PRODUCTION OF POLYALUMINUM CHLORIDE (PAC) COAGULANTS IN POWDER

FROM RECYCLED ALUMINUM FOR WATER TREATMENT IN THE INDUSTRIAL

SECTOR OF THE CITY OF CARTAGENA DE INDIAS.

ALVARADO ACEVEDO LILIAN TATIANA

ARTEAGA PAZ JUAN SEBASTIAN
DORIA SAAVEDRA ORIANA
SUAREZ PEREZ MARIA ALEJANDRA

UNIVERSITY OF SAN BUENAVENTURA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE,
ARTS AND DESIGN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM
CARTAGENA DE INDIAS D. T. And C.
02 JUNE 2017
 1. SUMMARY

Water treatments are of great importance for industries because the equipment and processes in
production must be in optimal conditions for their operation. One of the stages present in water
treatment is clarification using coagulants that eliminate colloidal particles present. One of the
coagulants that is currently being implemented the most is polyaluminum chloride, which has
better properties in relation to other coagulants such as aluminum sulfate.

In Cartagena, recycling is not a policy of use, materials such as aluminum are discarded in the
streets and become an environmental problem since it is not produced but imported under
specifications of use, however, it is possible to design a recycling system of aluminum to obtain it
as raw material, evaluating the state in which these wastes are found to proceed with the cleaning
and adaptation of the aluminum in the conditions needed to produce the coagulant by mixing it
with hydrochloric acid and water.

Aluminum has good physical and mechanical properties, which increases its usefulness and
recycling capacity for new sustainable uses in the environmental, industrial and economic
aspects. Due to this, the production of polyaluminum chloride coagulants from recycled
aluminum presents a alternative solution to favor water treatments in economic terms of the
industries in terms of obtaining the coagulant and the environment in the reduction of aluminum
waste.

2. INTRODUCTION
The importance of water treatments in the productive, commercial, domestic and industrial
sectors is fundamental in determining the quality of the service or product that requires this
management because this procedure allows improving manufacturing operations in terms of
hygiene and processes. of production, have a better service in the maintenance of the pipes and
containers that contain the water that is going to be distributed in the different sectors and
optimizes asepsis and cleanliness in food depending on the different methods used to treat the
water among other uses essential in industrial sectors that cover most domestic needs. It is
necessary to take into account the different methods that exist for water treatment with the
purpose of removing or reducing contaminating substances or microorganisms from untreated
water to avoid operational problems or diseases to human beings, allowing to specify the
regulations for water treatment in regarding the needs or sectors to which it is directed.

Water is managed and treated since it has impurities that can generate consequences in the sectors
that require it; Such impurities can be suspended solids, waste materials, microorganisms,
dissolved gases, minerals, among others. One of the most efficient methods currently is the
coagulation and flocculation of water using coagulants that are responsible for collecting most of
the impurities in the water through the formation of small particles that capture and destabilize
the contaminants present. The conventional coagulants most used in the industry are aluminum
sulfate, sodium aluminate, among others. Currently, alternative coagulants such as polyaluminum
chloride are being studied, due to the high efficiency it presents in the water clarification process,
removal of waste materials and suspended particles, guaranteeing a process with minimal variation and

lower cost which offers better functionalities. compared to other coagulants.

This project evaluates the production process of polyaluminum chloride coagulants for water
treatment, from recycled aluminum as a consequence of the development of new alternatives for
the optimization of the procedures required to treat water and contribute to the reduction of
aluminum waste materials.

3. GOALS
3.1. General objective
Produce powdered polyaluminum chloride coagulants from recycled aluminum for water
treatment in the industrial sector of the city of Cartagena de Indias

3.2. Specific objectives

 Determine the conditions and variables of aluminum that intervene in the production of
the coagulant.
 Carry out the necessary experiments to analyze the behavior of the compounds in the
production of polyaluminum chloride.
 Evaluate from the results obtained the efficiency of the coagulant in water treatment.

4. BASE LINE
Statistically until mid-2006, it was estimated that the consumption of raw materials (scrap and
ingots produced in the country) of aluminum manufacturing plants was 468 Tons/month,
while national production was 20,638 Tons/year divided by the following way [1]:
 Domestic demand: 5,616 Ton/year0
 Exports: 14,971 Ton/year0
 Imports: 51 Ton/year

In Cartagena, nearly 400 thousand tons of garbage are discarded each year. On average, in the
city, each person throws away 1.15 kilograms of waste per day, but there is no stipulation for
how much is recycled. [2]

The projection of the generation of solid waste in Colombia showed that there are
approximately 9,488,204 tons per year, that is, 25,999 tons per day. To its
At the same time, 1,880,018 tons are used annually, that is, 6,025.70 in 312 days of operation.
This means that the recovery percentage is 16.54% in Colombia.
The weighted average for 22 cities shows that 59. 58% is organic waste
food and pruning, 4.75% paper products, 3.65% cardboard products, 12.83%
plastics, 2.35% glass, 1.10% metal products and 15.74% among various
inorganic and hygienic (mainly bone, textiles, soil, batteries, electronic devices,
wood and unusable hygienic waste). [3]

By type of materials collected, the most important and best paid are metal products (scrap of
steel and iron, aluminum, copper, bronze mainly) with
49.75%, followed by paper and cardboard with 35.01%, plastics with 11.15% and glass with
4.09% [4]

Through the initiative, called Cartagena Recycling Census, carried out from August 19 to 31,
it was established that in the city there are 1,867 recyclers and 199 warehouses, distributed by
Localities as follows:
Location 1 – Historical and Northern Caribbean: 452 recyclers and 55 warehouses.
 Location 2 – De la Virgen and Turística: 520 recyclers and 45 wineries.
Location 3 – Industrial and Bay: 895 recyclers and 99 warehouses. [5]

5. PROBLEM STATEMENT

For years, chemical agents have been used for water treatment to facilitate the reduction of
turbidity, color, alkalinity and other parameters in the treatment of water to make it drinkable.
This is done with the help of some chemicals such as polyaluminum chloride, sulfate ferric,
aluminum sulfate, among others [6]

Polyaluminum chloride is a white mass formed by hexagonal crystals that dissolve in water and
acids that, in the presence of humid air and liquid, produce a noise similar to that when heated
iron is immersed in an open vessel without melting. The inorganic coagulant PAC is a polymeric
salt of polyaluminum chloride that is applied in the clarification process of raw and drinking
water, it is used by organic synthesis as a condensing agent and especially in the Friedel and
Crafts reaction.

It is currently used in Colombian companies for water treatment and is created in liquid form by
companies such as Sulfoquimica SA, Eco Chemistry SA, PQP SA, but in granulated formula it is
imported from Mexico and China since they do not have the necessary machinery to treat it.
Using recycled aluminum creates the advantage that without losing its quality or properties, it
creates great savings than when using pure aluminum. Currently, aluminum production in the
country is zero due to its high costs. So the implementation of scrap metal would generate great
savings in raw materials by saving its import.

Therefore, polyaluminum chloride will be produced using recycled aluminum, thereby creating
awareness of the recycling of some metals in the city of Cartagena de Indias. This recycling will
be implemented through a prior classification and analysis of the material, with a study of which
chemical substances and machinery is profitable to be able to reuse the material.

6. JUSTIFICATION
Producing polyaluminum chloride from aluminum recycling for the treatment of wastewater
produced by different human activities, mainly industries, is of great importance. Not only will
materials with very useful properties be recycled and used, but there will also be adequate
treatment of wastewater from industries that are reusable in some of their processes and also
constitute an alternative source for irrigating crops.

In Colombia, the growth of the different production sectors reveals the strong demand for water
resources that the country faces and consequently the high generation of discharges. Therefore,
the limited coverage for wastewater treatment currently faced makes it necessary to study
different treatment alternatives, in order to control the contamination of soils, groundwater, and
bodies of water and avoid health problems. Most wastewater treatment systems have proven to be
economically, technically or environmentally unviable; whether in its construction, operation or
maintenance phases, making it advisable to develop appropriate technologies that are economical,
efficient and reliable. [7]

Clarification is a fundamental process in water treatment since the fulfillment of the objective of
removing impurities present in raw water will largely depend on its correct operation. There are
many types of conventional coagulants on the market that have been traditionally used for
particle destabilization and that have been shown to be effective for this purpose. However, the
increasing demands regarding the quality specifications of the treated water and the technical and
financial optimization of the water treatment processes have led to the efficiency of these
coagulants being questioned and their replacement by a new generation of coagulants being
considered. alternatives. The choice of the appropriate coagulant can be considered as a
fundamental multi-criteria decision-making process to guarantee optimal operating conditions of
the clarification equipment and the best quality of the treated water at the lowest possible cost.
Likewise, once the clarification process has been implemented with the selected coagulant, the
variability of the physicochemical characteristics of the raw water entering the treatment plant
determines that the dosage of said coagulant is dynamic in nature, requiring periodic and
permanent performance of tests. jars to keep the doses to be applied updated in order to guarantee
good performance of the clarification process. In industrial water treatment systems, the use of
polymerized coagulants such as aluminum hydroxychloride can achieve better performance of the
clarification process both from the point of view of the improvement of the quality of the treated
water and the cost of the treatment, in comparison with conventional coagulants such as
aluminum sulfate. The complete solubility and greater coagulant power of aluminum
hydroxychloride and the effective action of a suitable pH conditioner can guarantee high turbidity
removal and lower levels of residual aluminum in clarified waters, which is desirable for public
health, product appearance completion and better operation of subsequent stages in treatment
plants, for example, less saturation of the bed of sand filters or carbon purifiers. [8]

In this work it is justified to contribute to the benefit of society, the economy and in a certain way
to the environment. For its development it was necessary to recycle aluminum material and
produce a coagulant (PAC) for wastewater treatment. Therefore, it makes it feasible because you
have the resources, time and ability to carry it out. It also seeks to achieve that, with the use of
coagulants for water treatment, the processes that are commonly used for water treatment have
low energy consumption.

This work is structured based on two fundamental paradigms, the explanation of the relationship
between molecular behavior, molecular interactions, microscale phenomena and the macroscopic
behavior of operations and processes, and which would also be understood as a generalized
theory; and the “chemonatural paradigm” would have as its object of study the inclusion of
biological phenomena and processes in the production of chemical products in the industry,
which would allow clean and environmentally sustainable production, which is a very important
and highly relevant topic. critical in this sector in recent years, in order to slowly reduce or
mitigate all the damage that has been done to the environment over the years in order to have a
more balanced future with our natural roots.

This work, in the same way, is justified in the policies of the University embodied in the
Bonaventurian Educational Project (PEB) since through knowledge it seeks to dignify man,
always orienting this proposal to the service of others and the valuation of nature. Furthermore,
according to the socio-political frameworks proposed by the University of San Buenaventura
through the PEB, Colombia is ensuring the opening and internationalization of the economy and
this proposal can contribute to the country's economy progressing and is what is currently
needed. since with the agreement of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) the country's economy
must be consolidated, which is a challenge; This is why the University of San Buenaventura has
committed to training leaders capable of facing the challenges that arise from the phenomenon of
globalization.

7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

7.1. HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK

“Historical records show that the Mesopotamian Empire (3500-2500 BC) was the first
civilization to formally address issues related to sanitation. Thus, in the ruins of Babylon and Ur,
remains of houses have been found that were connected to a precarious sewage system to
evacuate residual water (Jones, 1967). However, it should also be noted that most people lacked
this system and dumped wastewater directly into the streets that were periodically covered with
clay (Cooper, 2007).

The Hindu Civilization (1700-26 BC) was even more advanced in wastewater management. At
this time, houses were directly connected to drainage channels and it was not permitted to
discharge wastewater directly into the streets without prior treatment that included at least
sedimentation of the wastewater (Wolfe, 1999). The Greek Civilization (300 BC-500 AD) is
considered the true precursor of “modern” sanitation systems. Archaeological studies have
unequivocally shown that the origin of modern wastewater management practices dates back to
the time of the Greeks (Lofrano and Brown, 2010).” [9]

In the 18th century, the great epidemics of cholera or typhus accelerated scientific and technical
advances, and encouraged the extension of treatment processes, which began to be mandatory in
some places. In 1804 Paisley (Scotland) filtered its entire water supply and in 1829 the first sand
filter was installed in London to clarify the water of the Thames. In 1952 it was already
mandatory to filter all river water supplies to London, extending this clarification system to
several European (1965) and North American cities, since the first slow sand filter was built in
New York in 1872. In parallel with the proliferation of the filtrate, other treatments such as
coagulation, aeration or disinfection are being developed.

Artificial aeration was already used in the 18th century, but it was not until the second half of the
19th century when it became one of the main processes in municipal supplies. As for coagulation,
the first time it was used for the treatment of municipal water supplies was in 1881, in England.
The coagulant used was alumina sulfate, added at the point of intake of the supply. In 1885,
researchers at Rutgers University published studies confirming alumina sulfate as the most
advantageous coagulant known. [10]

In 1886, the electrolytic reduction of aluminum (A1203) dissolved in molten cryolite (aluminum
ore) was developed to produce aluminum and simultaneously the first internal combustion engine
for vehicles appeared where this metal would play a very important role in automotive parts IO
which would increase the value of your engineering. Later it was discovered that aluminum was a
good conductor and its applications were then expanded to electrification for long-distance
transmission and to withstand the overheating of cable networks that would deliver electrical
energy from power generation sources. After a few decades, new industries were born which
grew in partnership with the purpose of strengthening the aluminum industrial sector by
developing reliable structures, fracture-resistant aircraft parts, machines and lately missile bodies,
fuel cells and parts of satellites. [11]

Clarification is a fundamental process in water treatment since the fulfillment of the objective of
removing impurities present in raw water will largely depend on its correct operation. There are
many types of conventional coagulants on the market that have been traditionally used for
particle destabilization and that have been shown to be effective for this purpose. However, the
increasing demands regarding the quality specifications of the treated water and the technical and
financial optimization of the water treatment processes have led to the efficiency of these
coagulants being questioned and their replacement by a new generation of coagulants being
considered. alternatives. The choice of the appropriate coagulant can be considered as a
fundamental multi-criteria decision-making process to guarantee optimal operating conditions of
the clarification equipment and the best quality of the treated water at the lowest possible cost.
Likewise, once the clarification process has been implemented with the selected coagulant, the
variability of the physicochemical characteristics of the raw water entering the treatment plant
determines that the dosage of said coagulant is dynamic in nature, requiring periodic and
permanent performance of tests. jars to keep the doses to be applied updated in order to guarantee
good performance of the clarification process. In industrial water treatment systems, the use of
polymerized coagulants such as aluminum hydroxychloride can achieve better performance of the
clarification process both from the point of view of the improvement of the quality of the treated
water and the cost of the treatment, in comparison with conventional coagulants such as
aluminum sulfate. The complete solubility and greater coagulant power of aluminum
hydroxychloride and the effective action of a suitable pH conditioner can guarantee high turbidity
removal and lower levels of residual aluminum in clarified waters, which is desirable for public
health, product appearance completion and better operation of subsequent stages in treatment
plants, for example, less saturation of the bed of sand filters or carbon purifiers. [12]
The technical study was developed through laboratory tests, in which the optimal operational
parameters for each coagulant and the advantages and disadvantages of polyaluminum chloride
over aluminum sulfate in the purification process were determined. The environmental study was
developed at the same time as the technical study, in which determinations of heavy metals,
chlorides, residual aluminum, color, turbidity, alkalinity and pH were made in the water treated
with both coagulants to determine the environmental feasibility of using polychloride. aluminum
in the plant. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out in which the water treatment costs for
the two coagulants were determined. These costs were determined only taking into account the
consumption of chemical products (coagulant, lime and polyelectrolyte).

The results obtained demonstrated that polyaluminum chloride works better than aluminum
sulfate in the coagulation-flocculation process, and presents some other additional advantages
over aluminum sulfate; Based on these results, the feasibility of implementing the PAC in the
Flora plant was verified from a technical, environmental and economic point of view. [13]

7.2. REFERENTIAL FRAMEWORK

 Coagulation Theory

The particles that form the turbidity and color of natural waters have electrical charges that
are normally negative, but since there are also positive electrical charges, it can be said that
water and solutions are electrically neutral. The electrical charges of the particles generate
repulsive forces between them, which is why they remain suspended and separated in the
water. This is why these particles do not settle.

The set formed by these particles constitutes a colloidal system, formed by a double layer of
ions, which is subjected to a potential on the lower surface of the double bed, called Z
potential. This potential has a critical value, above which the colloids are stable, and below it,
the repulsion in the particles is reduced to such a degree that by colliding with a certain speed
they can unite and flocculate. The problem in coagulation consists of decreasing the Z
potential by one of the following methods:

 Coagulation by charge neutralization: This is carried out when colloids of different

signs are mixed in water. This is what happens when alum or iron salts are added to
water.
 Coagulation due to a decrease in the thickness of the double layer (distance d). As the
concentration of ions in the water increases, the “distance d” decreases, until the value
of the Z potential is lower than the critical point.

The phenomenon of destabilization is carried out through a series of quite complex chemical
reactions, some of which have not been sufficiently understood. Among these reactions are
those carried out with various forms of alkalinity, which is why their content decreases.
Furthermore, some of these reactions produce CO2, whose effect consists mainly of
increasing the acidity of the water and consequently lowering the pH [14].

 Types of Coagulants

The coagulants used in practice for drinking water are the following:

- Aluminum Salts: They form a slightly heavy floc. The best known are: Aluminum Sulfate,
Al2(SO3)14H2O, which in practice is called Alum; Ammoniacal Aluminum Sulfate and
Sodium Aluminate. The first is the one most frequently used given its low cost and relatively
simple handling.

- Iron Salts: Ferric Chloride, FeCl3, and Ferric and Ferrous Iron Sulfates, Fe(SO4)3 and
FeSO4, are used. They form a heavier floc with a higher settling speed than aluminum salts.

-Polymers or polyelectrolytes: They are complex high molecular weight compounds that are
used not as coagulants themselves but as coagulation aids. The dosage of these substances is
carried out in very low concentrations, which is a great advantage and offsets the cost of the
polymer. They are being widely used in the treatment of drinking water since a smaller
amount of sludge is produced, additionally the sludge produced is more easily treatable. [15]
Water clarification aims to remove suspended solids, finely divided solids and colloidal
materials, converting them into larger particles that can be removed more easily. It is a
process used both in municipal water treatment systems in order to obtain drinking water for
human consumption, and in industrial water treatment systems that include the individual
treatment of water from municipal aqueducts according to its final use, since be it water for
the production of beverages or food, steam generation or refrigeration circuits, container
washing, etc.

Clarification includes the subprocesses of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation.

- Coagulation: it is the process of forming small gelatinous particles by adding a coagulant

to water and applying mixing energy, which destabilizes the suspended particles by
neutralizing the colloid charges negatively charged. It begins the instant the coagulant is
added and lasts only fractions of a second. From the electrostatic point of view, the
purpose of coagulation is to reduce the zeta potential by adding specific ions and inducing
the destabilization of the particles to agglomerate them.
- Coagulation is the most effective treatment for removing impurities in water and can also
represent a high cost when not carried out properly. The dose of coagulant determines the
operation of the sedimentation units and it is impossible to achieve good clarification if
the amount of coagulant is not adequate.
- Flocculation: it is the process by which destabilized or coagulated particles are brought
together to form a larger agglomerate called floc and is due to a mechanism of formation
of chemical bridges or physical bonds. Operationally, flocculation is achieved by
resorting to a moderate and prolonged mixing that transforms coagulated particles of
submicroscopic size into suspended, discrete and visible ones.
- Sedimentation: it is the removal of particles heavier than water by the force of gravity.
Through this process, suspended materials are eliminated using an adequate retention
time. These solids are generally made up of sands, silts and colloids grouped together
through the previous stages of coagulation and flocculation. [16]

 Coagulating agents
Coagulants are chemical materials that are added to water to achieve the discharge of all
colloidal particles, giving rise to the formation of larger media (flocs), which settle more
quickly [17].

 Conventional coagulants

The most common coagulants used in water treatment are inorganic aluminum or iron
compounds such as aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, and
ferric chloride. Each coagulant has a specific pH range where it has the minimum solubility
and maximum precipitation occurs depending, also, on the chemical characteristics of the raw
water. With the exception of sodium aluminate, these coagulants are acidic salts that lower
the pH of the water. For this reason and depending on the water to be treated, it is necessary
to add an alkali such as lime, ash soda or caustic soda. [18]

 Alternative coagulants (PAC`s)

In the last 25 years, a new generation of prepolymerized inorganic coagulants such as PACs
has been developed, which behave differently than conventional coagulants in the
clarification process due to its chemical speciation characteristics . PAC's have different solid
phases in the hydrolytic reactions with respect to conventional coagulants: PAC's flocs tend
to be groups of small spheres and/or chain-like structures with a size of less than 25 mm,
while aluminum sulfate flocs are usually spongy and porous structures with a size of 25 to
100 mm. This structural difference means that PACs produce less turbidity in suspension than
aluminum sulfate.

PACs contain a range of superior quality preformed hydrolytic Al(III) species and have a
structure that is quite stable to subsequent hydrolysis, which contributes to their greater
coagulation efficiency; They are considered more efficient than aluminum sulfate given the
advantages of lower sludge production and lower dependence on temperature and pH.
However, its efficiency is also affected by some parameters such as the composition of the
raw water and the specific operating conditions, as seen in Table 1, a PAC is considered to be
 more efficient than aluminum sulfate given its greater capacity. removal of suspended solids
and, therefore, requires less dosage; Depending on the type of water, it can replace 1.5 to 2.0
parts of grade A aluminum sulfate and 3.5 to 3.9 parts of grade B aluminum sulfate [19]

Table 1. Comparison of basic characteristics between aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum

chlorides (PAC's). Source: Zouboulis et al, 2008

PACs are produced by adding a base to aluminum chloride until the empirical formula
Al(OH)nCl3-n is achieved, where n takes values ranging from 1 to 2.5. The different PACs are
classified by their aluminum content (percentage of Al2O3), sulfate content (percentage of SO4)
and hydroxide content (percentage of basicity). Basicity refers to the average number of
hydroxide ions per aluminum atom in the PAC molecules ([OH]/[Al]), and is an index of the
degree of polymerization. [20]
The hydrolysis reaction of a PAC occurs in stages. Depending on the process conditions, the
following intermediate products are formed: dimers [Al2(OH)2(H2O)8]+4; polyhydroxyl
complexes [Al8(OH)20], [Al8(OH)22]+2, [Al8(OH)24], [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]+7,
[Al14(OH)38]+ 8, [Al30Cl9(OH)81(H2O)38]+5; complex compounds [Al8(OH)20(H2O)10]Cl4
and particles and aggregates in the original form of PAC. The efficiency of coagulation is a
function of which of the previous intermediate products of hydrolysis react with the impurities in
the water. [21]

Synthesis of aluminum chloride: It is made from hydrochloric acid and solid aluminum. 55g of
metallic aluminum, in particulate form, are weighed on an analytical balance in an open 1000 mL
reaction flask; 500mL of 37% (w/w) HCl are slowly added, with light magnetic stirring. This
addition must be made in a fume hood, allowing the gases to be released until all the aluminum is
dissolved. Approximately 5% (w/w) water is added to maintain thermal equilibrium during acid
addition [5]. Once the reaction is finished, the product is characterized by determining the
density, pH, acidity, AlCl3 concentration and Al+3 concentration. [22]

Synthesis of aluminum polymer: It is carried out from previously obtained aluminum chloride
and following the methodology described by Akitt, which consists of adding equivalent amounts
of alkali (sodium carbonate) per mole of aluminum to the aluminum chloride solution. not greater
than 2.5 equivalents [6]. Under these conditions, the [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12] 7+ structures
exist in the hydrolyzed solutions. The reaction is carried out in a batch reactor (Figure 1), at room
temperature, in an approximate time of 5 hours. The synthesis is carried out at four different
pHs: 3.10, 3.50, 4.10 and 4.50, to obtain four aluminum polymers. The pH is adjusted by adding
the appropriate amount of sodium carbonate. The polymers are characterized by determining the
density, % Al+3, and basicity. Basicity is expressed as pOHx100/14. Density measurements are
made using a pycnometer; pH is measured using an Orion model 720A pH meter. The Al+3
content is obtained by the eriochrome cyanine R method. [7], using a Perkin Elmer model 3100
atomic absorption spectrophotometer, with a nitrous oxide/acetylene flame, at a wavelength of
309.9 nm. and a calibration curve with standards in the range of 50 to 150 mg/L. [23]

 Aluminum Recycling
Aluminum has many characteristics that make it highly compatible with recycling. This is
corrosion resistant, and very little energy is required to remelt it, compared to producing primary
aluminum. Also the versatility of its alloys has given rise to a large number of commercial
compositions, many of which were designed to accommodate impurities 171.

Aluminum is resistant to corrosion under most environmental conditions, thus maintaining a high
standard for reuse, display or storage adding value to the metal. Once produced, aluminum can be
considered a permanent resource for recycling, preferably in similar pipelines without losing its
1241 properties. The energy needs for the conversion of scrap aluminum are low compared to the
energy consumed in the production of primary aluminum. [24]
 8. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

- Raw water: It is that which is found in the sources, and which is in its natural state
without any treatment.

- Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) or aluminum hydroxychloride: Inorganic coagulant

based on polymerized aluminum salts, it is widely used in a host of industrial processes. It
is mainly used to remove color and colloidal matter in aqueous systems, water treatment
plants, clarification of industrial effluents and as a replacement for aluminum sulfate,
aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate and other conventional non-polymerized
inorganic salts. [25]
- Gray water: These are water obtained from domestic processes and decompose faster
than black water.
- Black water: These are polluting waters that are difficult to treat thanks to their high
content of waste, chemicals, and solids. For these waters, filtration, decantation,
biological treatments, and chemical precipitation treatments are recommended.
- Hard water: It is water that contains high levels of minerals such as magnesium and
calcium.
- Drinking water: It is water for human consumption, thanks to the purification process
- Alkalizing: It is the amount of minerals found in the water.
- Residual aluminum: It is used to reduce color, turbidity and organic matter content.
- Coagulant: These are chemical materials that are added to water to achieve the discharge
of all colloidal particles, giving rise to the formation of larger media so that they settle
more quickly.
- Sedimentation: It is the process by which heavy particles are removed from water
through a process where the particle is suspended.
- Color: It is the measure of concentration of colloidal particles in suspension. In drinking
water it is due to the presence of soil matter, wood, waste and metals in it.
- Treatment plant: It is the process where waste pollution is eliminated or reduced from
water so that it can be consumed by humans.
- Turbidity: It is the difficulty of water in transmitting light due to suspended, colloidal
matter.
- Smell and taste: determining the smell and taste of water is useful to obtain its quality
and know its state of purity or contamination. [26]
- Acidity: acidity is measured by the pH of the water, taking care in this since acidic water
can be corrosive to the human system, attacking the teeth and the intestinal system.
- pH: Used to show the acidity and alkalinity conditions of water. The pH can be affected
by the presence of carbon and phosphorus in the water ions.
- Pollution: it is the effect of introducing substances, materials and solids into water,
making it unfit for human use. [27]
 9. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The applicable environmental legislation is framed within three large regulatory blocks:

 The National Constitution, a supreme and global legal framework that includes statements
on the management and conservation of the environment. The Political Constitution of
1991 elevates the protection of the environment to Constitutional status, placing it in a
privileged place.

 The Laws of the Congress of the Republic, decrees with the force of law and decree laws
of the National Government, constituting the basic norms and policies from which the
specific regulations or regulations are developed.

 National decrees and regulations.

The Cleaner Production Policy was approved by the National Environmental Council, with the
aim of achieving environmental sustainability in the productive sector. Cleaner production is a
strategy, and its essential objective is to prevent and minimize impacts and risks for human
beings and the environment, guaranteeing environmental protection, economic growth, social
well-being and business competitiveness based on introduction of the environmental dimension
in the productive sectors, as a long-term challenge.

The specific objectives of cleaner production are:

 Increase energy efficiency and the use of cleaner energy sources.

 Prevent and minimize the generation of contaminants.

 Prevent, mitigate and compensate environmental impacts on the population and

ecosystems.

 Adopt cleaner technologies and continuous management improvement practices.

 Minimize and take advantage of waste.

  Minimize the consumption of natural resources and raw materials.

Likewise, it covers processes, products and services. In the processes it seeks: the conservation
and saving of raw materials, inputs, water and energy; the elimination of toxic raw materials and
the reduction and minimization of the quantity and toxicity of emissions and waste. In products, it
is aimed at reducing the negative impacts that accompany the product life cycle, from the
extraction of raw materials to their final disposal; and in services it seeks an environmental
dimension, both in their design and in their provision.

Among its main strategies are:

 Integration with other government policies.

 Institutional strengthening of the National Environmental System.

 Establishment of environmental quality.

 Promotion of cleaner production in national productive sectors.

 Promotion of self-management and self-regulation.

 Implementation of economic instruments.

 Evaluation and monitoring of the policy.

The National Government, in the search for better use of the institutional potential and the
capacity of existing organizations involved in waste management, has launched a Comprehensive
Solid Waste Management System, defined in the Comprehensive Management Policy of Solid
Waste, in order to meet the following objectives:

 Minimize the amount of waste generated.

 Increase the use and consumption of waste generated, to the extent that it is
environmentally tolerable and economically viable.

 Improve comprehensive solid waste management systems.

  Know and measure the problem of hazardous waste in the country and establish the same
management system.

From the perspective of its recipients, the policy has two large components:

 The one related to environmental sanitation as an obligation borne by the State, and which
is aimed at establishing a framework of action for public entities with responsibilities
regarding solid waste management, especially municipalities, involving different
strategies and instruments to strengthen State action in this matter.

 The one referring to the link that the private sector has regarding the generation of waste.

The scope of this policy in terms of the private sector is determined by what refers to waste
minimization, based on the development of environmental actions that must be carried out
sectorally. The waste policy for the industrial sector is a specific development of the clean
production policy, from which it takes all its elements.

In the following annexes we can see the Laws, Decrees and Resolutions applicable to the plastics
industry in force at the national level. [28]
Table 3.
 Table 4.

10. METHODOLOGY
10.1. TYPE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH : In relation to this project, the research
carried out is located in the type of exploratory research because the study of the production
of the coagulant polyaluminum chloride is currently being studied for its excellent properties
in the treatment of water. In order to search for new alternatives for its production, the
conditions of the coagulant from recycled aluminum are evaluated as an optional factor to
determine new trends and conditions of the components that optimally improve the
functionality and structure of polyaluminum chloride. .

10.2. MIXED RESEARCH APPROACH: In the study being carried out, it is necessary to
have a quantitative research approach that encompasses the different explicit and implicit
aspects that associate the analysis of data from the particular to the general, allowing the
methods and procedures that should be applied in particular to be specified. the production
and evaluation of the coagulant, identifying the phenomena that cause unforeseen events in
the implementation of the project from a contextualized and statistical perspective that
analyzes in depth the data obtained in all areas, extracting new interpretations that require the
objects of study already evaluated for the purpose to find better alternatives for its production
and use.

10.3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN: This type of research design is

concatenated with the object of study of the project being carried out, because in the
production of polyaluminum chloride coagulants from recycled aluminum it is necessary to
manage variables that are part of of the different tests and experiments that are carried out to
determine the optimal conditions of each component in the functionality of the coagulant. The
identification of the problem and the analysis of the experimental data plays a fundamental
role in the research carried out in the project in terms of the evaluation of the external and
internal factors that intervene in the optimization of the coagulant based on the design of
different procedures. that allow identifying the most viable alternatives regarding
development, production and optimization of the coagulant in water treatment.
10.4. CONCRETION METHODS: The aim is to sinter the results obtained in relation to the
experiments carried out in the project in order to determine the best alternatives for coagulant
production to generate products with greater essential and functional content that allows for a
deeper knowledge. and concrete of the study that is carried out as the questions generated in
each of the steps and activities that must be fulfilled to achieve the main objective of the
project are resolved.

10.5. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW, HISTORICAL

ANALYSIS, LITERATURE REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTATION:

Historical analysis and bibliographic review will be used as a data collection technique because
the projects related to research allow the identification of the exact and necessary information to
complement the topic being studied. As external help for the project, the knowledge of experts
plays an important role in the development of the research, for this reason the interview will be
used as a data collection technique to consolidate the information that is evaluated through
consultancies that provide knowledge. vital for the project and that allow analyzing the
experiments that must be carried out to study the evaluation of the coagulant from recycled
aluminum. By obtaining the results of each test and concatenating all the information acquired
with each technique, the analysis and interpretation of the data is carried out in order to classify
and identify the best results of the study to establish a series of optimal and viable alternatives for
the resolution of the problem that arises in this project.

10.6. PRODUCTS: Based on what is stated in the activities of the schedule, as each task is
carried out and each objective is carried out in its entirety, different products can be obtained
that generate added value for the research, providing great information that can help Other
future projects also aim to optimize the coagulant from its components in order to find more
production alternatives and consequently generate a positive environmental impact.
1. A Research Articles
2. An Undergraduate Degree Work
3. A business product
4. A certified technological product , represented in a patent
10.7. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
 10.8. LABORATORY SCHEDULE

Note: Time refers to the number of days, months, years, in which the initial analyzes, the experimental part, and the final analyzes are carried out on
the samples.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LABORATORY SCHEDULE

In the work presented below, the materials implemented in the production process of
polyaluminum chloride (PAC) will be presented at the laboratory level, emphasizing each
material, its use and execution during the project. Also, emphasis will be placed on the tests
carried out on each sample and observations will be made during preparation.

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

 ANALYTICAL BALANCE

Scales are instruments designed to determine the mass of a body. Scales are characterized by
their accuracy , precision and sensitivity . The first quality refers to the property that any
physical instrument has to provide the result of a measurement with a value that coincides with
the true one; This implies that the error is as small as possible. The term accuracy is often taken
as equivalent to precision.

 STIRRING TANK REACTOR

The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) consists of a tank with almost perfect agitation, in
which there is a continuous flow of reactant mate and from which the reacted material (produced
material) continuously leaves. The stirring condition is not that difficult to achieve as long as the
liquid phase is not too viscous.

 HARDOMETER

The durometer is used for the quick determination of the hardness of surfaces and is
availablehttps://www.pce-instruments.com/espanol/instrumento-medida/medidor/durometro-
kat_150806_1.htm - products available in store. This durometer is suitable, depending on type,
for measuring the hardness of metals, plastic, rubber, textiles. The hardness is indicated either
directly in Rockwell B, Rockwell C, Vickers HV, Brinell HB, Shore HS, Leeb HL, or in hardness
units according to DIN ISO.

 PYCNOMETER

The Pycnometer is a measuring instrument widely used in the Chemistry laboratory. It is a small
glass container that has a beveled lid in which is a capillary. The Pycnometer is used to measure
the densities of liquids and solids.

 COLORIMETER

Colorimeter The colorimeter is the device that allows the quantification of one color and allows
its comparison with another. Once the quantification is done, the numerical value assigned to the
color studied will allow its proper classification on the color scale.
  BUNSEN BURNER

The bunsen burner is an instrument used in laboratories to heat samples and chemicals. The Bunsen
burner consists of a vertical tube that is screwed to a metal foot with an inlet for the gas flow,
which is regulated through a key on the work table. At the bottom of the vertical tube there are
holes and a mobile metal ring or collar that is also drilled. By adjusting the relative position of
these holes (tube body and collar respectively), which can be spherical or rectangular, it is
possible to regulate the air flow that provides the oxygen necessary to carry out combustion with
flame formation in the mouth or top of the vertical tube.

 TRIPOD

The purpose of the laboratory tripod is only one. This is mainly used as a tool that holds the
asbestos grating. With this material it is possible to prepare assemblies for heating, using the
lighter as accessories (depending on the type). It also serves to more comfortably hold any
material used in the laboratory that is going to be filled with dangerous products or liquids of any
type.

 TWEEZERS

The Laboratory Clamp is generally considered a metal tool within a chemical laboratory. This
allows you to firmly hold different objects through the use of a double nut linked to a universal
support. The clamp consists of two arms or tongs, which clamp the neck of jars or other glass
materials through the use of screws that can be adjusted manually.

 TIGHTS

The Asbestos Grid is responsible for distributing the temperature evenly when it is heated with a
lighter. A laboratory tripod is used for this, as it supports the grid while it is heated.

 ERLENMEYER

The Erlenmeyer flask is a glass container used in laboratories. It is cone-shaped and has a cylindrical neck
and is flat at the base. It is used to heat liquids when there is a danger of loss through evaporation.

 BEAK
A beaker has a cylindrical shape and has a flat bottom and is found in various capacities. There
are graduates; but not calibrated, this causes the graduation to be inaccurate. They are made of
glass and plastic (When they are made of glass, a type of material much more resistant than the
conventional one called pyrex is used). It has Teflon components and other corrosion-resistant
materials, where its capacity varies from milliliter to liter. (or even more).

 GLASS CLOCK

It is a round convex glass that allows substances to be contained and then crushed or weighed on
the scale. It is called a watch glass since it is very similar to one of them.

 SPATULA

The spatula is a narrow flat blade attached to a handle made of wood, plastic or metal. It is mainly
used to take small quantities of compounds or solid substances, especially granular ones.

 PH-METER

The PH (hydrogen potential) is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of substances, that is, it is the
concentration of hydrogen ions and weak acids which will form a numerical rating, where
numbers from 0 to 7 indicate acidic solutions and 7 to 14 are alkaline solutions, therefore if a
substance is more acidic its pH will be close to 0 and if it is more alkaline its pH will be close to
the number 14.

 RECYCLED ALUMINUM (RAW MATERIAL)

Aluminum is a non-ferrous metal, and is the most abundant of the metals, making up about 8% of
the Earth's crust. Alumina, which is extracted from bauxite and mixed with cryolite, is the source
of aluminum

 HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Hydrochloric acid is hydrogen chloride dissolved in water. It has corrosive properties and is
harmful to the health of living organisms, including humans, which means that it must be handled
with care to avoid burns when its formulation is used for various uses.

 CATALYSTS AND SOLVENTS (SPECIFY)

 VISCOSIMETER
A viscometer (also called a viscometer) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity and some
other flow parameters of a fluid.

 FILTER PAPER

Filter paper is a paper used as a sieve that is mainly used in the laboratory for filtering. It is round in
shape and is introduced into a funnel, with the purpose of filtering insoluble impurities and
allowing the solution to pass through its pores. They are also used for displaying samples on it.
They come in different sizes and proportions.

 VACUUM FILTER

Vacuum filtration is a technique for separating solid - liquid mixtures . The mixture is introduced
into a Büchner funnel with the filter paper attached to the bottom. The Büchner funnel is placed
on a Kitasato flask. From the bottom of the funnel, a vacuum is applied with a pump that sucks
the mixture, leaving the solid trapped between the pores of the filter. The rest of the mixture
passes through the filter and is deposited at the bottom of the container. [29]

 METAL CRUSHER

EXPERIMENTAL PART

The beginning of the experimentation is based on recycled aluminum, where this recycling is
normally found with paints, plastics, etc... To begin with the initial analysis, a sampling
inspection of the aluminum must be carried out in order to identify the state of the raw material.

In the first case, it was found, through sampling inspection, that the aluminum had substances
adhered to it, so a pre-analysis was carried out and with it a pre-experiment that consisted of:
 Addition of solvents
 Washed
 Crushed
After carrying out this pre-experiment, it was evident how the aluminum was in optimal
conditions to begin the initial analyzes
INITIAL ANALYSIS

The base is 1kg (1000g) of recycled aluminum, 750 ml of HCL and 250 ml of H2O, from which
5 samples will be taken, where each sample will have 200 g of aluminum, 150 ml of HCL and 30
ml of H2O, which the following initial analyzes were carried out.
 Samples Hardness Strain Colorimeter Fracture Results
M1 4 2 4 3 100%
M2 3 5 2 3 100%
M3 4 2 3 3 100%
M4 5 2 4 3 100%
M5 4 2 4 3 100%

With these tests, the quality of the aluminum could be determined. Now, the experimentation for
the production of the coagulant will begin.
 11. LOCATION ALTERNATIVES

LOCATIO SPECIFI LOCATIO WEIGHTI WEIGHTI WEIGHTI WEIGHTI WEIGHTI

N C N NG NG NG NG NG
ALTERNA PLACE FACTORS COEFFICIE COEFFICIE COEFFICIE COEFFICIE COEFFICIE
TIVES NT PER NT BY NT BY NT BY NT BY
FACTOR FACTOR A FACTOR B FACTOR C FACTOR
D
Location Forest Electric 20 6 3 3 6
to power
Location Mamo Water 15 3 2 5 1
b nal
Location c Veal commerci 15 2 2 6 1
al port
Location Curly Industrial 17 3 4 5 4
d land
Labour 33 4 4 6 4
GENERAL TABLE

SPECIFIC TABLES

CONDITIONS WEIGHTING FOREST VEAL MAMONAL CURLY

OF EACH
FACTOR
Electric power 20 120 60 60 120
water 15 45 30 75 15
commercial 15 30 30 90 15
port
Industrial land 17 51 68 85 68

Labour 33 132 132 198 132

Total 100 378 320 448 350

BEST ALTERNATIVE: MAMONAL

11.1. PROCESS FLOW CHART FOR THE PRODUCTION OF

POLYALUMINUM CHLORIDE
 CORTADO
MEZCLADO
PRIMARIO

CORTADO
SECUNDARIO ENFRIADO

EMPAQUETADO
TAMIZADO
11.2. PLANT DISTRIBUTION
 11.3. TECHNICAL STUDY
PROJECT SIZE Viable Nominal Capacity Under optimal working conditions,
the amount of aluminum equivalent to
1000g (1kg), 250 ml of Hydrochloric
Acid, and 500 ml of Water has a
production capacity equivalent to 750
g of polyaluminum chloride
(PAC)/Day.
Nominal Capacity According to the material balance
carried out, it is found that by entering
1000g (1kg) of Aluminum, 750 ml of
Hydrochloric Acid and 500 ml of
water, there is a production of 760 g
of Polyaluminum Chloride/Day
actual capacity It is estimated that the actual capacity
may increase by 10% or decrease by
10%
PROJECT LOCATION - on the periphery of the urban area,
LOCALIZATION CONCENTRATION OF THE located by mamonal
TARGET POPULATION
• LOCATION OF RAW Mamonal, due to the large presence of
MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES raw materials that can be found for the
project
• COMMUNICATION ROADS ground transportation will be used
AND MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATION
• INFRASTRUCTURE AND Vía Mamonal, purchased land, basic
BASIC SERVICES services: Electricity, water, gas.
• TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS stable, flood-free terrain
• CLIMATE-ENVIRONMENT- warm, semi-arid climate
 HEALTH
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT When creating the company, starting
construction will not help much
environmentally since trees must be
cut down and construction
• REGULATORY PLANS AND industrial sector
URBAN ORGANIZATION
• TRENDS IN SPACE The appreciation of the place is
DEVELOPMENT AND increasing as new companies are
VALUATION created in the surrounding area.
• LAND PRICE $2.025.000.000

PROJECT Production processes process production

ENGINEERING
Conservation processes isolated storage

Packaging in study
Packaging in study
Storage in study
QA Sample inspection
Innovation for sustainable recycled aluminum
development
Machinery and equipment Aluminum storage tanks
balance
Durometer
coolroll bar
extensometer
universal press
Wood
 Brinell Hardness Machine
10mm ball penetrator
Bunsen or alcohol burner
Tripod
Erlenmeyer
Balance
Gripper
Mesh
ph-meter
pycnometer
colorimeter
Supplies catalyst reagents
 12. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASPECT DURING THE APPLICATION OF

EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT RESULTS
PROJECT
NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT
Description. Aluminum waste Description . In the aluminum
materials found in the streets, grinding process, particulate
when in contact with water material is generated as
and other substances, generate aluminum waste, which over
gases that are toxic to people's time could cause respiratory
health and can alter the problems in the personnel
AIR ecosystem of some animals present in the production area.
and plants.
EFFECT: POSITIVE EFFECT: POSITIVE
Description. In this project, Description. The project
the collection of aluminum is analyzes different alternative
carried out in order to solutions for the generation of
contribute to the environment, particulate matter through its
in terms of reducing aluminum mitigation, using closed
waste to improve process techniques that trap
environmental conditions by these generated waste with the
minimally mitigating the aim of reducing the risk
generation of gases produced. generated for people in the
area and reusing these
materials. for another
procedure that contributes to
the environment

NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT

Description. In laboratory tests Description. To the extent that
for the production of the coagulant is produced and
polyaluminum chloride, it is marketed in granulated form,
WATER necessary to have previously it may be the case that there is
treated aluminum, a percentage of error in the
hydrochloric acid and water. formulation of the
The misuse of these polyaluminum chloride
components in the execution coagulant, either due to
of the experiments can external factors that may
generate waste that, when affect its structure in some of
poured into pipes or containers the components. causing a
that will be discarded, can malfunction in flocculation,
contaminate bodies of water. clarification and other aspects
handled by the coagulant in
water treatments.

EFFECT: POSITIVE EFFECT: POSITIVE

Description. The main Description. coagulants, such
objective of the project is to as polyaluminum chloride, one
optimize the polyaluminum of the most used today, act in
chloride coagulant for water decontamination, clarification
treatment. By studying the and flocculation in water
behavior of the new treatments whose objective is
alternatives proposed during to eliminate particles that
the development of the generate turbidity and
project, it is possible that the contamination in the water,
coagulant produced after thus evaluating the
being evaluated in different effectiveness of this coagulant
tests improves its in water treatment, generating
functionalities in water a positive impact in terms of
clarification and removal of the cleanliness and purity of
impurities compared to water for its different
traditional coagulants, industrial uses.
facilitating water treatment to
obtain greater benefits in each
sector that can be applied
 depending on the
specifications that regulate the
usefulness of the water.
NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT
Description. The aluminum Description. Despite the
discarded in acidic soils reacts alternatives for aluminum
very easily with the substances collection, it may be difficult
present, increasing the toxicity to reduce the amount of
of the soil, which hinders the aluminum discarded, because
growth of plants and the generation of aluminum
ecosystems. waste continues to increase as
the products derived from this
material are consumed, which
can cause greater
contamination of the soil. by
accumulated waste.
FLOOR
EFFECT: POSITIVE EFFECT: POSITIVE
Description. The use of Description. The design of a
recycled aluminum as an collection system for
alternative for coagulant discarded solid materials such
production can reduce the as aluminum, in large
amount of aluminum companies or microenterprises
discarded in soils, therefore, specifically dedicated to the
possible alternative solutions reuse of these materials, can
are generated to reduce waste contribute to the reduction of
in soils. accumulated waste and
consequently facilitate the
production of coagulant
derived from this material.
NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT
Description. This material can Description.
BIODIVERSITY be ingested by animals and Poor water treatment can
absorbed by some plants with affect large bodies of water on
 these properties, causing which many ecosystems and
poisoning to the rest of the homes depend, which can
community that may live in cause diseases in living beings
the nearby area where this that are directly related to it.
material is deposited. There are bodies of water, the
material can be ingested by
fish, which in turn will harm
the human body.
EFFECT: POSITIVE EFFECT: POSITIVE
Description. The recycling of Description. Good treatment
aluminum reduces the of bodies of water benefits the
poisoning of animals and environment in all its senses,
plants that live in including animals and plants.
contaminated areas, for this The production of the
reason a secondary polyaluminum chloride
consequence of the project is coagulant generates better
the collection of discarded clarification and cleaning of
aluminum to positively impact the water, contributing to the
the environment. optimization of environmental
conditions.

13. BUDGET

ITEM: Laboratory material Description Amount Unit value Financed

Value
BANK
LOAN
Analytical balance 1 511000 511000
Reactor With Stirring Tank 1 7980000 7980000
Durometer 5 5880000 29400000
Pycnometer 3 50000 150000
Colorimeter 1 350820 350820
Brisen Lighter 1 300000 300000
Tripod 5 320000 1600000
Tweezers 5 20000 100000
Tights 5 380900 1904500
Erlenmeyer 5 115300 576500
Beaker 5 15200 76000
Glass clock 5 50000 250000
Spatula 7 55000 385000
Ph- Meter 5 50000 250000
Recycled Aluminum 3 2300 6900
Hydrochloric acid 3 2.750 8250
Viscometer digital (want) 1 1.400.000 1400000
Filter paper 36 3000 108000
Vacuum Filter 1 1400000 1400000
Metal Crusher 1 42000000 42000000
TOTAL 60886270 88756970

ITEM: Industrial Description Amount Unit value Financed Value

Material
BANK LOAN
batch purchase per 2 20000000000 4000000000
hectare
Storage tank 1 117579600 117579600
mixing tank 1 8913877 8913877
Pipeline 1 2500000 2500000
disc mills 1 4000000 4000000
Crushers 1 3500000 3500000
Conveyor belt 7 1650000 11550000
Filter 1 2300000 2300000
Condenser 1 4500000 4500000
Industrial Crusher 1 4060000 4060000
Industrial oven 1 41470000 41470000
Electromagnetic 1 19850000 19850000
Separator
Total 20210323477 4220223477

ITEM: Substances Description Amount Unit value Financed Value

cash
Recycled Aluminum kilos 3 2300 6900
Hydrochloric acid 32% per 3 2750 8250
liter
Commercial kilos 3 3100 9300
Aluminum Sulfate
Hydrated Lime pound 1 700 700
Caustic soda per 500cc 2 2100 4200
jar
TOTAL 10950 29350

total
laboratory 8875690
 substances 29350
industry 4220223477
total 4229128517

UNFORESEEN 422912851,7

RESULTS

There are many conventional coagulants on the market that have been used for particle
destabilization, and have been shown to be effective for this, therefore, the choice of
coagulants to use in drinking water coagulant clarification equipment can generate a wide
variety of physicochemical characteristics of which polyaluminum chloride has performed
because it is of great performance and low cost, being recycled polyaluminum chloride a
great alternative due to its low cost and environmental impact since it presents a lower cost
of coagulant, reduces organic carbon, almost does not consume alkalis, and performs at
different temperatures. Likewise, using recycled aluminum polychloride generates better
floc formation which helps remove color and turbidity and reduces sludge by 30% to 70 %
without modifying the pH of the effluent.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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http://www.mincit.gov.co
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