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C++ Map
In C++, maps are associative containers that store paired data. These paired
data are called key-value pairs, where the key is unique but the value is not.
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A map named student

The elements in a map are internally sorted by their keys.

In order to use maps in C++, we must include the map header file in our program:

#include <map>
 Create
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WeC++
can declare a PRO!
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std::map<key_type, & examples
value_type> map_name = {{key1, value1},{key2, value2}, ...};
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Here,

std::map - declares an STL container of type map

<key_type> - the data type of the keys to be stored in the map

<value_type> - the data type of the values to be stored in the map

map_name - a unique name given to the map

key1, key2, ... - keys to be stored in the map

value1, value2, ... - values to be stored in the map

Let's see an example,

// create a map with integer keys and string values

std::map<int, string> student = {{1,"Jacqueline"}, {2,"Blake"}, {3,"Denise"}};

Note: We can also initialize map elements without using the assignment
operator = . For example,
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std::map<int, string> student {{1,"Jacqueline"}, {2,"Blake"}, {3,"Denise"}

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Map Methods
In C++, the map class provides various methods to perform different operations
on a map.

Operation Description

insert() adds an element (key-value pair) to the map

erase() removes an element or range of elements from the map

clear() removes all the elements from the map

find() searches the map for the given key

size() returns the number of elements in the map

empty() returns true if the map is empty

 Add
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WeC++
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key-valuepairs to a map. For example,
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map with integer keys and string values
std::map<int, string> student;
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// add element with key 1 and value "Jacqueline"

student[1] = "Jacqueline";

// add element with key 2 and value "Blake"

student[2] = "Blake";

We can also use the insert() function alongside the make_pair() function to
insert elements into the map. For example,

student.insert(std::make_pair(3, "Denise"));

We can generalize the above two methods into the following syntaxes:

// using the [] operator

map_name[key] = value;

// using the insert() and make_pair() functions

map_name.insert(std::make_pair(key, value));
 Example
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#include <iostream> banner&utm_campaign=programiz&utm_medium=referral)
#include
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std;
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int main() {

map<int, string> student;

// use [] operator to add elements

student[1] = "Jacqueline";
student[2] = "Blake";

// use insert() method to add elements

student.insert(make_pair(3, "Denise"));
student.insert(make_pair(4, "Blake"));

// add elements with duplicate keys

student[5] = "Timothy";
student[5] = "Aaron";

for (int i = 1; i <= student.size(); ++i) {

cout << "Student[" << i << "]: " << student[i] << endl;
}

return 0;
}

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Output
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Student[1]: Jacqueline
Student[2]: Blake
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Student[4]: Blake
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Student[5]: Aaron
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In this program, we have created a map named student that stores int keys
and string values.

Notice that we have two duplicate values ( "Blake" ) in our program, which is
valid.

However, we also have two duplicate keys (5) in our program, which is invalid.

Here, since both "Timothy" and "Aaron" share the same key, only one of the
values is allowed to be stored.

First, "Timothy" is paired with the key 5 in student . Then, when "Aaron" is paired
with 5, "Timothy" is overwritten.

We then use a for loop to print all the map elements.

Note: When we use cout to print a map element directly, we only print the
corresponding map value, not its key.

// Output: Jacqueline
cout << student[1];
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We
Trycan access
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example,
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#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;

int main() {

map<int, string> student;

student[1] = "Jacqueline";
student[2] = "Blake";
student[3] = "Denise";
student[4] = "Aaron";

// declare map iterator

map<int, string>::iterator iter;

// use iterator to display map elements

for (iter = student.begin(); iter != student.end(); ++iter) {
cout << iter->first << " - " << iter->second << endl;
}

return 0;
}

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 Output
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2 - Blake
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4 (/)
- Aaron
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In the above example, we have used a custom iterator iter to access the keys
and values of the student map. The key is given by the first object, and the
value by the second object.

Notice that we have used a for loop with the iter iterator to display all the
elements of student .

for (iter = student.begin(); iter != student.end(); ++iter) {

cout << iter->first << " - " << iter->second << endl;
}
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begin()
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returns an iterator that points to the first element of the map
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end() - returns an iterator that points to the theoretical element following the
last element of the map.

We have used the -> operator with iter to access the first and second

objects.

Alternatively, we can also dereference iter and use the . operator to access
first and second .

// Output: 1
cout << (*iter).first << " - ";

// Output: Jacqueline
cout << (*iter).second;

C++ find() Function for Maps

We can search for keys in a map using the find() function. Its syntax is

map_name.find(key);
 Foryou
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map<int, string>::iterator iter;
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student[1] = "Jacqueline";
student[2] = "Blake"; www.domain-name.com

// find the key 2 in the student map

// store the return value in iter
iter = student.find(2);

In the example above, we have used the find() function to search for the
element of student that contains the key 2.

Now, the find() function returns:

an iterator pointing to the element if the element exists

an iterator pointing to the end of the map i.e. student.end() if the element
doesn't exist.

Delete Elements from C++ Maps

We can delete map elements with the erase() and clear() functions.

Let's talk about the clear() function first.

 C++
Thank clear()
you Function
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The clear() function deletes all the elements(https://programiz.pro/learn/master-cpp?utm_source=sticky-

of the map. For example,
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map<int, string> student;& examples
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student[1] = "Jacqueline";
student[2] = "Blake"; www.domain-name.com

cout << student.size(); // Output: 2

student.clear();

cout << student.size(); // Output: 0

C++ erase() Function for Maps

We can use the erase() function to delete individual elements either with the
help of iterators or with keys.

Suppose we have a map named student_rank as follows:

map <string, int> student_rank {{"Josh", 2}, {"Rachel", 4}, {"Betty", 6}};

Now, we can delete elements of this map in the following ways:

1. erase() Using a Key

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// delete element with key "Rachel" from the map
student_rank.erase("Rachel");
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// initialize an iterator pointing to the beginning of the map
map <string, int>::iterator itr = student_rank.begin();

// increment the iterator to point to the second element

itr++;

// delete the second element

student_rank.erase(itr);
 Example
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int main() {

// create a map named student

map <int, string> student {{1, "Denise"}, {2, "Blake"}, {3, "Courtney"}, {4

// create map iterator

map <int, string>::iterator itr;

// display initial map values

cout << "Initial Values:" << endl;

for(itr = student.begin(); itr != student.end(); ++itr) {

cout << itr->second << ", ";
}

cout << endl;

// use itr iterator to point to the first map element

itr = student.begin();

// remove the first element

student.erase(itr);

// remove the element having key 4

Run Code (/cpp-programming/online-compiler)

Output
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Initial Values:
Denise, Blake, Courtney, John, Jennifer,
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Final Values:
Blake,
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In the above program, we have used the erase() function to delete individual
map elements.

First, we deleted the first map element by supplying the itr iterator to erase() .

itr = student.begin();
student.erase(itr);

Note: We have also used the itr iterator to loop through the map.

Then, we deleted the map element possessing the key 4 by supplying the key to
erase() .

student.erase(4);
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Remove Individual Map Elements

Delete a Range of Elements

The erase() function can also be used to remove a range of elements from the
map. For this, we need to pass two iterators to the erase() function:

my_map.erase(itr_first, itr_last);

Here,

itr_first - iterator to the first element to remove

itr_last - iterator to the element succeeding the last element to remove

Here, itr_first is inclusive, meaning it is removed, while itr_last is not

inclusive, meaning it is not removed. Obviously, all the elements in between are
removed as well.

Note that the elements in a map are internally sorted by their key.
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#include
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<iostream>
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#include <map>
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using namespace std;

int main() {

// create a map named student

map <int, string> student {{1, "Denise"}, {2, "Blake"}, {3, "Courtney"}, {4

// create a map iterator

map <int, string>::iterator iter;

// display initial map values

cout << "Initial Values:" << endl;
for(iter = student.begin(); iter != student.end(); ++iter) {
cout << iter->second << ", ";
}

cout << endl;

// remove a range of elements

student.erase(student.find(2),student.find(5));

// display final map values

cout << "\nFinal Values:" << endl;

for(iter = student.begin(); iter != student.end(); ++iter) {

cout << iter->second << ", ";

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 Output
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Denise, Blake, Courtney, John, Jennifer,
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Final Values:
Denise, Jennifer, www.domain-name.com

In the above program, we have removed the map elements between the keys 2
and 5.

However, notice that the element with the key 5 is not removed, while the element
with the key 2 is removed.

This is because erase() removes the starting element of the given range but
doesn't remove the end element.

Remove a Range of Map Elements

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C++ Tutorial C++ Tutorial

C++ Vectors How to pass and return object from

C++ Functions?

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