.
b. Historians _________________ that among the more than 1,500 people who died on the Titanic, class, age,
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and sex played a key role in who lived and who died.
5.
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a. The worldwide popularity of products like the iPod is an example of globalization.
b. Governments and environmental groups use the phrase “Think _________________, act locally” to
ic
encourage people to think of ways to save resources every day.
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6.
Am
a. Both a red cross and a red crescent are used to symbolize the international organization whose aim is
to protect and provide assistance to victims of war.
b. Being overweight was at one time a _________________ of wealth because it showed that you had enough
money to eat well.
7.
a. Many people feel that the job of being a parent today is much more complex than it was in the past.
b. The _________________ of the relationship between technological development and environmental
change is still not fully understood.
8.
a. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many Eastern European Communist parties have transformed
themselves into Socialist parties.
b. The newly _________________ factory now houses forty young professionals living in luxury apartments.
9.
a. The eventual end of the strike occurred after long discussion between union leaders and the employer.
b. One purpose of insurance is to protect people from _________________ that they cannot otherwise
prepare for in advance.
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Duolingo English Test
10.
a. L anguages as diverse as Danish and Chinese have influenced the evolution of the English language.
b. Because medical technology is always _________________, doctors must regularly attend training
programs.
➢
Read and Complete question type
Sample question:
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Key points
● Between 3-7 times on the test
● 3 minutes to complete
● Short passages (less than 100 words)
● Variety of topics (general and academic): space travel, history, animals,...
● The first letter(s) will always be shown
● Use American spelling
● Use the context and grammatical knowledge
● Subscores: Literacy and Comprehension
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Duolingo English Test
How to do this question:
1. Read through the whole passage before focusing on each individual word
2. Read the first and the last sentences
3. Use context clues to help you complete the words
Practice
5.3 Type the missing letters to complete the text below (easy to medium level)
n antibiotic is a chemical compound that kills bacteria or slows their growth. They a _ _ used as medi_ _ _ _
A
to treat and cu_ _ diseases caused by bact_ _ _ _. The fi_ _ _ antibiotic disco_ _ _ _ _ was Penicillin, a nat_ _ _ _
antibiotic prod_ _ _ _ by a fungus. Production o_ antibiotics first be_ _ _ in 1939, a_ _ in the mod_ _ _ day, they
are ma_ _ by chem_ _ _ _ synthesis. Antibiotics can not be used to treat viruses.
ohannes Gutenberg introduced the concept of movable type and the printing press to Europe. While th_ _
J
may not so_ _ _ like a big deal at fi_ _ _, the printing press is of_ _ _ considered as the mo_ _ important inve_ _
_ _ _ in mod_ _ _ times. Think about how impo_ _ _ _ _ information is to_ _ _ . Without bo_ _ _ and comp_ _ _ _
_ you wouldn’t be able to le_ _ _, to pa_ _ on information, or to sh_ _ _ scientific disco_ _ _ _ _ _. Prior to
y
Gutenberg introducing the printing press, making a book was a laborious process in Europe.
ud
irds of prey have been treated very differently over the years. For exa_ _ _ _, during the Middle Agé, red kites
B
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were hig_ _ _ valued. As scavengers, they hel_ _ _ to keep the str_ _ _ _ of London and ot_ _ _ towns cl_ _ _ of
waste. However, atti_ _ _ _ _ towards red kites and ot_ _ _ birds of prey cha_ _ _ _ in the 16th cen_ _ _ _, when
an
a se_ _ _ _ of laws encou_ _ _ _ _ people to ki_ _ them as vermin. It wasn’t until 1954 that new laws were
passed to make it illegal to kill birds of prey.
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id you know owls are sometimes a symbol of learning? Libraries and books_ _ _ _ _ sometimes use pict_ _ _
D
_ of owls to repr_ _ _ _ _ reading or wis_ _ _. Maybe this is bec_ _ _ _ owls can see in the da_ _, dete_ _ _ _ _
things that oth_ _ _ can’t see. They are sil_ _ _, quick, and ke_ _ to thems_ _ _ _ _. They some_ _ _ _ _ have a
watchful, thoug_ _ _ _ _ look. Owls can’t really read, but they are smart.
oy Story is a 1995 American animated movie. It w_ _ the first Pixar anim_ _ _ _ movie. Pixar ma_ _ the movie
T
wh_ _ _ Disney packaged it and so_ _ the reels of the mo_ _ _ to movie thea_ _ _ _ . It was rele_ _ _ _ on
November 22, 1995. It was the fi_ _ _ animated mo_ _ _ to be compl_ _ _ _ _ done with comp_ _ _ _ _ instead
of hand-drawn anim_ _ _ _ _ . Toy Story has three seq_ _ _ _, Toy Story 2 released in 1999, Toy Story 3
released in 2010 and “Toy Story 4” released in 2019.
teve Jobs was a Silicon Valley businessman most famous for his work with the company Apple. Together
S
wi_ _ Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Jobs hel_ _ _ make the id_ _ of the pers_ _ _ _ computer pop_ _ _ _ in
the la_ _ 1970s. In the ea_ _ _ 1980s, st_ _ _ at Apple, Jobs was o_ _ of the fi_ _ _ to see the pote_ _ _ _ of
using a mouse to con _ _ _ _ things on a computer scr_ _ _. Jobs is credited with revolutionizing personal
computers.
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Duolingo English Test
pace travel has become much safer as scientists have overcome potential problems, b_ _ it’s still dang_ _ _
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_ _ . It’s also very expe_ _ _ _ _. In or_ _ _ for a space shuttle to br_ _ _ free of Earth’s gra_ _ _ _, it has to tra_ _ _
at a speed of 15,000 mi_ _ _ per hour. Space shu_ _ _ _ _ need 1.9 million liters of fuel just to lau_ _ _ into
space. That’s eno_ _ _ fuel to fi_ _ up 42,000 cars! Combine the hi_ _ speed, heat and fuel needed for
launching and you’ve got a very potentially dangerous situation.
5.4 (hard level)
est-driven development offers more than just simple validation of correctness, but can also drive the design
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of a program. By focu_ _ _ _ on t_ _ test ca_ _ _ first, one mu_ _ imagine h_ _ the functi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ will b_ used
b_ clients (in t_ _ first ca_ _ . t_ _ test ca_ _ _) So, the progr_ _ _ _ _ is conc_ _ _ _ _ with t_ _ interface bef_ _ _
the impleme_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This benefit is complementary to Design by Contract as it approaches code through
test cases rather than through mathematical assertions or preconceptions.
erhaps, if the goal is to develop clear and logical thought in general, it would be better to study texts
P
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specifically designed to do so rather than to study mathematics where what is desired is merely as a useful
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side effect. But i_ is cer_ _ _ _ that t_ _ correct u_ _ of reas_ _ _ _ _ is a_ the co_ _ of mod_ _ _ mathematics,
especially i_ the constr_ _ _ _ _ _ of pro_ _ _ . This insistence on the use of logic as the basis of mathematics
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has not only helped steer the subject away from incorrect results, but has guided it in the discovery of new
areas of knowledge whose existence no one could have predicted otherwise.
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wide range of animals and insects live in Texas. It i_ the ho _ _ to 65 species o_ mammals, 213 spe_ _ _ _ of
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rept_ _ _ _ and amphi _ _ _ _ _, a_ _ the grea _ _ _ _ diversity o_ bird li _ _ in t_ _ United States-590 native spe_ _
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_ _ in a _ _ . At least 2 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas.
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conomics is the scientific study of how societies manage resources. Picture it as a va_ _ resource
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allocation game. Suppose you have five pie_ _ _ of candy to distr_ _ _ _ _ among your friends. You co_ _ _ give
all the candies to yo_ _ closest friend, o_ distribute them equ_ _ _ _ among ever_ _ _ _. This decision-making
process, wh_ _ scaled up to inc_ _ _ _ things like hou_ _ _, food, and cars, fo_ _ _ the basis of econ_ _ _ _ _. In a
market eco_ _ _ _, these decisions a_ _ made by indiv_ _ _ _ _ _ based o_ supply and dem_ _ _. Thus,
economics provides a framework for understanding how choices affect the allocation and consumption of
resources in society.
razil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting f_ _ 28.5 per_ _ _ _ of GDP,
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Brazil’s industries ra_ _ _ from autom_ _ _ _ _ _, st_ _ _ amd petroch_ _ _ _ _ _ _ to comp_ _ _ _ _, airc_ _ _ _, and
consumer dura_ _ _ _. With increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real, Brazilian and
multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of
which has been purchased from US firms.
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Duolingo English Test
Question type #6: Interactive Reading
Interactive Reading Questions are new reading question types on the Duolingo English Test from 2022.
When you take the test, you’ll now get two short reading passages with six questions each. One passage will
be a narrative style reading (it will tell a story), and the other will be an expository (like a short academic
article). You will have seven or eight minutes to complete all of the questions for a given passage.
Interestingly, you may not get to see the whole passage at first. Instead, parts of it will be revealed as you
move through the questions.
Question types are:
● complete the sentence (pick best words to finish a sentence in the reading)
● complete the passage (pick the best sentence to finish the reading)
● highlight the answer (locate the answer to a given question and highlight it within the passage)
● identify the main idea of the passage
● select a title for the passage.
Performance on these tasks contributes to Literacy and Comprehension subscores, as well as the Overall
score.
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General tips for the Interactive reading:
● Skim through the passage to get the main idea. Focus on the keywords and try to remember them.
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● Start looking for the options/answers in the dropdown as soon as the text starts making sense.
● Make sure the option you choose makes sense when you read the passage.
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● The first slide of the reading section can take longer than the others.
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● Some of the blanks might be easier to fill than the others.
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➢
Complete the sentences
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Action plan:
1. Read the entire passage and use context clues to determine the best word choice
2. If you have time, read the entire passage again to double check your responses
3. You can complete the sentences in any order
4. You won’t be able to click “Next” until you’ve selected a response for each blank
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Duolingo English Test
Sample question:
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Complete the passage:
Action plan:
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1. The first half of the passage will be familiar from the “Complete the Sentences” question
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2. Make sure to read each section thoroughly, especially new material
3. Pay special attention to the sentences before and after the blank, especially if you are undecided
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4. If you hover over each option, you will be able to see it in context in the passage
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Duolingo English Test
Sample question:
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Highlight the answer
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The Highlight the Answer task represents the purposes of reading to search for information and reading for
quick understanding. There will be two Highlight the Answer questions for each Interactive Reading passage.
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Action plan:
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1. Be precise but thorough in your selection, and make sure to highlight only the answer to the question
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asked.
2. Once you highlight the text, it will appear in the box below the answer so you can read it in context
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Sample question:
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Identify the idea
This task asks the test taker to choose an idea that is expressed in the passage. This can either be a detail in
the passage, or a main idea of the passage. The task addresses the purpose of reading to understand. The
task engages cognitive skills such as comprehension of important details and main-ideas.
Action plan:
1. Read and consider all of the options carefully
2. Choose the one that best describes the text
Sample question:
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➢
Title the passage
Action plan
1. Read and consider all the options carefully
2. Choose the one that is the best title for the whole text
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Duolingo English Test
Sample question
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kill: How to identify the main idea
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To find the main idea, read the first sentence or two of the introduction, the first sentence of each body
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paragraph, and then the first and last sentence of the conclusion. After reading each sentence again ask
yourself, “What is the author writing about?”
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When finding the main idea, pay close attention to direction markers.
Same Direction Opposite Direction
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And For example Although In contrast to
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Because One reason However On the other hand
Even Due to Yet Rather
Therefore Also Despite Even though
Another But
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Duolingo English Test
xample
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Sometimes it appears that the human mark on this planet is indelible. In only a blink of geological time, 200
years, or so, human construction and expansion has resulted in the destruction of more than one-fifth of the
world’s forests, the recession of the polar ice caps, and the creation of a huge hole in the ozone layer.
Additionally, industrial activity has damaged rivers and oceans, as well as groundwater supplies.
Environmental scientists and activists warn that if Earth’s future is not taken into account, humankind could
very well destroy the planet.
➔ What is the author writing about?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
ractice
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5.5 Select the best option for each missing word
Passage 1
Throughout history, pearls have (held/took/defended/inhabited/stilled) a unique presence within the wealthy
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and powerful. For (happening/items/instance/time/sample), the pearl was the favored gem of the
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(upscale/fortune/booming/lucky/wealthy)duringtheRomanEmpire.Romanwomenworepearlstobedsothey
could be (prosperous/affluent/reminded/memory/reliving) of their wealth immediately
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(upon/simultaneous/coeval/per/agree) waking up. Before jewelers learned to cut gems, the pearl was of
(most/outstanding/leading/greater/cooler)valuethanthediamond.InthePersianEmpire,pearlswereground
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into powders to(pure/cure/remedy/relief/maintenance)anything from heart disease to epilepsy.
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.6 Select the best sentence to complete the passage
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Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful. For instance, the
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pearl was the favored gem of the wealthy during the Roman Empire. Roman women wore pearls to bed so they
could be reminded of their wealth immediately upon waking up. Before jewelers learned to cut gems, the pearl
was of greater value than the diamond. In the Persian Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure
anything from heart disease to epilepsy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
law in 1612 drawn up by the Kings of Europe prohibited anyone who was not royalty from wearing pearls in
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an effort to distinguish royal appearance.
A. Pearls were worn by anyone who could afford to buy them
B. Pearls were once considered an exclusive privilege for royalty
C. Most kings and queens preferred diamonds over pearls
D. Roman women were the first people to use pearls as jewelry
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Duolingo English Test
.7 Highlight the Correct Answer to the Questions
5
Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful. For instance, the
pearlwasthefavoredgemofthewealthyduringtheRomanEmpire.Romanwomenworepearlstobedsothey
couldberemindedoftheirwealthimmediatelyuponwakingup.Beforejewelerslearnedtocutgems,thepearl
was of greater value than the diamond. In the Persian Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure
anythingfromheartdiseasetoepilepsy.Pearlswereonceconsideredanexclusiveprivilegeforroyalty.Alaw
in 1612 drawn up by the Kings of Europe prohibited anyone who was not royalty from wearing pearls in an
effort to distinguish royal appearance.
Q1.At what point were pearls more valuable than diamonds?
Q2.Who attempted to prevent people from wearing pearls?
.8 Select the idea that is expressed in the passage
5
Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful. For instance, the
pearlwasthefavoredgemofthewealthyduringtheRomanEmpire.Romanwomenworepearlstobedsothey
couldberemindedoftheirwealthimmediatelyuponwakingup.Beforejewelerslearnedtocutgems,thepearl
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was of greater value than the diamond. In the Persian Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure
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anythingfromheartdiseasetoepilepsy.Pearlswereonceconsideredanexclusiveprivilegeforroyalty.Alaw
in 1612 drawn up by the Kings of Europe prohibited anyone who was not royalty from wearing pearls in an
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effort to distinguish royal appearance.
A. Pearls were once more precious than diamonds
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B. Once the Royal Families forbid common people from wearing pearls
C. Roman women began the trend of using pearls as jewelry
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D. Pearls have been valued by many people throughout history
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.9 Select the best title for the passage
5
Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful. For instance, the
pearlwasthefavoredgemofthewealthyduringtheRomanEmpire.Romanwomenworepearlstobedsothey
couldberemindedoftheirwealthimmediatelyuponwakingup.Beforejewelerslearnedtocutgems,thepearl
wasofgreatervaluethanthediamond.InthePersiaEmpire,pearlsweregroundintopowderstocureanything
from heart disease to epilepsy. Pearls were onceconsideredanexclusiveprivilegeforroyalty.Alawin1612
drawn up by the Kings of Europe prohibited anyone who was not royalty fromwearingpearlsinaneffortto
distinguish royal appearance.
A. Why Royalty Wear Pearls
B. A Brief History of Pearls
C. How Pearls are Used
D. Pearls Vs. Diamonds
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Duolingo English Test
.10 Select the best option for each missing word
5
Without a shadow of a doubt, the (item/object/person/people/idea) who’s inspired me most in mylifeismy
father. He (learned/taught/caught/saw/sowed) me almost everything I know from
(excellent/thriving/interest/skills/personal)partsoflifetomyacademicandprofessionallife.Mydadhasmany
great (insides/traits/characteristics/charm/personalities), but most importantly, he’s a kind and enthusiastic
person (is/who/upon/under/rather) loves life and the people (around/above/under/between/behind) him. On
(more/up/above/top/addition)ofbeingagoodperson,he’salsoverysmart.Whenhewasyounger,hewasone
of the(first/pioneers/best/explorers/searchers)ofcomputer science education in my country.
.11 Select the best sentence to complete the passage
5
Withoutashadowofadoubt,thepersonwho’sinspiredmemostinmylifeismyfather.Hetaughtmealmost
everything I know from personal parts of life to my academic and professional life.Mydadhasmanygreat
characteristics,but,mostimportantly,he’sakindandenthusiasticpersonwholoveslifeandthepeoplearound
him.Ontopofbeingagoodperson,he’salsoverysmart.Whenhewasyounger,hewasoneofthepioneersof
computer science education in my country.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ithout a doubt, he’s the reasonthatI’mfascinatedbycomputersandamnowpursuingacareerinartificial
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intelligence.
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A. He ran a national campaign for all children to learn basic coding at school
B. He also was a semi-professional athlete who took good care of his health
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C. He helped me with my school homework every evening
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D. After he retired he spent his time playing golf and fishing
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.12 Highlight the correct answers to the questions
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Withoutashadowofadoubt,thepersonwho’sinspiredmemostinmylifeismyfather.Hetaughtmealmost
everything I know from personal parts of life to my academic and professional life.Mydadhasmanygreat
characteristics,but,mostimportantly,he’sakindandenthusiasticpersonwholoveslifeandthepeoplearound
him.Ontopofbeingagoodperson,he’salsoverysmart.Whenhewasyounger,hewasoneofthepioneersof
computerscienceeducationinmycountry.Herananationalcampaignforallchildrentolearnbasiccodingat
school. Without a doubt, he’s the reason that I’m fascinated bycomputersandamnowpursuingacareerin
artificial intelligence.
Q1.What has the author learnt from his/her father?
Q2.What was the father one of the first people todo in his country?
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Duolingo English Test
.13 Select the best title for the passage
5
Withoutashadowofadoubt,thepersonwho’sinspiredmemostinmylifeismyfather.Hetaughtmealmost
everything I know from personal parts of life to my academic and professional life.Mydadhasmanygreat
characteristics,but,mostimportantly,he’sakindandenthusiasticpersonwholoveslifeandthepeoplearound
him.Ontopofbeingagoodperson,he’salsoverysmart.Whenhewasyounger,hewasoneofthepioneersof
computerscienceeducationinmycountry.Herananationalcampaignforallchildrentolearnbasiccodingat
school. Without a doubt, he’s the reason that I’m fascinated bycomputersandamnowpursuingacareerin
artificial intelligence.
A. How to be a Good Dad
B. Inspiration from my father
C. The characteristics of a good father
D. My future career in artificial intelligence
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 6
Question type #7&8: Writing And Speaking About The Photo
➢
Writing about the photo
Key points:
● Frequency: 3 times ● Subscore: Literacy, Production
● Time limit: 1 minute
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Remember to
● Look at the photo carefully
● Learn how to organize your answer
● Use descriptive language (adj, adv)
● Write as much as you can
Scoring criteria:
● Grammatical accuracy and complexity: writing without mistakes and using difficult grammatically
sentences
● Vocabulary, sophistication and diversity: the correct words to answer the questions, a mixture of words
simple and difficult
● Task relevance: are you describing the picture well
● Length: how much you can write in a short amount of time
● Fluency: cohesion, linking devices, spelling and punctuation
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Duolingo English Test
Sample question
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nswer:
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I see an enormous yellow and brown fish being held by a man in a red shirt. The man is looking at the fish with
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pride. I think he has just returned from a fishing trip and wanted to take a picture with the fish he caught.
➔ The length of the response is good and there are no grammatical errors or typos. Some of the
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vocabulary is repeated, like the word “fish” and various colors. This response would be stronger with a
wider vocabulary.
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Method to describe image
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- How to structure your answer:
(1)First sentence: Provide a general summary about the main subject(s)
(2)Second sentence:
Describe who is doing what? (different action verbs to show what is happening)
Describe what is where? (locations of the things in the image)
(3)Third sentence: Speculate if you have time. Make guesses about what the person is feeling, why
something is happening or what happened before.
Type 1: Photo with people
(1)1st sentence - main subject: This is a picture of … /This is an image of a…
(2)2nd sentences - describe the photo in more detail: He/She is wearing …, and he/she is doing … + where
(3)3rd sentence - speculate: Since he/she is …, this might (not) be …/ It seems that he/she is…
Type 2: Photo without people
(1)1st sentence: This is a photo of… by …
(2)2nd sentence: The … is … and there are … in the background
(3)3rd sentence - speculate: As the weather looks perfect, there must be …
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Duolingo English Test
Useful expression
First sentence structure Adding information
- here is/are
T - A rticles and Determiners: A man, some
- In this photograph, there is/are people, three cars, a lot of cows
- This picture/image shows - Which, That, Who + With: A man who is
- This is a photo of.. cooking with his son
- This picture depicts
Prepositional phrases Extra phrases
- In the background/foreground…
- In front of…
- Directly opposite …
- Exactly in the middle of…
- Roughly in the middle of …
- In close proximity to …
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- Just above…
- Near to…
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Making guesses
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- Present:
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+ I think the woman is …
+ The woman/man appears to be …
+ They might be …
+ He/she is probably …
- Past:
+ I suppose they had …
+ The … might have had …
+ I guess the man…
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Duolingo English Test
ractice
P
6.1 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences. What is in the image and where is it positioned?
To the right of/in the background/in front
of/behind/above
1. The man is standing ___________ The
lighthouse and looking up
2. ___________ the lighthouse, in the sky, there
are beautiful clouds, and the ocean is in the
___________
3. There is green grass ___________ the
lighthouse and an ocean ___________ it
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foreground/background/close proximity to/top left
corner
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1. The boats are in ___________ each other
2. There are beautiful clouds in the ___________
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of the photo
3. There are some green trees in the ___________
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of the picture
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4. In the ___________ of the image there is a
sandy beach with three anchors anchored on
it
behind/opposite/underneath/in front of
1. T here is a large monitor directly ___________
The man
2. There are three men sitting on a couch
___________ The man
3. A small laptop has been placed ___________
The large monitor
4. There are three tall windows ___________ The
man who is giving a presentation
6.2 Which choice is the best description of the picture
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Duolingo English Test
.
A woman is watering a plant
A
B. A woman is sweeping a walkway
C. A woman is fixing a door
D. A woman is painting a house
.
A hey’re folding some papers
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B. They’re putting a picture in a frame
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C. They’re studying a drawing
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.
A he man is turning on a light
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B. The man is giving the woman a book
C. The woman is posting signs on a wall
D. The woman is typing on the keyboard
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Duolingo English Test
.
A ome clothing has been hung up
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B. Some boxes are stacked on a cart
C. A bag has fallen on the floor
D. A chair has been pushed under a desk
.
A ome customers are paying for their meals
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B. Some workers are washing dishes
C. Some food is being placed in a refrigerator
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D. Some large cooking pots are on the counter
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.
A he’s putting paper in a copy machine
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B. She’s wiping the outside of a file cabinet
C. She’s stapling some documents together
D. She’s closing the door to an office
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Duolingo English Test
.3 Look at the photo and answer the following questions. Then give your full response to the ‘Write about
6
the photo’ task
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1. What’s happening in this photo?
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➔ A man and a boy are ________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Who is doing what?
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➔ The two are ________________________________________________________________________________________.
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3. Where are they doing it?
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➔ They are on a _______________________________________________________________________________________.
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4. When are they doing it?
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➔ The boy has a _____________________, while a man has _____________________, so perhaps it is the
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
➔ There are leaves on the ground and they’re wearing sweaters, so it appears to be _____________________.
5. Making guesses
➔ Perhaps the man is the boy’s ________________________________________________________________________.
Full response
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Duolingo English Test
6.4 Write about the photos
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Speaking about the photo
In the speaking section, one more picture will be shown on the screen and you will have to speak out on those
pictures. Here are some key points:
● 20 seconds to prepare so analyze at the photo carefully
● Use the same structure as Write about the photo
● Use descriptive language (adj, adv, prepositions, etc.)
● Vary your grammar and vocabulary
● Speak for as long as you can
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Duolingo English Test
6.5 Describe aloud the image below
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Duolingo English Test
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 7
Question type #9: Read, then Write
➢
General introduction:
Key points:
● No preparation time U
● se at least 1 complex sentence
● Time starts immediately ● 3 types of prompts: recount, describe,
● 5 minutes to complete argument.
● Once in the test ● No word limit
● Answer in a paragraph not an essay
coring Criteria:
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The writing and speaking tasks are scored by automated scoring algorithms developed by MP and NLP
experts at Duolingo. There are two separate algorithms: one for the speaking tasks and one for the writing
tasks. Currently, the scores for the tasks are estimated at the portfolio level - meaning that the speaking score
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that is included in the total score represents test taker performance on the four speaking tasks and the writing
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score represents test taker performance on the four writing tasks.
The speaking and writing scoring systems evaluate each task based on the features listed below
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- Grammatical accuracy - Task relevance
- Grammatical complexity - Length
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- Lexical sophistication - Fluency and acoustic features (speaking)
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- Lexical diversity
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Tips:
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● Make some complex sentences
I live in an apartment. I really like my apartment. It’s I live in an apartment, which I really like. It’smodern
modern. It’s conveniently located. The apartment is andconveniently located.Itis in the city centerand
in the city center. It’s close to my school. It only takes close to my school.In fact, it only takes me ten
me ten minutes to walk to school. The apartment is a minutes to walkthere.Sincethe apartment is a bit
bit small. I’d like to find a bigger one small, I’d like to find a bigger one in the future.
in the future.
ocabulary:
V
Use wide range of vocabulary precisely (synonyms), vocabulary that fits the style (academic, formal), don’t use
contractions or slang
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Duolingo English Test
uestion: University students should be required to attend all classes. Do you agree or disagree with this
Q
statement?
I agree that universitystudentsshould be requiredto I agree that universitystudentsshould be requiredto
attend allclassesfor two reasons. One reason attend allclassesfor two reasons. One reason
studentsshould be required to attend classes is for learnersshould be required to attendlessonsis for
discipline. Without the pressure of mandatory discipline. Without the pressure of mandatory
attendance, manystudentsmight think thatclasses attendance, manystudentsmight think thatlectures
are not important. Most universitystudentsare are not important. Mostfreshmenare teenagers orin
teenagers or in their early twenties, thus they are still their early twenties, thus are still learning how to
learning how to manage their lives… manage their lives…
I dentifying the types prompts
The independent tasks require test takers to describe, recount, or make an argument; these require the test
takers to demonstrate more discursive knowledge of writing in addition to language knowledge.
a. Recount: “Films can tell us a lot about the country where they were made. What have you learned about
another country from watching its movies?”
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For this task, you need to:
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➔ Talk about your own experiences St
➔ Tell your own story
b. Describe: “In general, people are living longer today. Discuss some of the implications of this
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phenomenon”
For this task, you need to:
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➔ Discuss the situation
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➔ Discuss both sides (pros and cons)
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➔ Don’t need to have a position/opinion
c. Argument: “People are never satisfied with what they have; they always want more. Do you agree or
disagree?”
For this task, you need to:
➔ Discuss the situation (pros and cons)
➔ Have a clear position/opinion
➔ Argue why your position/opinion is correct
1. Organizing your answer:
Your paragraph should include:
a. Topic sentence (introduction)
- The first sentence of a paragraph
- It tells the reader what the paragraph is about
- It controls or guides the whole paragraph
- It states your position or opinion (argument)
Formula: Topic sentence = Topic + Central point
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Duolingo English Test
xample
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Q: Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to
decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better?
➔ Option 1: School uniforms should be mandatory for all high school students for a number of important
reasons.
➔ Option 2: I do not believe that high school students should be required to wear a uniform for two
reasons
- Remember to make your topic sentencespecific
Example
Q: What are the benefits of exercise?
Topic sentence:
✘ Exercising has benefits
✔ Exercising has many health benefits for people of all ages
b. Supporting ideas
● They explain and develop the topic sentence
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● They develop the topic sentence by explaining discussing the ideas more fully
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● They can explain, describe, give reasons, give facts or give examples
● You should always include at least one supporting idea. If you can, aim for two.
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Example
Q: Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to
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decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better?
➔ Option 1: School uniforms should be mandatory for all high school students for a number of important
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reasons.
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+ First of all,uniforms make everyone equal. This isimportant because it allows students from
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poorer families to be on the same level as students from richer ones while at school
➔ Option 2: I do not believe that high school students should be required to wear a uniform for two
reasons
c. Concluding sentence
● It is used to signal the end of the paragraph
● It tells the reader the important points to remember
● Usually signposted with a concluding phrase (To conclude, In conclusion, To sump up, etc.)
● It is often a paraphrase of the topic sentence
Example
Q: Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to
decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better?
➔ Option 1: School uniforms should be mandatory for all high school students for a number of important
reasons.
+ First of all, uniforms make everyone equal. This is important because it allows students from
poorer families to be on the same level as students from richer ones while at school. To sum up, I
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Duolingo English Test
elieve that it is vital that school uniforms for high school students should be mandatory.(total
b
word count: 65 words)
➔
Option 2: I do not believe that high school students should be required to wear a uniform for two
reasons
➢
Prompt type #1: Opinion/Argument
Sample question
“Many parents will take away a child’s phone as punishment for bad behavior. Do you support or oppose this
idea? Explain why.”
➔ Keywords for this type of question: Do you support or oppose…/Do you agree or disagree…/(What) do
you think…/How do you feel…
Useful expression for argument
Express your opinion
ersonally, I think …
P I am in favor of the idea of …
In my view, … I am completely against the idea of
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In my opinion, … (+verb + -ing)
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I feel that… I don’t think that [sth] is a particularly
I (strongly) agree/disagree St good way to…
It is my opinion that… It is my view that…
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7.1 Give your opinion on these questions. Use the expression in the box below in your answers
1. Do you think it is acceptable to let prisoners have luxuries such as video games and TVs?
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. Should criminals be allowed to leave prison earlier if they have behaved well?
2
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. Is prison the best way to make criminals pay for their crimes?
3
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xpress someone else’s opinion
E
7.2 Choose the correct words from the box to complete the chunks below
argued argue argument believe belief
Chunks for introducing opinion Chunks for adding more
any people 1. _____/say/feel/think/believe that …
M It is their view/4. _____ that …
A growing number of people 2. _____ that … They claim/argue/feel that …
It is 3. _____ by some that … This is because they say it is …
There is a common belief that … Another common belief about [sth] is that …
Some say/argue/feel/believe that… There is also an 5. _____ that …
Many people hold the view that …
.3 Turn each of these sets of essay notes into two sentences. Use a chunk to introduce the opinion and
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another chunk to develop the paragraph
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1. television/good for children/educational/helps/learn
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. robots/replace teachers/future/more efficient
2
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. sport in school/waste of time/concentrate on key subjects/sport/outside school
3
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. teachers/able/physical discipline/reduce/misbehavior
4
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. take gap year/waste of time/people/become lazy/not want to work/return
5
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Duolingo English Test
ow to write topic sentence
H
Question:All students should wear uniforms. Do youagree or disagree?
Example:School uniforms should be mandatory for allhigh students for a number of important reasons.
First of all, uniforms make everyone equal. This is important because it allows students from poorer families
to be on the same level as students from richer ones while at school. In addition, if uniforms were not required,
many children would waste precious time, choosing what to wear to school instead of focusing on their
studies….
Write a topic sentence for the passage above
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ow read the topics below and write your own topic sentences
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Question:When people succeed, it is because of hardwork; luck has nothing to do with success. Do you agree
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or disagree?
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uestion:People are never satisfied with what theyhave; they always want something more or different. Do
Q
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you agree or disagree?
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ow to give supporting ideas
H
The goal of your supporting ideas is to explain clearly why your topic sentence is correct. You can do this by
giving: reasons, facts, examples or describing. Remember your supporting idea should be directly related to
your topic sentence.
Example:
Q:Fast food should be banned from schools. Do youagree or disagree?
Topic sentence: I agree that children should be bannedfrom eating fast food at school for several important
reasons.
Supporting ideas:
1. Fast food is unhealthy
First, children should not be allowed to eat fastfood because it is detrimental to their health.For
instance, fast food burgers are packed with fat, sugar,salt, and preservatives, which makes them
extremely unhealthy especially for children.
→ Giving example
2. Fast food is expensive
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In addition, schools should stop serving fast foodbecause it is very expensive.It is a well-knownfact
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that fresh food from a supermarket is significantly cheaper…
→ Giving fact
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Linking devices
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Same viewpoint Different viewpoint
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- rst/firstly/first of all
fi - owever,...
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- second/secondly/third/thirdly - On the other hand,...
- In addition/additionally - That being said,...
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- Furthermore, - Conversely,...
- Moreover, - In spite of,/despite,...
- Another reason is/another point to consider is - Alternatively,...
- Finally, lastly - Although…,
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ractice
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7.4 Prompt #1: Some people believe they should keep all the money they earn and not pay tax to the state.
Do you agree or disagree?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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rompt #2: The expression never give up means to keep trying and never stop working toward your goals. Do
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you agree or disagree with this philosophy? Why? Give specific reasons for your answer
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Topic: Technology and the future
●
Vocab:
- Assist v. hỗ trợ, trợ giúp - Technological advancements n. Các tiến
- Innovate v. cải tiến bộ về công nghệ
- Pave the way for sth: mở đường cho … - Overdependence n. Sự phụ thuộc quá
- Leap forward: củ nhảy vọt/đột phá mức
- Vision n. Tầm nhìn - Interaction n. Tương tác
- Potential adj. Tiềm năng - Enhance v. nâng cao
- Integrate v. tích hợp - Productivity n. Năng suất
- Revolutionise v. cách mạng hóa
rompt #3: Technology has made the world a better place. Do you agree or disagree? Why? Give specific
P
reasons for your answer
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Topic: Parenting styles
●
Vocab:
- Permissive adj. Tùy ý, không bắt buộc - Discipline n. Kỷ luật
- Authoritative adj. Có uy quyền, có quyền - Deterrent n. Ngăn chặn
lực, quyết đoán - Indulge v. nuông chiều
- Neglectful adj. Sao nhãng, cẩu thả - Counterproductive adj. Phản tác dụng
- Raise v. nuôi dưỡng - Behavior modification n.
- Achieve v. đạt được - Confiscate v. tịch thu
- Social skills n. Kỹ năng xã hội - Restriction n. Sự hạn chế
- Nurture v. nuôi dưỡng - Rebellious adj. Nổi loạn, khó trị, hay
- Set limit v. đặt ra giới hạn chống đối
- Absence n. Sự vắng mặt
y
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rompt #4: Many parents will take away a child’s phone as punishment for bad behavior. Do you support or
P
oppose this idea? Explain why.
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 8
Question type #10: Read, then Write
➢
Prompt type #2: Describe (general situation)
Sample question: In general people are living longer today, discuss some of the implications of this
phenomenon.
➔ Key word for this type of question: describe, discuss or explain
➔ You don’t need to have a position or opinion on these questions. You don’t need to say whether you
agree or disagree, and you don’t need to argue. You just need to discuss, pro and cons. Opinion part is
not needed for describing, you can include your opinion in the concluding sentence if you want.
Example
Question:What are the benefits of reading? Includespecific examples in your answer
Answer:Reading is probably one the most beneficialactivities you can do (topic sentence).The firstreason
why reading is so beneficial is because it increases your knowledge. Filling your mind with new facts, new
information, and new ideas will make you better at conversations as you’ll always have something interesting
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to talk about (supporting idea 1).Furthermore, itis a well-known fact that reading frequently improves your
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vocabulary. The more you read the more words you will be exposed to, which will improve your ability to
articulate your thoughts more effectively (supporting idea 2).Overall, reading on a consistent basis willbenefit
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your life in many different ways (concluding sentence).(word count: 100)
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.1 Practice
8
ic
Question #1: In general, people are living longer today. Discuss some of the implications of this
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phenomenon.
➔ Topic sentence:
Am
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
➔
Supporting idea 1:Write one sentence for each partbelow
Implication:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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xample:
E
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Duolingo English Test
esult:
R
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➔
Supporting idea 2:Write one sentence for each partbelow
Implication:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
xample:
E
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esult:
R
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Duolingo English Test
Topic: Health and wellness
●
Vocab:
- Overload adj. Bị quá tải - Tragic adj. Bi kịch
- Phenomenon n. Hiện tượng - Resilient adj. Khả năng phục hồi
- Sedentary lifestyle n. Lối sống thụ động - Obsess v. nghiện
- Overcome v. vượt qua - Frustration n. Sự bực bội
- Bounce back v. phục hồi trở lại - Reveal v. để lộ
- Internalize v. tiếp thu, tiếp nhận - Take a deep breath: hít thở sâu
- Deal with = cope with v. đương đầu với - Stretch v. Duỗi người, kéo người
- Trigger v. khởi sự một hành động, làm - Constructive activities n. Các hoạt
nổ ra, gây ra động mang tính chất xây dựng
- Overwhelmed adj. Bị choáng ngợp bởi - Unwind v. thư giãn
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cảm xúc - Combat v. đánh nhau, chiến đấu
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- Express v. bày tỏ
ractice:
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Question #2: A crisis is a time of intense difficulty. Describe ways people recover from a
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personal crisis (such as losing a job or getting injured)
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Duolingo English Test
Topic: Educational styles
●
Vocab:
- Virtual reality n. Thực tế ảo - Innovative adj. Cải tiến
- E-book n. Sách điện tử - Strengthen v. củng cố
- Integrated learning system n. Hệ thống - Learner = student n. Học sinh
học tích hợp - Valuable adj. Quý giá, giá trị
- Content n. Nội dung - Engage in v. tham gia vào
- Utilize v. tận dụng - Video-assisted learning: học thông qua
- Promote v. làm tăng tiến, xúc tiến video
- Sufficient adj. Đủ, thích đáng - Outcome n. Kết quả
- Facilitate v. làm cho dễ dàng, tạo điều - Comprehension n. Sự hiểu, sự lĩnh hội
kiện thuận lợi
y
ractice:
P
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Question #3: Describe current technology used in schools. What technology is most important in the
classroom? Explain with details and examples.
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Duolingo English Test
➢
Prompt type #3: Describe (personal experience)
Sample question: Describe your favorite teacher. What qualities did you respect most?
➔ Key word for this type of question: Describe, explain, discuss, think/talk about, what…
Example 1
Q: Films can tell us a lot about the country where they were made. What have you learned about another
country from watching its movies?
Answer
I am particularly fond of Korean movies, and I have learned about so many aspects of Korean culturefrom
watching its films. (topic sentence) One of the most interesting things that I have learned is about Korean
eating customs. When dining in Korea, it’s common to share food (Supporting idea 1). For example, at a
restaurant Koreans usually order a large amount of food that is shared among all guests rather than each
person ordering their own dish, which is typical in Western countries (Example 1). Eating the Korean way
means eating from the same bowl since sharing is a big part of their culture. Another useful thing I have
learnedistheKoreanlanguage.(Supportingidea2)EventhoughIamstudyingKoreanatacollege,watching
Koreanmovieshastaughtmealotofspokenidiomsandslangexpressionsthatdonotappearintextbooks.
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ThishashelpedmetoexpandmyknowledgeofspokenKoreanandmademesoundmorefluent.Tosumup,
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from my experience watching foreign movies can be a fantastic source
of education as well as entertainment. (Concluding sentence)
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Example 2
Q: Describe your favorite teacher. What qualities did you respect most?”
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Answer:
Overtheyears,Ihaveattendedmanyclassesandhaddifferenttypesofteachers.Oneteacherwhostandsout
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in my mind as the best teacher I have ever had was my high school history teacher. He was extremely
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compassionate and would hold study sessions before tests to helpstudentswhomayhavebeenstruggling
Am
during a unit. His lectures were engaging, and he kept the students gripped with intrigue as he taught.
Furthermore, he always made sure that there were hands-on projects to help us further understand the
material. I remember one time we were learning about the House of Representatives and the Senate,sohe
turnedtheclassroomintoCongresstohelpusunderstandhowitworked.Istillthinkaboutthatprojectevery
timeIhearaboutpoliticsinAmericatoday.Hewassodedicatedtomakingsurehisstudentsfoundsuccess.
(145 words)
Useful expression
- Over the years, I have…
- One … stands out in my mind as … was…
- Grip with intrigue
- In my entire life, I have never witnessed…
- How you felt
+ Delighted adj. Rất hạnh phúc + On cloud nine: rất hạnh phúc, bay lên 9
+ Overjoyed adj. Cực kỳ hứng thú tầng mây
+ Excited adj. Phấn khích + Embarrassed adj. Xấu hổ
+ Over the moon: rất sung sướng + Lose my head: tức giận, mất kiểm soát
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Duolingo English Test
ip:
T
To give a descriptive paragraph, you should:
- Describes
- Give impressions, ideas or feelings about something
- Does not define
- Paints a picture for the reader, that is, it shows with words
- Uses sensory words that appeal to the five senses: hearing, taste, touch, sight, and smell
Example: Read the paragraph and answer the questionsthat follow
A Sea without Life
In my entire life, I have never witnessed an environmental disaster like the disappearing South Aral Sea, in
Central Asia. As I drove on the desolate road, away from the spine-chilling town of Moynaq and toward the sea,
I felt a deep, lingering sadness. This area was once home to a large and bustling fishing community. During the
past 40 years, however, it has become a ghostly desert. There was no greenery anywhere. The only things I
could see on the horizon were the old abandoned ships sitting on the dry sea floor. I stared at the rusted and
y
dilapidated structures for what felt like hours. I do not know how long they had been there, but the sight of
ud
them filled me with sorrow. How could a place that once thrived on fishing and other seafaring activities
become so dry? My guide told me that I would have to walk dozens of kilometers on the cracked soil to
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eventually see the blue water that used to flow to where I was standing. I breathed deeply and tasted the salty
remnants of the ocean. The environmental disaster of the South Aral Sea will stay with me forever.
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What features of a descriptive paragraph do you see in this paragraph? Put a check mark next to each feature
you found in the paragraph and then explain your answer.
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________a.Describes
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________b.Gives impressions, ideas, or feelingsabout something
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________c.Paints a picture for the reader; showswith words
________d.Uses sensory words that appeal to thefive senses: hearing, taste, touch, sight, and smell
.2 Practice
8
Make quick plan for the following topic, then write your own paragraph responding to the topic
Topic:
Films can tell us a lot about the country where they were made. What have you learned about another country
from watching its movies?
Outline
- Country:
- Things I learned:
+ Idea 1:
Supporting idea 1:
+ Idea 2:
Supporting idea 2:
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Duolingo English Test
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
8.3
● Topic: Traveling
Vocab:
- Public transport n. Phương tiện công cộng - Worth-living adj. Đáng sống
- Route n. Lộ trình, đường đi - Hustle and bustle: cuộc sống tấp nập
- intolerable adj. - Tranquility n. Sự yên tĩnh
- Accommodate v. cho trọ, tìm chỗ cho trọ - Customs n. Phong tục
- Passenger n. Hành khách - Integrate into v. hòa nhập với
- Hospitality n. Sự hiếu khách - Cuisine n. Nền ẩm thực
- Indigenous people = the locals n. Người dân - Broaden one’s horizon: mở mang tầm
địa phương mắt
- Nightlife n. Cuộc sống về đêm
y
ractice:
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Prompt #2: Describe a time when you traveled somewhereSt
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rompt #3: How do you travel to your work/study? Describe your vehicle
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Duolingo English Test
Topic: Influential people
●
Vocab:
- Lavish lives: đời sống xa hoa - Flashy adj. Hào nhoáng, lòe loẹt, sặc sỡ
- Materialism n. Chủ nghĩa vật chất - Glamorous adj. Đặc biệt thu hút
- Long-lasting adj. Lâu dài - Stumble upon v. vô tình biết đến
- Wealth-flaunting adj. Khoe của - Chubby adj. Mũm mĩm
- Viral adj. Trở nên phổ biến và lan truyền - Slender adj. Mảnh khảnh
nhanh chóng - Well-built adj. Vạm vỡ
- Proliferation n. Sự phát triển, sự sinh sôi - Kind-hearted adj. Tốt bụng
nảy nở - Optimistic adj. Lạc quan
- Affluence n. Sự giàu có, sung túc - Diligent adj. Chăm chỉ
- Amass v. chất đống, tích lũy - Amiable adj. Dễ mến
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- Reputation n. Danh tiếng - Role model: hình mẫu
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- Trendy adj. Hợp thời trang, chạy theo mốt
ractice:
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Prompt #4: Describe your favorite actor. Why is he your favorite?
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UNIT 9
Review: Note-taking skill
s you learned in Unit 3, you can use symbols to get information down quickly. Several of the symbols come
A
from mathematics. Look at the following symbols and guess the meaning
< ↑
> +
~ #
→ _ _K
↓
🎧
Practice 1:Listen to the sentences that containinformation from the lecture. As you listen, complete
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each of the following notes with one of the symbols from the box above
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1. Boy look _________ in sky
2. Boy _________ fam Rom. historian
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3. No time to escape _________ buried alive
4. _________ 2000 ppl died
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5. P. forgotten _________ 1700 yrs
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🎧
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Practice 2:You will hear the first part of a lecture.Listen and complete the notes by adding abbreviations
and symbols from the box
Am
→ P. K. beaut ~
ompeii - natural disaster __________________ 2000 yrs ago
P
2 __________________ yrs ago Roms P. in summer
- __________________ city
- On Medit. S.
Summer 79 CE boy in __________________ w/uncl
- __________________ famous Rom hist.
- Pliny the Younger
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➢
Listen, then Speak
This task asks you to “Speak the answer to the question you hear”. For this question type, you will listen to a
prompt, then speak your response. Note that the directions will appear for 20 seconds before recording
begins. During this time, you can hear and replay the prompt.
This task contributes to your conversation and production subscores.
You will need to speak for a maximum of 30 seconds. Once 30 seconds have gone by, you will see the NEXT
button turn orange, and you will then be able to come to a natural conclusion and click the button to submit
your response.
Key points:
● Listen to a prompt then respond
● Prompt: Question (what do you think about… ) or Statement (Describe your childhood memory)
● Listen to the prompt 3 times (within 20 seconds)
● Important to answer the prompt (task relevance)
● 90 seconds in total to answer
● Need to speak for at least 30 seconds
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● Once on the test
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● Conversation and production subscores
Sample question:
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Duolingo English Test
ample answer
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Read the sample answer and answer the following questions
Q: Is there a job that you would not like to do in the future? What is the job? Why do you think it is undesirable?
A: Nowadays, there are ample choices available in the market when it comes to career options. If I had to
choose one particular job among many that I would not like to do, I suppose it would be a sales job. Once I
worked as a salesman for a computer company, and I really hated it. When I worked in the sales department
for that company as an intern, I was in charge of making cold calls and trying to sell computers and other
computer related items like printers and so on. Initially, I was very enthusiastic about calling people and so on.
Initially, I was very enthusiastic about calling people and selling them the computers. But right away I figured
out that it was an incredibly stressful job for me. I’m an introvert, so calling and meeting lots of strangers every
day made me very anxious. I have a lot of respect for sales workers, especially successful ones. They have a
lot of determination and patience for their job. But I believe I don’t have the skillset or personally for a sales job
in the future. Anyway, that’s a job that I certainly would not like to do in the future.
➔ How does the speaker introduce the idea?
➔ How does the speaker answer the first and the second question? Did the speaker give supporting ideas
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and by how?
➔ What are the tenses used in the answer?
Tips
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● Make sure you understand the prompt
● Listen 3 times
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● Your answer must be directly related to the prompt
● Use a range of vocabulary and grammar
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● Use linking phrases to increase your fluency
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● Speak for as long as you can
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🎧
Practice listening and catching keywords in the questions
9.1 Listen to the audio and fill in the blank
1. Describe
_______________________________________.________________________________________________________?
____________________________________________________ ?
2. Talk about ________________________________________________________ . __________________________ ?
________________________________________________________ ?
3. Talk about ________________________________________________________ . __________________________ ?
________________________________________________________ ?
4. What school ________________________________________________________ ?
________________________________________________________ ?
5. Describe ________________________________________________________ .
_____________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________ ?
________________________________________________________ ?
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Duolingo English Test
How to structure your answer
● Directly answer the question → Give more details by stating facts, reasons or examples → Giving a
conclusion.
● Use linking devices to connect your ideas. However, remember to use more casual and common
speaking words.
Example
Topic: In your opinion does money equal success? Why or why not?
Part Writing style Speaking style
Introducing irstly, each person can be successful in
F o begin with, there isn’t one
T
your idea their own way. Some people earn success version of success. Success
through money while others earn success depends on an individual’s goals
through hard work and respect. so it’s difficult to define.
First and foremost,...
irst off, although money is an
F
important aspect of our lives, it’s
y
not the only measure of success.
ud
St es, I’d say money equals
Y
success. To kick off, money helps
us live better and healthier lives,
which, in my opinion, is the
an
definition of success.
ic
iving
G or example, I consider my father to be
F n (great) example of this is
A
er
example very successful even though he doesn’t healthcare. If you have a lot of
have a lot of money because he is deeply money, you can afford better
Am
loved by all his friends and family. healthcare, which will help you
For instance, … live a longer life.
Let me share/give an example,...
dding
A lso, many social workers, musicians,
A n top of that, many of the
O
more artists, scientists, and writers have been greatest people who have ever
supporting successful in their life because of their lived were not rich, rather they
ideas contribution to society regardless of how were great because of their
much money they earned. contribution to society.
What’s more, many of the rich
dditionally,...
A people alive today are greedy and
In addition, … don’t use their wealth to
contribute to society.
As well (as that)...
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Duolingo English Test
howing
S ut, money does play an important role in ( But) at the same time, money
B
contrast everyone’s lives and a lot of people work does play an important role in
very hard to build wealth. everyone’s lives and a lot of
people work very hard to build
wealth.
That said…
Saying that…
iving
G In conclusion, I believe that success is o wrap up, I believe that success
T
conclusion about fulfillment and not how much is about fulfillment and not how
money you earn. much money you earn.
In summary,... Basically/Overall, …
In a nutshell
➔
Now practice giving your own answer. Use the linking devices above
Topic: In your opinion does money equal success? Why or why not?
y
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ud
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
er
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Duolingo English Test
🎧
ractice
P
9.2 Listen and take note the questions you hear. Then speak the answer to the question you hear.
Note: Remember youwill nothave time to take notefor the question in the Real Test
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
y
ud
St
Q5.
an
Q6.
ic
er
Am
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Duolingo English Test
UNIT 10
Review: Tenses
0.1 Put the verb into the correct form : present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing), past simple (I
1
did) or past continuous (I was doing) .
1. We can go out now.It isn’t raining(it/ not/rain)any more.
2. Katherinewas waiting(wait) for me when I arrived(I/arrive) .
3. ______________________ (I/get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat.
4. What ______________________ (you/do) in your spare time? Do you have any hobbies?
5. The weather was horrible when ____________________________________________ (we/arrive) . lt was cold
and ____________________________________________ (it I rain) hard .
6. Louise usually ______________________ (phone) me on Fridays, but ______________________ (she/
not/phone) last Friday.
7. A: When I last saw you , ____________________________________________ (you I think) of moving to a new
flat.
y
B: That's right, but in the end .____________________________________________ (I I dec ide) to stay where I
ud
was .
8. Why ______________________ (you/look) at me like that ? What's the matter?
St
9. lt's usually dry here at this time of the year. ______________________ (it/not/rain) much.
10.Sorry I'm late. My phone ______________________ (ring) three times while ______________________ (I/get)
an
ready to go out.
ic
11.Lisa was busy when ______________________ (we I go) to see her yesterday. She had an exam today and
er
______________________ (she I prepare) for it. _______________________________________ (we/not/want) to
disturb her, so ______________________ (we/not/stay) very long.
Am
12.When I first ______________________ (tell) Tom what happened, _________________________________ (he I
not I believe) me. ____________________________________________ (he I think) that ______________________
(I/joke) .
10.2 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
1. Many people use the Internet to …
2. Many children are learning how to … by using the Internet.
3. The Internet is bringing people closer together because …
4. In the past, people used to, but now they …
5. 5. People in remote countries didn't … but now they …
6. The Internet has changed the way we …
7. In the future, people will use the Internet to …
8. By the time they are adults, children of today will have forgotten about …
93
Duolingo English Test
Read, then Speak
his task asks you to “Speak your answer to the question below”. For this question type, you will see a written
T
prompt. You will speak your response to this prompt for at least 30 seconds. The direction will appear for 20
seconds before the timer begins.
This task contributes to conversation and production subscores.
How is this task scored?
1. Grammatical accuracy and complexity
2. Lexical sophistication and diversification
3. Task relevance
4. Length
5. Fluency
6. Acoustic features (pronunciation)
Sample question
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
How to answer
1. Read the prompts: main topic and 4 questions. The easiest way to give an answer is to go through
question to question. Don’t ignore these questions and try to give your own story. You may find it
difficult to brainstorm ideas for your answer on the Test Day.
2. Give an answer and expand: give your or someone else’s opinion, facts, examples, reasons,
consequences,...
Example
Talk about a book you read recently
- What was the title?
- What was it about?
- How did you first hear of it?
- What did you like or dislike about it?
94
Duolingo English Test
hat was the title? A book that I’ve read recently,which really inspired me, was called “Surely You’re Joking, Mr.
W
Feynman”by the famous physicist Dr. Feynman. Thisbook is a collection of personal stories, both hilarious and
thought-provoking, from Dr. Feynman’s life.
➔ Which information did the speaker give to elaborate his/her answer? What else can you add to answer
the question above?
hat was it about? This book is mainly about all the life lessons that Dr. Feynman learnt in his amazing life,for
W
instance do things that you love as best as you can.As this book is a collection of stories from his life rather
than a novel, it doesn’t really have a plot. Each chapter covers one important part of his life,suchas his time at
university or the time he met Albert Einstein, which, in my opinion was the most fascinating chapter.
➔ Which information did the speaker give to elaborate his/her answer?
.
3 sing transition words
U
● …turning to the next question…
● …moving on to question three…
y
● …as for question three…
ud
● What’s more/furthermore/moreover/…
● finally/…
St
● One thing I’d like to talk about…
an
. Look out for question triggers
4
Different questions have words which require a certain type of answer
ic
Take a look at some common questions you might see on the Test:
er
1. How did you first hear of this book?
Am
2. Will you read a similar book?
3. How long have you been doing (something)?
4. Would you recommend this book?
5. Why do you like this kind of book?
6. What did you like or dislike about this book?
➔ The words in bold are question triggers because it triggers a certain answer or a certain response and
that respons usually has a specific grammar structure you should use.
➔ What tenses or grammar structure can you use in each of the questions above?
Example
Talk about a book you read recently
- What was the title?
- What was it about?
- How did you first hear of it?
- What did you like or dislike about it?
95
Duolingo English Test
ow did you first hear of it?Turning to the next question, the first time Iheardof this book was on a podcast
H
where two peoplewere talkingabout the most influentialbooks that they’ve ever read. Even though Ihadn’t
heardof Dr. Freynman then, the way theytalkedabouthim was amazing. So, as soon as Ifinishedlisteningto
the podcast, Iwentstraight to the bookstore to buya book.
Useful expression and structure
❖ Describe people
How to express your feelings
Admiration/Liking expressions
Love/admire
Have a deeply admiration
He/she is special to me
Feel proud of
Appreciate
Consider him/her to be the best
y
Think highly of him/her because
ud
Look up to/respect him/her for…
St
djectives for describing people
A
Here are some characteristics you might admire in different people. Which other adjectives from the box
an
could describe each of these people a-e? Write them in the gaps
ic
amusing cheerful considerate courageous determined encouraging
er
entertaining imaginative inventive optimistic reliable sympathetic witty
Am
a. A creative person imaginative _________ _________
b. A funny person _________ _________ _________
c. A kind person _________ _________ _________
d. A positive person _________ _________ _________
e. A strong person _________ _________ _________
96
Duolingo English Test
Describe personal feelings
● Thrilled adj. Cảm động, xúc động, hồi ● Anxious adj. Lo lắng
hộp ● Upset adj. Buồn rầu
● Furious adj. Giận giữ, điên tiết ● Moody adj. Tâm trạng thay đổi, buồn rầu,
● Astonished adj. Ngạc nhiên, kinh ngạc ủ rũ
● Heartbroken adj. Rất đau buồn, đau khổ ● Sympathetic adj. Đồng tình, thông cảm
● Terrified adj. Cảm thấy khiếp sợ, kinh hãi hoặc đáng mến, dễ thương
● Miserable adj. Cực khổ, khốn khổ, đáng ● Supportive adj. Khuyến khích, thông cảm
thương ● Sensitive adj. Nhạy cảm
● Proud adj. Tự hào ● Emotional adj. Cảm động, dễ xúc động
● Jealous adj. Ghen tị
y
Describe appearance
ud
Good-looking Well-dressed Overweight Spotty
Pretty Chubby Charming raceful
G
St
Handsome Muscled Lovely Blue-eyed
Slim Curvy Fit Tall/short
an
Elegant Attractive In a good shape edium weight
M
ic
Idioms to describe people
er
● A dark horse: someone who is clever or skillful in a way that no one knew or expected
Am
● A lone wolf: someone who does not mix socially with other people
● A cold fish: someone who is not very friendly and does not show their feelings
● is/acts as a guinea pig: someone who acts as a subject in an experiment or trial of something
● A party animal: someone who loves parties and socializing
● A fly on the wall: someone who would love to be present to see an important private or secret event
● Someone’s bark is worse than his bite: he may seem fierce/tough, but he is not really
● A glutton for punishment: someone who likes working hard or doing things other people would find
unpleasant (humourous)
● Highly strung: very nervous and easily upset
● act/play the fool: behave in a silly way, often to make people laugh
● A wet blanket: someone who says or does something that stops other from enjoying themselves
(informal)
● A loose cannon: someone who can’t be trusted because they act in an unpredictable way
97
Duolingo English Test
0.3 Put the following extracts from a model answer into the correct order
1
● It’s probably because of these skills that he has become such a successful actor…
● As you probably know, he’s an incredibly famous Hollywood actor…
● Brad Pitt has great acting skills - his body language and facial expressions are so believable
that you immediately accept his new character whatever role he plays…
● I’d like to talk about Brad Pitt, whom I’d love to meet
● I hope that I’ll really be able to meet him one day!
● Interviewer: Tell me about a famous person you’d like to meet
● I’ve really enjoyed watching the movies Brad Pitt has made so far, and I’m sure I’ll continue to
cry, laugh and be amazed because of his acting in future films…
Answer:
→
❖
Describe an object
Vocabulary to describe an object/your favorite
How you got it
y
ud
● I came across it (found it)...
● I picked it up (bought it)... St
● I got my hands on it (got it)
● … when I was …
It was a gift/present from someone
an
●
● I got it as a gift off someone
ic
Description
er
C
● olor: It’s reddish, blueish, greenish Describe purposes
Am
● Shape: It’s square-shaped, round-shaped, ● X + lets + object (people) + V-inf
pear-shaped ● X + gives + object (people) + V-inf
● It’s state of the art, high-tech, cutting-edge ● X + gives + object (people) +
● It’s unique, one of a kind opportunities/chances + to Verb
● It’s made of (material/nouns) ● X + is/are used + to Verb/for V-ing
● It’s composed of nouns ● X + is/are useful + for V-ing
● Last year, I got it as a(n) (noun/noun phrase) ● X + is/are great + for V-ing
● The best way to play with it is (to infinitive ● X + provide(s) + object (people) with +
phrase) something
● It looks (adjective) in my eyes ● X + provide + something + for + S.O + to Verb
Why important
● It means a lot to me because
● It has a lot of emotional/sentimental value
● It’s unique, one of a kind, like no other
● I couldn’t live/do without it
98
Duolingo English Test
Age Appearance Value Quality
State-of-the-art ivid
V verpriced
O High-quality
Innovative Striking Expensive Reliable
Fashionable Colorful Costly Well-made
Advanced Eye-catching Dear Dependable
Brand-new Attractive Reasonable Poorly made
Cutting-edge Lifelike Good value (for Unreliable
Modern Realistic money) Low-quality
Old-fashioned Ugly Economical
Dated Unappealing
Antique Unrealistic
➢ Notice: Adjective order!
opinion ➡️ ➡️ ➡️
size age shape ➡️ ➡️
color origin ➡️ material
y
ud
Opinion Size Age Shape
St
Lovely Life-size Old Round
andy
H A meter long ncient
A quare
S
an
Attractive Enormous Old-fashioned Oval
Terrible Gigantic Antique Curved
ic
Elegant Average-sized State-of-art ylindrical
C
er
Color Origin Material
Am
ulti-coloured
M Chinese/Western arble
M ooden
W
Rainbow-coloured Mass-produced Cotton Woolen
White with blue Factory-produced Golden Silk
stripes Home-made Leather Cardboard
Black with gray Hand-made Plastic
dots Stone
99
Duolingo English Test
Indirect Object
he indirect objectis the recipient of the directobject
T
There are TWO indirect object sentence structures:
S + V + Indirect object + direct object
Example: She gavemea letter
S + V + direct object + to/for + indirect object
Example: She gave a letter tome
10.4 Match the sentence beginnings 1-6 with the groups of endings a-f
1. I wear it A. cotton/glass/metal
2. I got it for B. carrying all my things/downloading music/studying and reading
3. It’s made of C. my birthday/my graduation/my wedding
y
4. It’s important to me D. a brilliant holiday/a special day/my country
because
5. I use it for
ud
E. Every day/for special occasions/when I go on long trips
St
6. It reminds me of . I bought it on my first trip overseas/I saved up to buy it/my best
F
an
friend gave it to me
ic
10.5 Complete the descriptions below with the beginning of a sentence (1-6) in Exercise 10.4
er
1. Oneofmyfavoritepossessionsismylaptop____________chattingonlineorwatchingfilmswithmy
Am
friends
2. Iwearthisnecklaceeveryday.____________myweddingday,becausemyhusbandboughtitforme.
It’s very special.
3. Ihaveaverylargesuitcase.I’vehaditsinceIwaseighteen____________.Iboughtitformyfirsttrip
to America.
4. Mymobileisimportanttome,it’ssmalland____________metalandplastic.It’sgotlotsofthingson
it - music, apps, photos and internet.
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Duolingo English Test
10.6 Complete the text with the words below. There are two extra words
Bought Carry Favorite Had Important
Green Modern Possessions Reminds Wear
It
I’vegotlotsofreallygreat(1)_____________.ButIthinkmy(2)_____________possessionismycoat.Igot
(3)_____________formygraduationandcelebrategettingmydegree.I’ve(4)_____________itfortwoyears.
Myparents(5)_____________itformeandIwasreallysurprised.It’sa(6)_____________,black,leathercoat.
It’s(7)_____________tomebecauseIknowmyparentswereveryproud.It(8)_____________meofstudying
formydegreeandmytimeatuniversity.Itonly(9)_____________itforspecialoccasionsbecauseit’sreally
expensive.
10.7 Rewrite the sentences below in the correct order
1. statue/golden/life-size/a →
2. lighter/a/silver/antique/handy →
y
3. dress/silk/black/an/elegant →
ud
4. a/dictionary/mass-produced/boring/gray →
5. sculpture/spherical/modern/a/glass →
St
10.8 Practice speaking
an
Choose one thing that you used last weekend and answer yes/no questions about it until your
ic
partner guesses what it is:
er
● Is it made from paper/ cardboard/ plastic/ metal/ fabric/ wood/ glass/ leather/…?
● Is it square/ rectangular/ round (= circular)/ triangular/ oblong (= oval = egg-shaped)/ sharp/ fragile (=
Am
easy to break)/ …?
● Is it big/ small/ heavy/ light/ dangerous/ expensive/ cheap/ noisy/ smelly/ long/ portable/ shiny?
● Does it use petrol/ electricity/ gas/ water/ …?
● Does it give off (= produce) heat/ light/ colors/ noise/ fumes?
● Are there some/ many in your house/ this room/ this building?
● Has it got a handle/ a lid/ buttons/ a screen/ batteries/ a motor/ cables/ pipes?
● Is it used for…?
● Do you use it to…?
● Do you use it often/ very often/ every day/ several times a day/ in the morning?
● Do you use it in the bath/ the kitchen/ your workplace?
● Can you buy it in a department store/ convenience store/ stationery shop/ electronics shop/ street
market…?
● Is it a kind of furniture/ white goods/ consumer electronics/ cutlery/ crockery/ machine/ gadget?
● Do you need to recharge/ shake/ wash/ polish/ refill it?
● Is it dark brown/ navy blue/ pastel yellow/ bright orange?
101
Duolingo English Test
❖
Describe places
Vocabulary to describe places
Adjectives
Congested
● Impressive
● Posh
●
● ark
D
● Appealing ● Awe-inspiring ● Well-lit ● Gloomy
● Attractive ● Significant ● Untidy ● Murk
● Lovely ● Thrilling ● Dusty ● Dingy
● Picturesque ● Majestic ● Shabby ● Horrible
● Ancient ● Luxurious ● Crumbling ● Disgusting
● Modern ● Expensive ● Messy ● Awful
● Brand-new ● Opulent ● Dim ● Sumptuous
Talking about the design
Be made of + material The Great Wall is made of thousands of bricks.
y
e covered with/in +
B street leading to my house is covered with
A
ud
objects/designs graffiti.St
Be decorated with his building is decorated with floral patterns
T
on the wall.
an
Be painted + color My dream house would be painted pink.
ic
er
How to express your feelings
Am
T
● he place makes me feel relax/nostalgic/happy
● The place reminds me of provides me with gives me/ lets me
something
● The place is important to me because …
Useful sentence structures
It looked + adj when I first visited it in + time expression
It is the place where I + verb phrase
The reason why I am attracted to it so much is because clause/because of
phrase of reason
The place which gives me fond memories is + noun phrase
I am highly impressed by + noun phrase
102
Duolingo English Test
❖ Describe past events
Useful sentence structures
● I can still remember the time when I (clause)
● I’ll never forget the time when (clause of time)
● I spent my entire noun in (noun phrase)
● At that time, I was still (noun/noun phrase)
● It all started when (clause of time)
● The most exciting time I can recall is when (clause of time)
● What I will always cherish in my heart is the time (clause of time)
Adjectives
● uitable marvelous great time
s
● happy tragic remarkable event
y
● great momentous formal occasion
ud
● fleeting memorable favorable moment
● exhilarating rewarding past experience
St
● exciting big foreign adventure
● Outstanding minor impressive achievement
an
● former golden happy days
● fantastic business great trip
ic
Nouns to summarize
er
● xhilarating experience
E
Am
● Unforgettable moment
● Formal occasion
● Rewarding experience
● Nerve-racking adventure
● Bizarre incident
● Humbling experience
● Memorable trip
103
Duolingo English Test
0.9 Which words from the list of adjectives above combine with the words below? Complete the lists. The
1
first one has been done for you
Thoroughly exciting, …
Highly …
Very …
Totally …
0.10 Match each event a-h with the descriptions below
1
Example: I had a party for my twenty-first birthday. It was a happy event.
a. I volunteered to help other young people
b. I received first prize for a painting when I was in secondary school
c. I want to describe something strange which actually happened in my hometown
d. The journey by coach and train around South America brings back lots of good memories
e. I attended the inaugural speech of the President
f. I got lost with some friends in the Australian desert
y
g. I parachuted from a plane to celebrate passing my exams
ud
h. I saw the hardship of other people when I was volunteering
- Exhilarating experience - Nerve-racking adventure
St
- Unforgettable moment - Bizarre incident
- Formal occasion - Humbling experience
an
- Rewarding experience - Memorable trip
ic
0.11 Practice
1
er
Make some notes before giving your answer. Speak for at least 30 seconds about the questions below
Topic 1: Describe a performance you have watched.
Am
Please say:
● Where was it?
● What kind of performance was it?
● What did you like the most about it?
Topic 2: Talk about a place that is full of color.
Please say:
● What place this is
● Where it is located
● What people do there
● How you learned about this place
Topic 4: Talk about a comic actor/actress who is popular in your country.
Please say:
● Who is he/she?
● Why is he/she popular?
● How did you know about him/her?
104
Duolingo English Test
opic 5: Talk about a book you read recently
T
Please say:
● What was the title?
● What was it about?
● How did you first hear of it?
● What did you like or dislike about it?
opic 6: Talk about a gift that you gave to someone recently
T
Please say:
● What was it?
● Who did you give it to?
● How did it make you feel?
● Why did you give it to this particular person?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
105
Mastering
duolingo
english test
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