DATA COMMUNICATION AND THE INTERNET ● Unguided

- use of wireless transmission

NETWORK
- consists of 2 or more computers which are connected
together, and can communicate and share information WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
● Sharing hardware or software
● Centralize administration and support Terrestrial Microwaves
- use Earth-based transmitter and receiver
Classification of Networks - looks similar to satellite dishes
● Based on transmission media - use low-gigahertz range, which limits all
● Based on network size communications to line-of-sight
● Based on management method - microwave antennas are usually placed on
● Based on topology top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain
peaks
- it’s like the satellites for signals in our sim
TRANSMISSION MEDIA cards

Two Main Categories: Communication Satellites

● Guided - use microwave radio as their
- use of wires and cables telecommunications medium which are not
a. Twisted-Pair Cables deflected by the Earth’s atmosphere
i. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cables - stationed in space; 22,000 miles above the
- typically wrapped inside a plastic equator
cover - capable of receiving and relaying voice, data,
- like those used in the ICT and TV signals

ii. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cables Cellular and PCS (Personal Communication Service)
- same as UTP, except there is a metal Systems
foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that - use several radio communication
encases each pair of insulated wires technologies
- divided to different geographic areas
b. Coaxial cables (coax) - has low-power transmitter or radio relay
- carry signals of higher frequency antenna device
than UTP cables
- like those cable wires
GENERATION OF WIRELESS CELLULAR
c. Fiber-optic Cables TECHNOLOGY
- technologically -advanced compared 1G: Voice Only
to the other two - max speed is 2.4 Kbps (Kilobits per second)
- instead of transmitting frequencies, it
transmits pulsating beams of light 2G: SMS and MMS
- immune from electromagnetic - max speed with GPRS (General Packet Radio
interference Service) is 50 Kbps however with EDGE
- carry a great volume of data since (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) is
light travels faster than electricity 1 Mbps (Megabits per second)
- has a light speed that travels in space
in the fastest speed as possible in the 3G: More Data, Video Calling, and Mobile Internet
universe - max speed is estimated to be around 2 Mbps
for non-moving devices and 384 Kbps in
Advantages: moving vehicles
❖ Noise Resistance - external light is
blocked by outer jacket 4G: The Current Standard
❖ Less signal attenuation - a signal can - max speed when the device is moving is 100
run for miles without regeneration Mbps however for low-mobility
❖ Higher bandwidth - limits on data communication the max speed 1 Gbps
rates come from the signal
generation/ reception technology

Disadvantage:
❖ Cost and Installation/ Maintenance
 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) Metropolitan Area Network
- one of the two standards offered within 4G ● connects two or more LANs or CANs
and WiMax together but does not extend beyond the
- downlink = up to 300 Mbps; uplink = up to boundaries of the immediate town/ city`
75 Mbps ● Routers, switches, and hubs are connected to
create a metropolitan area network
5G
- not-yet implemented wireless techonology Global Area Network
that’s intended to improve on 4G ● has no common definition
- promises significantly faster data rates, ● model for supporting mobile communications
higher connection density, much lower across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs,
latency, and energy savings, among other satellite coverage areas, etc.
improvements ● key challenge is “handing off” the user
- anticipated theoretical speed is up to 20 Gbps communication from one local coverage area
to the next

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA Peer-to-Peer Networks (aka workgroup)

Wireless LANs (Local Area Network) ● nodes of a network can act as a server, a
- use a high-frequency radio technology node, or both
similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency ● specialized node (server) is not found in
radio technology these networks
- use spread spectrum technology for ● all are equal; no hierarchy among computers
communication among multiple devices in a ● no administrator responsible for the network
limited area
Advantages:
Bluetooth ● Low cost
- short range wireless technology ● SImple to configure
- operate at approx. 1 Mbps with range from ● User has full accessibility of the
10 to 100 meters computer
- open wireless protocol for data exchange
over short distances Disadvantages:
● May have duplication in resources
Local Area Network (LAN) ● Difficult to uphold security policy
● Small network, short distance ● Difficult to handle uneven loading
● Limited by no. of computers and distance
covered Where this network is appropriate:
● Examples: Network inside the Student ● 10 or less users
Computer Room and Network inside your ● No specialized services required
home ● Security is not an issue
● Only limited growth in the
Wide Area Network (WANs) foreseeable future
● covers a broad area
● Internet is the largest and most well-known Client-Server Network
example of this network - a particular computer used for specialized
● often uses transmission facilities provided by task of serving the needs of each mode
common carriers, such as telephone
companies Advantages:
● network that uses long-range ● Facilitate resource sharing - centrally
telecommunications links to connect 2 or administer and control
more LANs/ computers housed in different ● Facilitate system backup and
places far apart improve fault tolerance
● Enhance security - only administrator
Campus Area Network can have access to Server
● made up of an interconnection of local area ● Support more users - difficult to
networks (LANs) within a limited achieve with peer-to-peer networks
geographical area
● can be considered one form of a metropolitan Disadvantages:
area, specific to an academic setting ● High cost for servers
● Need expert to configure the network
● Introduce a single point of failure
 Servers Central Hub
- computers that are accessed by the nodes - where all messages and data must first pass
(clients) in order to perform a particular through before it can reach the target node
function - responsible for preventing data collection
- this is where all shared resources within the
network are accessed ● Ring Topology
- often have a more stringent requirement on - the server(s), nodes, and other hardware
its performance and reliability devices are connected in a circular chain
where each node is connected to the next
Network Clients (Workstation) - last node is connected to the first node
- computers that request network resources or that’s why it is considered a ring because it
services forms one

Network Servers Disadvantages:

- computers that manage and provide ● Difficult to add computers.
network resources and services to clients ● More expensive
- usually have more processing power, ● If one computer fails, the whole
memory, and hard disk space than clients network fails.
- Run Network Operating System (manage
not only data, but also users, groups, ● Hybrid Topology
security, and applications on the network) - other topologies are combined to form this
topology
Nodes - usually used to connect different floors or
- any device connected to the network that rooms of a building
can communicate with other devices or the
server
- such as clients, servers, and other network
devices
- can sometimes be both a client and a server

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
- the physical connection of wires that connect the
nodes of the network

Four Basic Types:

● Linear Bus Topology
- its nodes transmit data and hope that the
data will not collide with data transmitted by
other nodes
- if collision occurs, each node waits for a
small, random amount of time before
attempting to retransmit
- simple and low-cost
- trunk (single cable aka backbone and
segment)
- only one computer can send messages at a
time

Passive Topology
- computer only listen for, not generate data

● Star Topology
- server(s), nodes, and other hardware
devices are connected to a central hub
- a broken node will not cause the whole
system to break down, however if the hub is
broken then the whole network is lost
- has a cable connected to a single point
- more cabling means higher cost
INTERNET - unique identifier of our device
● Government information - used to look for a certain website before
● Product and discussion on current issues and topics of
interest Domain name
● Legal information
● Health Information Paul Mockapetris (convenient searching for websites)
● Information on famous scholars - DNS
● Research Information
● Information on events in world history and places Sir Tim Berns-Lee
around the world - Able to link text with their respective websites
● Artwork and literature (hypertext)
● Weather and tidal information
● Job listings and career information HTTP
● E-shop Hypertext Transfer Protocol
● Games and humor
● Sports, entertainment, or software updates
Decentralisation
Internet is initially used for military purposes - Uncensored
- Information is free to all
30 years old
293billion of emails are sent everyday
Brief History
- Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wireless System 1957- batch processing; time-sharing

- Gugliemo
ISO made the Open System Interconnection
World Telegraphy System
Intranet is used in North Korea
Circuit Switching
- Matagal ng wala
- Point A to the Operators Central Offices to Point B

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency)

- Owned by the US Government
- Developed during the Cold War

ARPANET

Paul Baran
- To combat nuclear attack

Packet Switching
- data is sent throught the networks of computers in a
broken manner (data is broken down throughout the
networks of computers until the data is sent
completely)
- because of the processor we are able to complete the
broken data being transmitted

Robert Kahna nd Vince Serf

- TCP to IP (Internet Protocol)
- Makes the information more reliable and faster

TL;DR
ICANN

Pul

IP Address
INTERNET
- world-wide collection of computer networks ● 1972
- ARPANet went ‘public’
E-mail - ICCC - First International Conference on
- one of the primary uses of the internet Computers and Communication (Washington DC)
- allows one user to send a text-based message to - Linking computers from 40 different locations
another together
- most used application of the internet - first program for person-to-person communication
- uses sereies of protocols for transferring messages (e-mail)
with text and attachments from one Internet user to
another ● 1973
- 75% of all ARPANET traffic is e-mail
E-mail Address is made up of: - First international connection (University College of
● A user’s account name London) Web Server
● The @ symbol
● The domain name of the machine on which
the users’ account resides STRUCTURES OF THE INTERNET
1. Desktop computers
File Transfer Protocol 2. Internet connection, address, and account
- method for transferring files from one computer on 3. Internet network itself
the Internet to another 4. Servers of available information on the internet
- an internet user must access to the server on which
the information resides, then find and download the
files INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
- company that provides to the Internet
World Wide Web Servers - connect customers to the Internet using copper,
- provides a hypertext interface wireless, or fiber connections
- allows users to view formatted documents on their
screen directly Typical home user connection
- can access other text, graphic, sound, and movie •Broadband wireless access
resources by pointing and clicking highlighted words •Cable Internet
or pictures, and can download the information being •Dial-up
accessed •ISDN
•Modem
•DSL
HISTORY OF INTERNET/ CREATION OF ARPANet •FTTH
● 1957 - USSR launched Sputnik •Wi-Fi
- October 4, 1957
- 70 kgs bleeping sphere Typical business-type connection
- were made just for design or to tell the world that •DSL
they are more superior •Ethernet technologies
•Leased line
● US were shocked so they created ARPANet •SHDSL
(Advanced Research Projects Agency)
- state-of-the-art technology Internet Protocol (IP)
- technological think-tank - system used to connect the various computers
- space, ballistic missiles, and nuclear test monitoring within the internet
- provide communication between operational base - every computer has its own IP number connected to
and subcontractors the internet
- actually four different numbers, all separated by
CREATION OF ARPANET periods
● Interface Message Processor (IMP) E.g., 678.105.22.9
- made on 1969 (same as the year that BU is built)
- 4 computers networks installed: Transimission Control Protocol
❖ UCLA - protocol responsible for breaking data being sent
❖ Stanford Research Institute across an IP connection into small packets, and then
❖ University of California Santa Barbara reassembling these when they arrive at their
❖ University of Utah destination

● 1971 - 23 host computers

 Domain Name Web Pages
- identification label that defines a realm of - the thousand of pages stored in computers
administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the physically located throughout the world
internet - allow one to do a range of things, from an
- hostnames that identify Internet Protocol (IP) interactive frog dissection to on-line shopping
resources such as web sites
E.g., .com (company), .org (organization), .edu
(education), .net (network) Web Browsers
- where WWW pages are accessed
Domain Types - software application for retrieving, presenting, and
➢ .com – commercial organization traversing information resources across the web
➢ .edu – educational organizations
➢ .gov – government organization Default Page aka home
➢ .mil – military organization - page information the browser displays when started
➢ .net – network service providers or network
resources Hypertext
➢ .org – other organizations not falling to the - allows user to progress or “branch” to other pages
previous ones of information of interest in a non-linear fashion
- allows user to return the way s/he progressed
Country Codes through the information originally, or to jump
➢ .ph – Philippines backward and forward along the path s/he has take in
➢ .fr – France his/her browsing
➢ .de – Germany
➢ .it – Lithuania Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
➢ .au – Australia - foundation of the WWW
➢ .mx – Mexico - all documents or pages on the Web are linked
together in a hypertext architecture

INTRANETS Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

- used by private and government organizations for - protocol used to transmit Web pages from the Web
internal networks server being accessed to the computer
- all internet applications can be used in private - with this, the WWW browser sends request and
intranets receives information from WWW servers over the
internet

WORLD WIDE WEB Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

- universally -accepted standard for sharing documents - unique identifier
and inforamtion on the internet - used by the WWW browser to find a particular Web
- universe of network-accessible information which page among all the computers on the internet
began in 1989
- can contain variety of different media types and Server Name
access other programs - domain name of the server the user is contacting
- consists of:
➔ The pages of information accessed (Web Pathname
Pages) - gives the path to the specific file on the WWW
➔ The servers on which the pages of
information reside (Web Servers) Information Resource
➔ The client software used to access the pages - identified by a Unifrom Resource Identifier (URI)
(Web Browsers: Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece
netscape navigator, Chrome, Opera) of content
➔ The network between computer and the Web
server/s which interacts. (Providers) Hyperlinks
- enable users to easily navigate their browsers to
● 1989 related resources
- WWW concept by Tim Berners-Lee
Instant Messaging
● 1990 - displays words typed on a computer almost
- first browser/ editor program instantly, and recipients can respond immediately in
the same way
- advanced IM systems include voice/ video chat
 Online Forums
- enable users to communicate with one another,
although not in real time
- members visit these to check for new posts

Streaming Media
- enables music, video, and other large files to be sent
to users in chunks so that the file can play interrupted
- allows users to begin playing media files before the
file is fully uploaded

WEB 2.0 FEATURES AND SERVICES

Online Social Networks
- services that support communication among
networks of friends and peers

Blogs
- personal web page od chronological entries

Podcasting
- audio presentation stored as an audio file and
available for download from Web

Wikis
- allows user to easily add and edit content on Web
page

Internet telephony (VoIP)

- uses internet to transmit voice communication