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105 views17 pagesEdu 208
About history
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/ 17
OLAMISE ONABANJO UNIVERSITY.
P.M. 202, AGOAWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION
COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL SCIENCE METHODS
COURSE CODE: “aypaun, UNITS:02 STATUS: COMPULSORY
W208
Introduction:
This course secks to acquit students withthe basic concepts, methods, principles, techniques, srateyies
tn evaluation processes of teaching socal selences
Course Outlines
The concepts of Social Sciences
The nature of Social Sciences
The basic concepts, principles and practices of teaching
The methods and strategies of social sciences teaching in secondary schools
Techniques and methods of teaching socialsciences
Resources and materials for teaching of socialsciences
Problems associated with the teaching of social sciences
A comprehensive lesson plan
‘Teaching Demonstration and Micro-Teachin
‘Topic Outcomes/Ohjectives:
Atthe end of the couse, students should be able to:
10, Define the concepts of Social Sciences
11, Explain the nature of Social Sciences
12, Discuss the basie concepts, principles and practices of teaching
13, Diseuss the methods and strategies of social sciences teaching in secondary schools
14, Explain the techniques and methods of teaching socialsciences
15, What are resources and materials fr teaching of social sciences
16. Explain the problems associated with the teaching of socialsciences
17. Write outa comprehensive lesson plan
18. Demonstrate teaching and miero-teaching
Content
WHAT ARE SOCIAL SCIENCES?
Social Science i the subject that relate to the origin, organization, and development of human socie
especially to man in his association with other men”. Soeial science is a major eatezory of academic
disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. Social
science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships
‘mong individuals within a society
[Nature of Social Sciences
‘The study of man as a unique living creature may be viewed in two fundamental dimensions; a) Man as
an individual being: and b) Man as a social being
The nature of social sciences
1. Change in human relationship and reinterpretation between the present and the past event
2. Human activities and spatial distributions and interaction of culture, biologie ad physical elements
3. Basi social systems, institutions and processes
4. Relationship between individual and institutions and among political economic and social
institutions
5, The nature of societies and authors and the interactions of people with each other and also their
social and physical environment,
SOCIAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINES, vamans and urna ste
to provide a holistic aceount of I
ict, vhey always Keep i
Anthropology: The goal of anthropology
only one $4
This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize Laer th
Mind thebotogica, Hnguatic. histori and cultural aspects of any problems. Anmhropeney o.
aan eer sant tte duce dans hte eran of erent wpe ft Soe)
Sejcnces, Humanities, and Human Biology. fn the twentieth eentary, academic disciplines 0% oe
Sen ntiuionaly vied Ino tre bead domains, The natural and biconical sleek A
feneral laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments The humames generals 8) oy
Trovitfons. through ther history, iterate, music, and at, with an ermphasis on undertandion Pf
individuals, events, or eras. The social selences have generally attempted to develop elenie tT
creinfeatand social phenomene ina pencrtieble wa. though usally with ethos dinin! rm
those ofthe natural sciences,
w reflect
institutions. Laws ean shape
jal mediator of relations
Law: Law is a system of res, usually enforced through a se
polities, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary s
Ietween people
tans, and phenomena. A
to use the word
sgrapty: Geography isthe ty ofthe Earth and islands, fests. nab
Tera tansation would be To describe ot wre about the Earth. The fis pets
fevprapy was Ertosthenes (276-194 B,C). Four historical waditon in geographical research we
Spas tals of ata and human phenomena (geography as «study of
ihaces and regions) dy of marrlnd relationship, and research eal
cred geoeranhy isan llencompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth an 9
Oris human and natal complesiies--not mrely where objects are, but how they have change and
come to be, Geography hasbeen called "ihe word disci
isribution), area studies
th sciences, Nonetheless
his relation vith other men and
Social Studies: Social Studies is afield of study which deals with ma 7
his environment; its content is drawn from several social sciences. It is a course of study
mropoloxy, history, geography, economics, political science, sociology, law, civies, ete, Definition of
Social Studies: According to Michaclis, “the Social Studies are concerned with man and his interaction
whith his social and physical environment; they deal with human relationships; the eentral function of
the social studies is identical with the central purpose of education ~ the development of democratic
citizenship”. National Council forthe Social Studies defined Social Studies as “the integrated study of
the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence”.
x: Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production,
tion, and consumption of wealth. An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in
the course of employment, or someone who has eared a degree in the subject. Economies isthe social
SHienee that deals with the ways in which men and societies seek to satisfy their matcrial needs and
desites, Alfred Matshall has defined economics as “The Stady of mankind in the ordinary business of
life”. Adam Smith defines it as the science of wealth. There are many fields of applied economics along
With special subfields of economies theory and economic history. The main area is money, banking and
business, publi finance, international economics, labour and industrial relations, land and agricultural
economics, business organisation, public utilities and transportation. Economies is becoming
increasingly professional and specialised. Economics could attain much more important position in
Social science, Economics is a Social Science that secks to analyse and describe the production
distribution and consumption of wealth,
Ecom
distil
History: History is the study of the human past, scholars who write about history are called historians,
Iisa held of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events and it
sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events
Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This included discussing the study of the
discipline as an end in itself and as way of providing perceptive” on the problems of the present, The
Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (Such as the legends
Surounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the “disimerested
investigation needed by the discipline of history
2 Nica science is am acadernic and researc discipline that deals with the theory and
Drasice of polis and the desertion and aly of peli systems and pital haviour
Political Science is social science concemed with the theory and practice of polities and th
description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. Poliial scientists, “See
themselves engaged in evealing he reahonsips underlying pla exes an cantons. And tom
hese revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of polit
works", Political science intersects with other fells. including public policy, national polities
international relations, comparative plies and poitieal theory
Psychology: Psychology isan academic and applied field involving the study of behaviour and mental
Processes. Psychology also refers tothe application of such knowledge to various spheres of human
activity, including problems of individual’ daily lives and the treatment of mental ities. Psychol
is the study of human oF animal menial functions and behaviors. In this field, « professional
Practitioner or researcher is a psychologist. Psychologists are classified as social or behavioural
scientists, Psychological research can be considered either basic or applied. Psych
Understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behaviour, while also exploring
‘underlying physiological
Sociology: Sociology is the systematic study of society, individuals’ relationship to their societies, the
‘consequences of difference, and other aspects of human social action. Sociology s the study of society
Wis a social science- a term with which itis sometimes synonymous- that uses various methods of
empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human
social activity
Philosophy: Philosophy is the systematic study of the foundations of human knowledge with an
emphasis on the conditions of its validity and finding answers to ultimate questions. While every other
science aims at investigating a specific area of knowledge, such as physics or psychology, philosophy
has been defined as “thinking about thinking.” At the same time, as expressed by its Greck etymology
philosophy’ is the love of wisdom. ‘Traditionally at least, it is not the pursuit of knowledge for
Iknowledge’s sake, but rather the attempt to discover the meaning and purpose of existence, including
through intellectual means, but including also self-reflection, discipline, and religious practice and
inguiy
CONCEPT OF TEACHING, LEARNING, INSTRUCTION AND INDOCTRINATION,
Learning:
Teaching is the concerted sharing of knoxsledge and experience, which is usually organized within a
discipline and, more generally, the provision of stimulus tothe psychological and intellectual growth of
‘8 person by another person or artifact ‘Teaching is variously defined by different people to suit their
perception of the concept. It is an attempt to help people aequire some skills, attitude, knowledge, ideas
find appreciation. In other words, the teacher's task is to efeate or influence desirable changes in the
behaviour of his or her own students. Teaching is the guidance of the students through planned
activities so that they (students) may acquire the richest learning possible Irom their experiences.
Teaching as the interaction between a teacher and student under the teacher's responsiibity in onder to
bring about expected change in the student’s behaviour. Teaching can be defined as a vehicle for
Education It as a social function that aims at guiding necessary growth in others. I as the imparting
knowledge from one person 10 another and the guiding of someone to behave in a parteula
“Teaching eannot be dane by jus anybody because it involves
(a) Conscious and deliberate activities
(b) Less experienced or immature people to be tau
() A body of knowledge to be imparted
ind
Learning
Learning isa relative
ly permanent change in human behaviour arising from exper
3 expression “relatively permanent” is used to connote the expectation of the time Ing of change in
behuviour. The change is expected to be noticed in the person that has sequired the new Know ede few
1 very long period. It should be part and parcel of him until and unless the acquired knowledge!sAi
becomes rather obsolete, arch im “behaviour” is indicaing
nic, and therefore no longer relevant. The te
‘here to measure the acquisition of the new knowledge. We are not interested in the physical ¢
but in atiudinal change. Again, the change in behaviour should be an outcome of the leamer's
interaction wih the envionment rather than an outcome of natural bloieal changes eh M8
‘maturations, growth and development. For learning to take place, learning environment must Pe
sen mae conde W mat be vch in esuces ast prove leaing express ede by
the learner for the expected learning outcomes. The use of different forms of media ranging fom aulie
(o visual, audiovisual, model, mock-ups, graphics, projected, non-projected, and realia (real objects)
will encourage enabling environment and experiences that can promote learning
where strict compliance to rules and regulations are expected, the use of instruction could not be ruled
\Joctrination
his isan act of deliberate killing of learners’ reasoning ability, The indoctrination does not give roon
for the indoctrinate to reflect and make a choice, Teaching done in this form negates the principle of
{democratization and therefore should not be encouraged. Indoctrination does not allow the learners to
be creative and original. I is purely teacher-centred as uch, it is not a favoured practice by educators
WHO IS A TEACHER?
‘A teacher is person who has knowledge and skills in variety ofsubject areas and the abil
‘and preparation to teach them to others. “Teachers” are usually found in classroom se
service education programmes. Teachers as those involved in the act of changing human behaviour and
transformation of society for better, particularly when their actions render them perceptibly significant,
respectable and recognizable to others because of the consequences they accomplish and the unique
manner they do them This definition of a teacher implies that he must possess knowledge and methods
(of imparting it that could bring about postive change in the learners’ atttude'bchaviour. Before one
answers the name “teacher, he must consciously attempt to receive traning in the art of teaching that
‘will equip him with the equisite knowledge, skills, techniques, aptitude and methods nevessary for the
job,
sand pre=
Qualities of a Good Teacher
‘Many people thought that just anyone who could hold a picee of chalk and stand infront of learners is a
teacher. Studies have shown this to be a wrong notion. For an individual 10 be regarded as a good
teacher, he/she needs to possess a niamber of characteristics that befit the noble profession. It is the
possession of these qualities that endears hinvher to hisher students andthe society. Failure to possess
And display any or some of these qualities makes people cast doubt on the genuineness of his training
nd interest in the profession, Some ofthe qualities a good teacher is supposed to possess include the
following:=
4, Good character
i. Very competent to handle his/her student
¢ Willing wo add to hisher knowledge
4. Flexible and open minded
«¢. Faces realty in an objective way
E.Neatness
4. Fiemness
1. Kindness and understanding a
Good Character: The & cent of goad character A good
‘ i ‘and whose personal
and effective teacher is one who respects the truth, who is sincere in word and ast
Metta pool exmpletohinsusenss
‘Very competent a hale hier teaching subjet: yoo teacher mst now is ses ele
‘ou Wo just what he is to cover as shown in the syllabus
Willing toad to hisvher knowledge: Education snot stati: new kre, Sills Hens and Wh
of apoiation of this knowledge come cut day. A teacher who does Rot update Ne koa
regulary becres sale an outdated. fete teachers aways fin he sligest oportiy oPae
ther knowledge an skill A good teacher sa paca schol aster’ of the academic
Feihlewnd open ainda: A pod tench it fed and Hint ins ways He i abwaye
receive new ideas especially ose tht wil fuer posive development He sexs things a erat
angles thus approaches atopic from several viewpoints, He has a creative mind
Faces reality in an object good teacher does nt allow his emations to cloud his jUdErmer
He has a way of ascertaining facts. A teacher seek beip and west ee himself from any Emons
that will ypset him and or make him sway to personal or iatonal judgment on topical Ss
Nests: A good teacher leads by example mts epard. Though not nessa expensive We
thesing shouldbe neat clean and wa eshould emphasize the nate oF eae in is sens
and should try to live a healthy lie
Firmness: As muchas the feacher kind towards his tudes, he shouldbe firm in ensuring fit Dy
and equal treatment to all. Stents are often confused when he changes fis rules frequently. A
Teacher's weaknesses are eqposedy his inceritency in enoreing res or aecepable mod f
behaviour. Any atemp to show preferential treatment to his stents will ake him lose respec nds
lack his students’ confidence.
Kindness and understanding: A good teachers always friendly and to his students. Being easter
Goce nat help the station as will ony distance the stodnts rom the teacher dhs making i iC"
for him to understand their problems. A good teacher always takes interest in his students’ genuine
personal problems with utmost confidentiality with a view to enlisting their confidence,
METHODS OF TEACHING
Teeching method is very essential 10 both Fearmers and teaches; it faiitates the understanding of
lesson if properly used. There is no single method that is seen as the best of all methods; teachin
therefore depends on the situation, subject matter, andthe leamers involved. In this section, we shall
‘examine different teaching methods whieh include:
‘a. Class teaching method
Lecture method
«. Discussion method
4. Recitation method
Group teaching method
£ Individualized method
g. Project method
h Questioning method
[Simulation games method
Lecture Method is the oldest procedure of teaching. It is widely used in schools and colleges, tis
good method its cover @ wide topic at heights evel of college or secondary schools and higher
Secondary elasses but its success depends on the personality and ability of stxlents, ‘The lecture or
didactic method isa teaching strategy in which the teacher makes a verbal presentation of ideas to the
Siudents. The students receive these ideas meaningfully or by rote. This method involves much talking
tn the pat of the teacher. In this method of teaching, al students inthe class are taught the same
at the same time. Here, the students most often become passive le
Advantages of Lecture Method
1. Itis economical in terms of time, space, elTor, and money
5 2. Iisa good method of teachin
oo sof Inge stadent enrolment
Liens i Inge classes, especially in these days of Iara
3, Wis applicable for teaching a range of schoo! subjects
4 The method is appropiate fr vommankting ination wo stadens wih ening pee
Well organized lectures are an excellent strategy for reviewing and expaming sublet comer
and for explaining difficult concepts :
6. Gives the instructor the chance
materia
10 expose students to unpublished oF not realy available
7. Allows the instuctor to precisely determine the aims, content, organization, pace and direction
of a presentation 3
Disadvantages of Lecture Method
I imits the student from using all his senses
does not encourage students to contribute to the lesson
‘The teacher may be misunderstood by the students some
N does not cater for individual differences
Lis possible for discussions to be dominated by a few vocal students
Places students in a passive rather than an active roe, which hinders learning,
Encourages one-way communication; therefore, the lecturer must maKe a
conscious effort to become aware of student problems and stadent understanding of content
without verbal feedback,
Requires the instructor to have orto learn effective writing and spe
ing skills
Diseussion Method: The word discussion means exchanging views and debate. Here the discuss
‘can be among the group of students as a whole group, A discussion method is a teaching method in
which teachers and students share ideas, compare and contrast views on a given problem, a question, oF
4 situation, The method assumes that students have some background information on the topic of the
discussion. The discussion can be teacher led or student led with teacher guidance. It ean be used to
promote inquiry and develop
problem solving skills,
Advantages of Discussion Method
Discussions help students to become independent thinkers
It provides students with opportunities for optimum interaction
It provides good practice for problem solving
In provides the teacher an opportunity for bet
Its also usefal for planning classroom ac
learning process
understanding ofthe students
‘asa way {0 involve students in the teaching-
Disadvantages of Discussion Method
1. [eis time consuming
It does not allow for easy coverage of the syllabus and therefore it cannot be used too often
|Wrong information may be shared if some contributors are unsure oftheir points
Itmay be boring to some students who do not know much about the topic
tis possible for discussions to be dominated by a few vocal students
Excursion Method: The word ‘excursion’ means a joumey, trip, tour planned for social studies
stadents in which the students actually visit places oF site and has the first hand experience whieh
tacursion results in easy, interesting and effective learning. It provides ample opportunities to student
for ‘seeing’ ‘hearing’ examining, gathering data, and asking questions, such excursion are most
conducive to eaming.
Processes of Organizing Excursion
1. Get information and details ofthe site you plan to vist and thi
of objective for organizing this wip.
6 2. Take principal's perm ok fom
a in Nssion, take parents" permission and get an ok from the place you are EOIN
3, Orientate the student about the tip, give them the de eee
30 out the trp, give them the detail, give them a ist of the ting you need 10
4. Conduct the trip take chaperone with you, Guide the students
write a report about their report ie eet
Mer
I Reba cpa
2 Beng ea ln
£ Grercomunaeenpetans
Demeri
1. Time consuming
2. Is not applicable to all the students ofthe students
3. Mis expensive
Role Pay and Dramatization Method:
‘ole playing, socio drama or creative dramas are used to present a specific situation for study and
siscusion. There i no prepored serps is ameheare, speaking pars fe no memorized and
inimum properties are used. Role play is a way of bringing situation from teal Tie ino the
classro0m.A role in other words, they pretend tbe different pera
A situation they pretend 10 be doing something different both a role $a style
In role play, students improvise the situation is fixed but they make up the exact as they £0.
Role plays are used to teach
1. toclaify social values.
to focus attention on a specific central ideas.
to.extend vocabulary
to gain greater insight into the problems of others.
It develops social skills, communication skills and team spit
‘They provide excellent basis for discussion and evaluation.
Project Method: Project method is a direet outcome of pragmatism, especially of John Dewey's
‘educational philosophy. Pragmatisin believes in reality. It is scientific and empirical. tis based on the
principle of leaming by doing. Being influenced by John Dewey, Kilpatrick tried to give project
Frethod in 1918. This method is democratic in nature and it emphasizes social skills and team work, It
ira progressive approach of teaching. It ia purposeful act it provides the learner with learning
texperenees, Here the teacher aets like a guide assigns the projets to groups of students.” Each group
samks on different topics or problems. They work together to prepare the project. The students work
together asa team, they learn by discussing, reading, and exchanging ideas. Then they take the help of
‘teacher wherever they diffi
different subjects and the
complete freedom and choice to students.
Advantages Of Project Metho
1. Ingives freedom and creativity
2. Here the teacher and students both grow.
33. Students ean fink the subject to real life
4. Itmotivates students.
Disadvantages OF Project Method:
1. Itisexpensive method.
2. Ins time consuming.
3. Itneeds lots of resources. 4. Some projects cannot be done at school.
Resourees Method:
source method is an activity oriented method. It is ;
Generally soures mean person, books er document or pcre cata obets tht can provide
information for learning. Ii learng drety rom the actual sources for examples for s0eil
they can be- A contrast with the bank ~or studying the sample of stone collected from the moot SA
ject found from any ancient place can als be studied, One can also take students fo muse
the objects to study
erally used in social studies subject also, rae te yes oF sos in his thd
Hater rena Its, machine wens
(ral resources: Songs, folk stories, traditions, custome et
Aeriten and printed resources Records, reports, eles le
Auantages Of Resources Method:
1. It provides direc, firsthand experience
2 Indevelopsa sense of reality
4. tereates motivating and interesting ambience in the class
4.1tdevelops skill of data collection, thinking skill and observation skill.
5. Itmakes the subject meaningful
TEACHING AIDS:
‘Teaching aids are aid to teaching socal studies effectively. Teacher has a variety of aids
tnakes his teaching interesting and effective. I helps in teaching different types of femmes (Wie!
fudiory, kinesthetic and tail). The roles ofthe various insiructonal technology media in teachin
and learning process cannot be underestimated
in instruction:
1 allows the teacher to use more t
The under listed are the advantages of media uli
| Increase the rate of learning and at the sme
tainful activities
2, Reinforce verbal and visual messages. Pupils would generally find it dificult to underlone
outset kas discussed by tir tachers, However ifthe abstract ideas are put in fmf
spodels, petures ee. pupils understand them with ease and they remain permanent in (Heit
3, Through the use of media, emphasis is placed on realistic Harning eater than rye ICA
‘A Instructional media have'a way’ of motivating and arresting pupils’ attention. Pupils) carlos
eraeretiyurnens et increased and thereby provide a sound environment for realistic and
enjoyable teaching and leaning atmosphere.
Sear comets that are absrat are best illusaed through the use of instructional media
ye on other
‘Audio Aids: Tapes, Cas, Phonographs Dises, Radio
aan ies. Peake, newspapers, periodicals, slides, chars, diagrams, film stips, sketches- modes,
sna sane) graphs and charts pictorial material globes, maps, exhibitions, museums-buletin Poards
saetsiOM sual aids: Motion pictures, television, dramatization, roleplay.
Technology Assisted Learning: Any large earning of material can never assure good learning. 113
Teeny be achieved when instructional resources ar used skllflly and creatively. They should be
tsed for two main reasons.
+= Computer
CD ROMs,
+ Over heal projects
«Television
+ Films and fl
+ Video tapes.
“internet websites blogs ete. Internet is a powerful fa
waking for interesting achievernent.
strips.
Jor in learning since attention isthe task, at hand yALUATION,
Juation refers to the assessme
pul assessment
formance during a
sae
i julgment ofthe student-teacher
atthe end of the
he end of the Leaching practice, The essence of evaluation isto determine »
sachers overall performance
cher erformance in order to assign hiner a grade. Evaluation isthe process of
determining the extent to which an objective is being atined, the effectiveness of the, arti
