UNIT II – Training and Development Management

Action Research: What it is, Stages & Examples

The best way to get things accomplished is to do it yourself. This statement is utilized in corporations,
community projects, and national governments. These organizations are relying on action research to cope with
their continuously changing and unstable environments as they function in a more interdependent world.
In practical educational contexts, this involves using systematic inquiry and reflective practice to address real-
world challenges, improve teaching and learning, enhance student engagement, and drive positive changes
within the educational system.
What is action research?
Action research is a strategy that tries to find realistic solutions to organizations’ difficulties and issues. It is
similar to applied research.
Action research refers basically learning by doing. First, a problem is identified, then some actions are taken to
address it, then how well the efforts worked are measured, and if the results are not satisfactory, the steps are
applied again.
It can be put into three different groups:
 Positivist: This type of research is also called “classical action research.” It considers research a social
experiment. This research is used to test theories in the actual world.
 Interpretive: This kind of research is called “contemporary action research.” It thinks that business
reality is socially made, and when doing this research, it focuses on the details of local and
organizational factors.
 Critical: This action research cycle takes a critical reflection approach to corporate systems and tries to
enhance them.
Stages of action research
All research is about learning new things. Collaborative action research contributes knowledge based on
investigations in particular and frequently useful circumstances. It starts with identifying a problem. After that,
the research process is followed by the below stages:
 Plan
 Act
 Observe
 Reflect
Stage 1: Plan
For an action research project to go well, the researcher needs to plan it well. After coming up with an
educational research topic or question after a research study, the first step is to develop an action plan to guide
the research process. The research design aims to address the study’s question. The research strategy outlines
what to undertake, when, and how.
Stage 2: Act
The next step is implementing the plan and gathering data. At this point, the researcher must select how to
collect and organize research data. The researcher also needs to examine all tools and equipment before
collecting data to ensure they are relevant, valid, and comprehensive.
Stage 3: Observe
Data observation is vital to any investigation. The action researcher needs to review the project’s goals and
expectations before data observation. This is the final step before drawing conclusions and taking action.
Different kinds of graphs, charts, and networks can be used to represent the data. It assists in making judgments
or progressing to the next stage of observing.
Stage 4: Reflect
This step involves applying a prospective solution and observing the results. It’s essential to see if the possible
solution found through research can really solve the problem being studied.
The researcher must explore alternative ideas when the action research project’s solutions fail to solve the
problem.
The steps to conducting action research
Action research is a systematic approach researchers, educators, and practitioners use to identify and address
problems or challenges within a specific context. It involves a cyclical process of planning, implementing,
reflecting, and adjusting actions based on the data collected. Here are the general steps involved in conducting
an action research process:
 Identify the action research question or problem
Clearly define the issue or problem you want to address through your research. It should be specific, actionable,
and relevant to your working context.
 Review existing knowledge
Conduct a literature review to understand what research has already been done on the topic. This will help you
gain insights, identify gaps, and inform your research design.
 Plan the research
Develop a research plan outlining your study’s objectives, methods, data collection tools, and timeline.
Determine the scope of your research and the participants or stakeholders involved.
 Collect data
Implement your research plan by collecting relevant data. This can involve various methods such as surveys,
interviews, observations, document analysis, or focus groups. Ensure that your data collection methods align
with your research objectives and allow you to gather the necessary information.
 Analyze the data
Once you have collected the data, analyze it using appropriate qualitative or quantitative techniques. Look for
patterns, themes, or trends in the data that can help you understand the problem better.
 Reflect on the findings
Reflect on the analyzed data and interpret the results in the context of your research question. Consider the
implications and possible solutions that emerge from the data analysis. This reflection phase is crucial for
generating insights and understanding the underlying factors contributing to the problem.
 Develop an action plan
Based on your analysis and reflection, develop an action plan that outlines the steps you will take to address the
identified problem. The plan should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART
goals). Consider involving relevant stakeholders in planning to ensure their buy-in and support.
 Implement the action plan
Put your action plan into practice by implementing the identified strategies or interventions. This may involve
making changes to existing practices, introducing new approaches, or testing alternative solutions. Document
the implementation process and any modifications made along the way.
 Evaluate and monitor progress
Continuously monitor and evaluate the impact of your actions. Collect additional data, assess the effectiveness
of the interventions, and measure progress towards your goals. This evaluation will help you determine if your
actions have the desired effects and inform any necessary adjustments.
 Reflect and iterate
Reflect on the outcomes of your actions and the evaluation results. Consider what worked well, what did not,
and why. Use this information to refine your approach, make necessary adjustments, and plan for the next cycle
of action research if needed.
Remember that participatory action research is an iterative process, and multiple cycles may be required to
achieve significant improvements or solutions to the identified problem. Each cycle builds on the insights
gained from the previous one, fostering continuous learning and improvement.
Explore Insightfully Contextual Inquiry in Qualitative Research
Examples of action research
Here are two real-life examples of action research.
Example 1
Action research initiatives are frequently situation-specific. Still, other researchers can adapt the techniques.
The example is from a researcher’s (Franklin, 1994) report about a project encouraging nature tourism in the
Caribbean.
In 1991, this was launched to study how nature tourism may be implemented on the four Windward Islands in
the Caribbean: St. Lucia, Grenada, Dominica, and St. Vincent.
For environmental protection, a government-led action study determined that the consultation process needs to
involve numerous stakeholders, including commercial enterprises.
First, two researchers undertook the study and held search conferences on each island. The search conferences
resulted in suggestions and action plans for local community nature tourism sub-projects.
Several islands formed advisory groups and launched national awareness and community projects. Regional
project meetings were held to discuss experiences, self-evaluations, and strategies. Creating a documentary
about a local initiative helped build community. And the study was a success, leading to a number of changes in
the area.
Example 2
Lau and Hayward (1997) employed action research to analyze Internet-based collaborative work groups.
Over two years, the researchers facilitated three action research problem-solving cycles with 15 teachers,
project personnel, and 25 health practitioners from diverse areas. The goal was to see how Internet-based
communications might affect their virtual workgroup.
First, expectations were defined, technology was provided, and a bespoke workgroup system was developed.
Participants suggested shorter, more dispersed training sessions with project-specific instructions.
The second phase saw the system’s complete deployment. The final cycle witnessed system stability and virtual
group formation. The key lesson was that the learning curve was poorly misjudged, with frustrations only
marginally met by phone-based technical help. According to the researchers, the absence of high-quality online
material about community healthcare was harmful.
Role clarity, connection building, knowledge sharing, resource assistance, and experiential learning are vital for
virtual group growth. More study is required on how group support systems might assist groups in engaging
with their external environment and boost group members’ learning.
Advantages and disadvantages of action research
Action research has both good and bad points.
Advantages
 It is very flexible, so researchers can change their analyses to fit their needs and make individual
changes.
 It offers a quick and easy way to solve problems that have been going on for a long time instead of
complicated, long-term solutions based on complex facts.
 If It is done right, it can be very powerful because it can lead to social change and give people the tools
to make that change in ways that are important to their communities.
Disadvantages
 These studies have a hard time being generalized and are hard to repeat because they are so flexible.
Because the researcher has the power to draw conclusions, they are often not thought to be theoretically
sound.
 Setting up an action study in an ethical way can be hard. People may feel like they have to take part or
take part in a certain way.
 It is prone to research errors like selection bias, social desirability bias, and other cognitive biases.