WATER FILTERS

Introduction

The art of filtration was already known by primitive man who obtained clear
water from a murky spring by making a hole in the sand on the shore at a depth
greater than the water level. The hole was filled with clear water filtered by the
sand. The same procedure, perfected and on a large scale, has been used for
more than a hundred years to clarify city water.

There are many types of water filters , among them we have the sediment
filter that eliminates dust particles, oxides and suspended solids, the active
carbon filter that reduces chlorine and the compounds that cause the bad
taste and odor of the water. . There are more types of filters but these 2
mentions are the most common because they are used in domestic and work
use, since pure, clean and healthy water is obtained.

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 Water filters

It is a composite piece of equipment that allows you to purify the water that
comes directly from the aqueduct and arrives through the taps. It is mostly
composed of two stages, a first stage (sediment filter) that eliminates dust
particles, oxides and suspended solids; and a second stage (active carbon
cartridge) that reduces the chlorine content and the compounds that cause the
odor and bad taste of the water.

With the water filter you obtain clean water, free of flavors and odors, suitable
for human consumption. It is specially designed for use in homes and offices.

The elements involved in filtration are:

 a filter medium

 a fluid with solids in suspension

 a force, a pressure difference that forces the fluid to move forward

 A mechanical device, called a filter, holds the filter media, contains the fluid,
and allows force to be applied.

PROCESS: Water filter equipment uses filtration as a process, in which solid

particles found in a liquid or gaseous fluid are separated by a filter medium, or
filter, which allows the passage of the fluid through it, but retains solid particles.
Sometimes, it is interesting to collect the fluid; others, solid particles and, in
some cases, both.

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ADVANTAGES OF WATER FILTERS:

 They are very simple to install and easy to maintain.

 It allows all the mineral salts that are necessary for the body to pass through,
at the same time eliminating all the microorganisms harmful to your health.

 One of the greatest advantages that must be mentioned of these purification

systems is that they allow us to be more secure with the water we consume.
By using them at home they give us confidence about the quality of the water
we drink, which will be free of organic and chemical contaminants.

 Another advantage to consider is without a doubt the cost that purchasing

these filters can represent and it is much better to invest in them than to buy
water bottles daily.

 In addition to this, we must mention the benefits that pure water clearly
brings to health and that is that through it the body can be better hydrated
and avoid contagion with bacteria.

TYPES OF WATER FILTER:

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BACKWASH FILTER

This filter is a large tank with a filter substance, called filter media. Water enters
at the top through a control valve and passes through the middle. Impurities are
trapped and held until the filter is saturated with impurities. Once the filter is
full the water rushes back and passes up through the media and out through the
filter control valve.

INVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis is a physical process through which water is passed through

a series of special filters and a semipermeable membrane in order to eliminate
the levels of heavy metals and mineral salts, mainly lead, sodium and nitrates
that are so harmful to the body. health. Likewise, reverse osmosis filters the
particles dissolved in the water and improves the composition that causes odors
and flavors (mainly chlorine). The final result of the process is obtaining pure
water.

PROCESS: Reverse osmosis is the reversal of osmosis for water purification.

In contrast to osmosis, the flow is reversed by applying an opposite pressure
that exceeds the osmotic pressure. Through reverse osmosis, water is extracted
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by force of a concentrated solution, leaving behind the solute (that is,
impurities).

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERS

Activated carbon filters absorb contaminants or contaminants adhere to the

surfaces of carbon particles. These filters can trap sand, dirt and other particles.
They also work well for the removal of some organic chemicals.

PROCESS: The "activated" carbon in the filter has been charged with
electricity that allows it to attract compounds containing carbon atoms, also
known as organic compounds. This charged carbon attracts only organic
compounds or other charged contaminants and holds them in the filter as water
passes through it. By not allowing contaminants to pass through with the water,
they will stay in the filter until you throw it away and install a new one.

Why it works:

Because many contaminants that may be in water have a positive charge, they
will be attracted to the negative electrical charge of the activated carbon. Also,
since activated carbon has a large surface area, it can attract and retain most
organic contaminants that pass through. Activated carbon itself does not alter
the taste of water, but it can improve the taste by removing organic compounds
that can give water a bad taste or odor.

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CERAMIC WATER FILTERS

These filters are a cartridge that fits a normal tabletop filter. The filter core
contains small shells of silicon, a fossil substance. Water passes through these
shells. The filters can be renewed by brushing and rinsing with water.

MULTIMEDIA OR DEEP BED FILTERS

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Multimedia filters, multibed or also called deep bed, have the purpose of
removing solids suspended in water of sizes up to 15 micrometers. This means
that all suspended solids (dirt, pollen, small debris, etc.) larger than 15
micrometers will be retained in the filter and later be discarded through the
drain in the backwash; thus not allowing these solids to pass into the service
stream.

This function has the benefit that the treated water is partially free of suspended
solids which affect the drinking and process quality of the water.

It is a domestic or industrial filtration water purifier equipment that eliminates

chlorine, bacteria, heavy metals, sediments and impurities. The water is clean,
free of flavors and odors, suitable for human consumption.

PROCESS: This filtration process is of the deep type where the upper layer (bed)
of filter material is the one with the largest size of fragments, then the water
passes to a layer of smaller size of fragments and finally it passes through a thin
layer of fragments that make the final filtration of 15 micrometers. These layers
of material have different densities, so that when backwashed the layers always
arrange from larger fragments at the top to fine fragments at the bottom. All this
is supported by a layer of gravel. Thus providing a great suspension retention
capacity.

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PURIFIER – UV STERILIZER

Ultraviolet sterilizer is an advanced water disinfection equipment. The water

passes through the glass element that is exposed to UV rays which causes the
alteration of the DNA of the microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc.)
present in the water, eliminating or inactivating them. The safety of UV
disinfection It is scientifically proven and constitutes a safe, effective,
economical and ecological alternative to other water disinfection methods, such
as chlorination.

PROCESS: The
ultraviolet sterilizing equipment is made up of a sanitary stainless steel tube
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with a fully mirror-polished interior. Inside the stainless steel tube there is
another quartz tube and inside the latter the ultra violet radiation lamp. The
water circulates between the stainless steel tube and the quartz tube and it is
through the latter that the sterilizer irradiates UV rays, eliminating all types of
bacteria and viruses, leaving the water sterilized and ready for consumption.

PURIFIER WITH OZONE

Ozone water purifiers work by generating an electric field that adds an extra
molecule of oxygen which converts O2 into O3, creating an oxidizing action,
which eliminates all types of bacteria and viruses.
Ozone is a disinfectant product and not only eliminates pathogenic bacteria, it
also creates a residual that inactivates viruses and other microorganisms that
are not sensitive to disinfection with chlorine. For this reason, this type of
purifier is widely used in water bottling plants to generate a residual Ozone
inside the container or jug, which creates a disinfectant or preservative action.

WATER

DEIONIZER (DEMINERALIZATION)

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They are water purification equipment, with direct connection to the network
and continuous flow. Which filter the water through mixed bed resins for ion
exchange.

Pure, demineralized water is essential for many procedures depending on the

application for which it is required. This purification is a procedure in which it is
necessary to define the level of purity required to avoid excessive and
unnecessary expenses in the production of water that is too pure. One of the
main water purification techniques is water deionizer (demineralization).

The water deionizer (demineralization) consists of the elimination of inorganic

ions present in water through the use of ion absorbing resins. They can be used
with relative ease and do not require energy input, but they do not eliminate
organic impurities, that is, they do not produce sterile water, making them
vulnerable to bacterial contamination, particularly in a hot environment.

Process: Deionizers contain insoluble cation exchange (RES–SO3H) and anion

exchange (RES – CH2N (CH3)3OH+) resins. These resins can be kept in
separate columns or in a mixed bed column. Tap water passes through the resin
columns, which exchange electrolyte solutes for H+ and OH- ions. Cation
exchange resins are negatively charged to take up positively charged ions
(cations) and anion exchange resins are positively charged to take up negatively
charged ions (anions).

The resins must be regenerated or replaced, according to the manufacturer's

recommendations when the conductivity of the outlet water is greater than 20
mS/cm, therefore they must be checked regularly to ensure that they are not
saturated and that they produce the sufficient level of purity required. This test
is performed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the treated water.

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Electrical conductivity is the property that inorganic salts in solution
(electrolytes) have to conduct electrical current, that is, pure water practically
does not conduct electrical current while water with dissolved salts conducts it
very well (sea water). . Positively or negatively charged ions are those that
conduct the current and the amount conducted depends on the number of ions
present and their mobility.

Difference between Water Filter and Water Purifier

Water Filters are equipment that is used to separate

particles of some insoluble material that is
suspended in water. These water filters generally
consist of a single stage that stops sediment or dirt
and sometimes chlorine. But they do not purify
the water. Therefore, you will be able to observe a
large price difference between a Water Filter and a
Water Purifier. Water purifiers cost 3 to 10 times
more than a water filter.
Water Purifiers, as their name expresses, serve to
make water drinkable, that is, suitable for human
consumption. What it means is that the water after passing through the purifier
will be ready to be consumed.
Water Purifiers are generally composed of several filter media, that is, several
filters. Each filter stage fulfills a specific function. A purifier may have a
sediment or dirt filtering stage, another chlorine filtering stage, another heavy
metal filtering stage, etc.

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 Bibliography

http://www.aguasistec.com/filtro-para-agua.php

http://elaguaqueconsumimos.blogspot.pe/2014/10/clases-de-
purificadores.html

http://www.salonhogar.com/ciencias/naturaleza/elagua/filtrosdeagua.htm

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