STD IX-Lecture 47 M.

Prakash Institute
Classwork:
P1. Find all the values of k ∈ R such that both the √ roots of
x2 + kx − 6 = 0 are real and their difference is atleast 88.
P2. True or False?
The SR and PR of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are both positive.
Hence both the roots are positive.
P3. Find all the values of k ∈ R such that one root of
(i) x2 − 3kx + 2k 2 = 0 is twice the other.
(ii) x2 − 6kx + 2k 2 = 0 is twice the other.
P4. Find all the values of k ∈ R such that roots of x2 +kx+k−1 = 0
are real and the sum of their squares is at least 78.
Activity: Find all the values of m for which both the roots of
x2 + (4 − m)x + 3m = 0 are greater than 2.
Observations: Our equation is of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Here the coefficients are not constants.
They depend on parameter m.
As m can be any real number, we are processing infinitely many
quadratic equations.
We will use the notation that f (x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Strategy: We will not work with the given problem as it is.
The reason is, several similar problems by changing dependence of
a, b, c on m can be constructed. Also, in general we can ask that
both the roots are greater than some fixed real number, say k.
Let us first write our necessary condition.
Method 1: (1) Both roots are greater than k means the roots are
real. Hence we must have C1: ∆ ≥ 0.
(2) Let α, β be the two real roots. WLG let α ≤ β.
We require that k < α and k < β.
Adding we get, 2k < α + β ⇒ k < α+β 2
= −b2a
.
−b
Hence C2: k < 2a .
(3) We want k < α and k < β.
⇒ (α − k) > 0 and (β − k) > 0 ⇒ (α − k)(β − k) > 0
⇒ k 2 − (α + β)k + αβ > 0 ⇒ k 2 − (− ab )k + ac > 0
⇒ a2 (k 2 + ab k + ac ) > 0
⇒ a(ak 2 + bk + c) > 0 ⇒ af (k) > 0. Hence C3: af (k) > 0.
Now we need to check whether TONCAS.
C1: ∆ ≥ 0 assures that the roots are real.
C3: af (k) > 0
⇒ a(ak 2 + bk + c) > 0
⇒ a2 (k 2 + ab k + ac ) > 0.
⇒ a2 (k 2 − (α + β)k + αβ) > 0.
⇒ a2 (k − α)(k − β) > 0
∴ As a2 > 0, (k − α) and (k − β) have same sign.
If possible let k − α < 0 and k − β < 0
⇒ 2k − (α + β) < 0
⇒ k < α+β 2
= −b
2a
. This contradicts C2.
∴ k − α > 0 and k − β > 0
∴ k < α and k < β. Hence TONCAS.
Method 2: TKP
Suitable change of variable. Put x = y + k in f (x) = ax2 + bx + c.
∴ x > k ⇔ y > 0.
Let g(y) = f (y + k) = a(y + k)2 + b(y + k) + c
= ay 2 + (2ak + b)y + (ak 2 + bk + c).
Hence the demand that each root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is greater than
k, is equivalent to each root of ay 2 + (2ak + b)y + (ak 2 + bk + c) = 0
is positive.
But we already know that C1: ∆ ≥ 0, C2: SR> 0 and C3: PR> 0
are the N and S conditions in this case.
C1 leads to,
(2ak + b)2 − 4a(ak 2 + bk + c) ≥ 0
⇒ 4a2 k 2 + 4akb + b2 − 4a2 k 2 − 4abk − 4ac > 0
⇒ b2 − 4ac ≥ 0.
C2: SR > 0 ⇒ −(2ak+b) 2a
>0
b
⇒ −k − 2a > 0
b
⇒ k < − 2a .
ak2 +bk+c
C3: PR = a
>0
a(ak2 +bk+c)
⇒ a2
⇒ a(ak 2 + bk + c) > 0
>0
⇒ af (k) > 0.
We note that the conditions obtained by Method1 and Method2
are identical.
Remark: Let us understand the meaning of the substitution
y = x + k. This amounts to shifting the origin along X-axis to
(k, 0). Hence the X-axis as a whole remains as it is.
The graph of the y = ax2 + bx + c is shifted only horizontally.
Hence the nature of the roots does not get altered. Hence ∆ of
both quadratic expressions remains same.
Method3: Graphical Method.
As we do not know whether a is positive or negative, parabola may
open upwards or downwards. To avoid drawing two parabolae, we
will draw the graph of y = af (x) = a(ax2 + bx + c).
Note that f (x) = 0 and af (x) = 0 have the same roots.
∴ Nature of the roots remain same.
C1: ∆ ≥ 0.
Parabola y = af (x) will open upwards as coefficient of x2 is a2 > 0.
Now, both the roots are greater than k implies vertex of parabola
V = ( −b , −∆ ) will be to the right of (k, 0).
2a 4a
b
∴ k < − 2a .
b
This gives C2: k < − 2a .
The graph is as shown.
As parabola opens upwards and k < α, β, we obtain C3: af (k) > 0.
Hence we obtain exactly the same conditions graphically.

af(k)

a b
k X -axis

V ( −b , −∆ )
2a 4a
Let S1 , S2 , S3 correspond to solution sets of conditions C1,C2,C3
respectively. √ √
S1 = (−∞, 10 − 84] ∪ [10 + 84, +∞).
S2 = (8, +∞) and S3 = (−12, +∞)
hence required values√of m are given by
S1 ∩ S2 ∩ S3 = (10 + 84, +∞).
Important Revision: Refer to Summer Workshop Lecture 6 com-
pletely and Lecture 11 (except H1). Revise and master these. Note
that we have computed OI and OI1 in terms of R, r, r1 , r2 , r3 .
Compute OI2 , OI3 , II1 , II2 , II3 , I1 I2 , I1 , I3 in terms of R, r, r1 , r2 , r3 .
Also master the mega-diagram given in workshop Lecture 6.
Homework: The following standard theorems and constructions
have been very useful in solving several problems.
H1. Steiner Theorem: r1 + r2 + r3 = 4R + r.
H2. r11 + r12 + r13 = 1r . H3. r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = s2 .
H4. Replace r by (−r) and s by (s − a) to get
r2 r3 − rr2 − rr3 = (s − a)2 . Similarly r1 r2 − rr1 − rr2 = (s − c)2 .
r1 r3 − rr1 − rr3 = (s − b)2 .
H5. Let a, b be the length of the parallel sides of a trapezium.
Then, Length of Median of Trapezium = a+b 2
(LMT).
If P ,Q are mid-points of diagonals of a trapezium then,
Length of the Diagonal Median of Trapezium (LDMT) P Q = | a−b 2
|.
H6. Trapezium Related Reciprocal Relation (TRRR)
Given line segments of lengths a and b, construct a line segment
whose length is (i) a1 + 1b , (ii) a1 − 1b .
H7. Consider 4ABC. Let the radii of the circles be r, r1 , r2 , r3 , R.
Given any three of these radii, construct 4ABC using straight edge
and compass. We have studied following ten constructions. These
can be conveniently grouped in three groups.
G1: (1) R, r, r1 (2) R, r, r2 (3) R, r, r3 .
G2: (4) R, r1 , r2 (5) R, r2 , r3 (6) R, r3 , r1 .
G3:(7) r, r1 , r2 (8) r, r2 , r3 (9) r, r3 , r1 (10) r1 , r2 , r3 .
H8. Given positions of any three of the points I, I1 , I2 , I3 , O we can
construct the 4ABC. We have done the following ten construc-
tions. We sort them in three convenient groups.
G1: (1) O, I, I1 (2) O, I, I2 (3) O, I, I3 .
G2: (4) O, I1 , I2 (5) O, I2 , I3 (6) O, I3 , I1 .
G3: (7) I1 , I2 , I3 (8) I, I1 , I2 (9) I, I2 , I3 (10) I, I3 , I1 .
H9. We can compute the distance between any two of the five
points I, O, I1 , I2 , I3 in terms of r, r1 , r2 , r3 , R. We sort them into
three convenient groups.
G1: (1) OI 2 = R2 −2Rr (2) OI12 = R2 +2Rr1 (3) OI22 = R2 +2Rr2
(4) OI32 = R2 +2Rr3 G2: (5) II12 = 4R(r1 −r) (6) II22 = 4R(r2 −r)
(7) II32 = 4R(r3 − r) G3: (8) I1 I22 = 4R(r1 + r2 )
(9) I2 I32 = 4R(r2 + r3 ) (10) I3 I12 = 4R(r3 + r1 ).