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    Exp#3 Msc-II

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    UMAIR Ali

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    Exp#3 Msc-II

    Uploaded by

    UMAIR Ali
    3 views9 pages

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views9 pages

    Exp#3 Msc-II

    Uploaded by

    UMAIR Ali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Exp#3 Design Multivibrator Circuits using Discrete Components

    A multivibrator circuit is a switching circuit and similar to an Oscillator. It


    generates non- sinusoidal waves such as Square waves, Rectangular waves and Saw
    tooth waves etc. Multivibrators are used as frequency generators, frequency dividers
    and generators of time delays and also as memory elements in computers etc.
    A Multivibrator is a two-stage resistance coupled amplifier with positive feedback
    from the output of one amplifier to the input of the other. Two transistors are
    connected in feedback so that one controls the state of the other. Hence the ON and
    OFF states of the whole circuit, and the time periods for which the transistors are
    driven into saturation or cut off are controlled by the conditions of the circuit.
    There are two stages of transistors either ON or OFF state. Depending on these
    states these are Classified (Monostable, Bistable, Astable, Stable). Here we see two
    types of Multivibrators circuits.
    1- Astable Multivibrator
    2- Stable Multivibrator
    3- Bistable Multivibrator
    (a) Astable Multivibrator
    An Astable Multivibrator is such a circuit that it automatically switches between the
    two states continuously without the application of any external pulse for its
    operation. As this produces a continuous square wave output, it is called as a Free-
    running Multivibrator. The dc power source is a common requirement.
    The time period of these states depends upon the time constants of the components
    used. As the Multivibrator keeps on switching, these states are known as quasi-
    stable or half stable states. Hence there are two quasi-stable states for an Astable
    Multivibrator.
    Experimental Setup
    R1= 330Ω
    R2= 1kΩ
    R3=1kΩ
    R4= 320Ω
    C1 & C2 = 48μf
    consider 6 volt supply and that transistor, TR1 has just switched “OFF” (cut-off) and
    its collector voltage is rising towards Vcc, meanwhile transistor TR2 has just turned
    “ON”. Plate “A” of capacitor C1 is also rising towards the +6 volts supply rail
    of Vcc as it is connected to the collector of TR1 which is now cut-off. Since TR1 is
    in cut-off, it conducts no current so there is no volt drop across load resistor R1.
    The other side of capacitor, C1, plate “B”, is connected to the base terminal of
    transistor TR2 and at 0.6v because transistor TR2 is conducting (saturation).
    Therefore, capacitor C1 has a potential difference of +5.4 volts across its plates, (6.0
    – 0.6v) from point A to point B. Since TR2 is fully-on, capacitor C2 starts to charge
    up through resistor R2 towards Vcc. When the voltage across capacitor C2 rises to
    more than 0.6v, it biases transistor TR1 into conduction and into saturation.
    The instant that transistor, TR1 switches “ON”, plate “A” of the capacitor which was
    originally at Vcc potential, immediately falls to 0.6 volts. This rapid fall of voltage
    on plate “A” causes an equal and instantaneous fall in voltage on plate “B” therefore
    plate “B” of C1 is pulled down to -5.4v (a reverse charge) and this negative voltage
    swing is applied the base of TR2 turning it hard “OFF”. One unstable state.
    Transistor TR2 is driven into cut-off so capacitor C1 now begins to charge in the
    opposite direction via resistor R3 which is also connected to the +6 volts supply
    rail, Vcc. Thus the base of transistor TR2 is now moving upwards in a positive
    direction towards Vcc with a time constant equal to the C1 x R3 combination.
    Then we can see that the circuit alternates between one unstable state in which
    transistor TR1 is “OFF” and transistor TR2 is “ON”, and a second unstable in
    which TR1 is “ON” and TR2 is “OFF” at a rate determined by the RC values. This
    process will repeat itself over and over again as long as the supply voltage is present.

    blob:https://www.falstad.com/9f7d61b1-f260-47b0-88ae-2c582dd7a597
    (b) Mono-Stable Multivibrator
    • One shot multivibrator.
    • For any two given states one is stable state and other is unstable state.
    • With the help of external signal it will enter into Astable state and go back to
    stable state after given time period.
    Circuit
    (C) Bi-Stable Multivibrator
    • Bi- Stable multivibrator has two Stable states.
    • It cannot change it state until we apply the trigger pulse.
    • Also known as Flip-Flop Multivibrator.

    First we assume,
    Sable State-1
    TR1=ON
    TR2=OFF

    Stable State-2
    TR1= OFF
    TR2= ON
    Design Multivibrator Circuits using 555-Timer
    555-Timer
    Ground 1 8 Vcc
    5
    Trigger 2 5
    7 Discharge
    Output 3 5 6 threshold
    Reset 4 5 voltage
    Astable Multivibrator Circuits using 555-Timer

    Monostable Multivibrator Circuits using 555-Timer


    Bi-stable Multivibrator Circuits using 555-Timer

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