Aviation development timeline.

In 1914
The first scheduled commercial flight between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, lasted 23
minutes. On January 1, Tony Jannus was piloting the seaplane Benoist with Abram C. Pheil,
mayor of St. Petersburg, the only passenger on board. This flight marked the beginning of
regular passenger air transportation. Photo courtesy of the Florida State Archives.

1919 KLM first flight image

In 1919
KLM made its first flight in 1919; It is the oldest airline in the world that continues to operate. In
1920, KLM launched a regular service between London and Amsterdam, which continues today.
During its first year of service, KLM transported 345 passengers and nearly 25,000 kilos of mail
and cargo, which today a 747 transports on a single flight. Photo courtesy of the British Airways
Heritage Collection museum.

Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez

In 1922
Air transport is used for the first time for official travel
In 1922, the president of Colombia, General Pedro Nel Ospina, made the first official air trip in
history. The flight was operated by SCADTA, which would later be called Avianca.

Warsaw, 1929 Krakowskie Przedmiescie, view from Staszic Palace, Left bottom, Zmijewski
bakery and on the right Church of the Holiest Saviour, on the right a billboard advertising Jelen
soap.
In 1929
First international treaty on aviation
The Warsaw Convention, signed on October 12, 1929, was the first international treaty on air
transport. The agreement required the carrier to issue a ticket and a baggage check, and
harmonized liability legislation.

Lindbergh On His Clipper Above New York Around 1935

In 1935
Clipper makes first transpacific flight
Pan Am operated the first transpacific flight with a Clipper between San Francisco and Manila.
The flight lasted a week with several stops and delivered more than 100,000 mail letters. The
plane was scheduled to fly over the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, "under construction at
the time," but the pilot realized that would not be possible and managed to fly under it.

Douglas DC-3 of the KLM Airline, late 1930s.

In 1936
Entry into service of the plane that "changed the world"
The Douglas DC-3, the plane that "changed the world," entered service with America Airlines on
a nonstop flight from New York to Chicago. The plane cost about $100,000, and still sells for a
similar price today.

1939 Admirals Club lounge airport

In 1939
American Airlines inaugurated the first lounge in an airport
American Airlines opened the first-ever airport lounge, called the Admirals Club, at LaGuardia
Airport, New York. The lounges have become synonymous with the airline, comfortable spaces
with better services where customers can rest or work if they wish.

In 1944
Signature of the Chicago Convention
The Chicago Convention established standards to regulate air transportation and safety. 52
States participated in the signing and it continues to be the regulatory basis for commercial
aviation.

In 1945
IATA founding and first Springbok service
IATA was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945. Currently, it represents 240 airlines, 84% of
international air traffic. This body represents, leads and serves the industry through initiatives
such as the Operational Safety Audit or the Simplifying the Business program. Its financial
systems have become the backbone of the airline industry. Also in 1945, South African Airways
launched its Springbok service, connecting South Africa to Europe. Despite the three-day trip,
the plane was faster than any other means of transport, and demand for this service soon
increased, increasing from a weekly service to six.

Churchill's Kangaroo
In 1947
First Kangaroo Route
Qantas began operating its first Kangaroo route in 1947. The fee cost the equivalent of two
years' salary of an average Australian. Today, the price of the trip is comparable to a week's
salary, a sign of cost reduction in the industry.
In 1952
Flight of the first commercial jet aircraft
The first commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, entered service with BOAC. The
Comet had safety problems and, despite having been corrected in later models, BOAC stopped
flying this aircraft model in 1965. The Comet made its last commercial flight in 1981.

In 1959
First boarding bridge
The debut of the first passenger boarding bridge represented an enormous success and the
beginning of a path towards greater comfort in the passenger travel experience.
In 1961
TWA, first airline to use Inflight Motion Pictures
David Flexer, president of Inflight Motion Pictures, developed a system for projecting 16mm film
for a wide variety of commercial aircraft. TWA was the first airline in the world to use Flexer's
innovative system, and Pakistan International was the first non-US airline to use it.

In 1964
The Beatles land at JFK
The arrival of the Beatles at JFK airport, New York, "one of the most emblematic moments in
the history of aviation" demonstrated the industry's ability to integrate and disseminate cultural
values. The day after their arrival, the Beatles appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, which was
followed by 73 million viewers.

In 1970
Entry into service of the Boeing 747
The Boeing 747, the first wide-body aircraft, entered service in January 1970, on Pan Am's New
York-London flight. Its latest passenger version, the 747-8I, entered service in 2012.

In 1971
First low cost airline
Southwest Airlines was the pioneer low-cost airline. Low-cost airlines transformed the aviation
landscape with the introduction of numerous innovations and changed the course of traditional
airlines towards new competitive strategies for the benefit of the consumer.

In 1972
First neutral paper banknote and first tour of Tutankhamun's treasures
First neutral paper bill and implementation of the Billing and Settlement Plan "BSP". The BSP
provides prompt settlement of tickets sold to airlines and makes interline connectivity possible.
In 2012, 88 BSPs served 350 airlines in 177 countries and territories, with a turnover of $249
billion.

Millions of people had the opportunity to visit Tutankhamun's treasures in the first traveling
exhibition through Europe, Russia and the United States. Each year, aviation transports $6.4
trillion worth of cargo, from the most everyday products to the most unusual.

January 21st, 1976, First Concorde Commercial Flight, Paris - Dakar - Rio De Janeiro
In 1976
First flight of the Concorde
The Concorde began its regular service between London and Bahrain, and Paris-Rio de
Janeiro. The plane was painted with white reflective paint to prevent heat buildup due to its high
speed. The supersonic jet remained in service for 27 years.

In 1978
US Air Deregulation Act
The Act eliminated government control over fares, routes, and market access for new airlines, a
move that exposed U.S. operators to market forces and began a long path toward full, global
liberalization of airlines. the industry. The current price of a round trip between New York and
Los Angeles is a clear example of the application of this law: before deregulation, the trip cost
about $1,500; Today, the trip costs around $300.

In 1981
American Airlines AAdvantage Launched
Robert Crandall, president and CEO of American Airlines, was the promoter of AAdvantage, the
first frequent flyer program recognized by the airline industry (FFP), compared to the loyalty
program launched by Texas International Airlines a couple of years before. AAdvantage has
been a benchmark for this type of programs and, with its 67 million members, remains one of
the largest FFPs in the world.

In 1989
Wings alliance between KLM and NorthWest
The first major alliance never grew beyond the two airlines that founded it, but it highlighted both
the challenges that had to be overcome and the benefits of consolidation for passengers.

In 1990
World record for the "largest air rescue operation in history by a civilian airline"
Air India, in collaboration with Indian Airlines and the Indian Air Force, entered the Guinness
Book of Records for the largest evacuation airlift ever carried out by a civil airline. More than
111,000 people were evacuated from Amman to Bombay in 59 days in an airlift involving 488
flights shortly before the First Gulf War.

In 1997
Star Alliance Founding
Five airlines from three continents founded Star Alliance. It was followed by oneworld and
SkyTeam, two other global airline alliances that tried to imitate economies of scale and brought
a multitude of benefits to customers through consolidation.

In 1998
Cathay Pacific makes first transpolar flight
Dubbed Polar One, the flight connected New York to Hong Kong in 16 hours via the North Pole.
The new route improved the connection between the United States and Asia in response to the
growing demand for destinations between these two regions. Today, transpolar flights are a key
element in the global economy.

In 2004
Humanitarian aid after the tsunami and new non-stop routes
The assistance provided by aviation after the Indian Ocean tsunami demonstrated the
importance of the speed and reliability that aviation offers in humanitarian emergency situations.
The earthquake in Haiti in 2010 and the famine in East Africa in 2011 are two other clear
examples of the capacity of aviation in these cases.

Singapore Airlines began non-stop service between Los Angeles and Newark (New York), the
longest scheduled non-stop flights, arising from the growing need to connect people and
businesses between the world's most important cities.

In 2008
100% electronic ticket
Electronic tickets eliminated the need for paper tickets and improved air travel management and
security. Additionally, e-tickets paved the way for other Fast Travel initiatives such as self-
boarding and lost baggage claim.

In 2009
Safety audit for IATA members
Operational safety is the industry's number one priority. Since 2009, IATA Operational Safety
Audit (IOSA) accreditation has become a prerequisite for IATA membership. The Enhanced
IOSA program is currently being developed and will become mandatory from the end of 2015.

In 2011
First commercial flight with biofuel
Lufthansa operated the first series of scheduled biofuel flights between Hamburg and Frankfurt.
Since then, the number of commercial biofuel flights has been increasing and a large number of
biofuel variations have been successfully tested. The challenge now is to ensure its commercial
viability to help airlines achieve their environmental objectives.

In 2014
The Airbus A350 about to enter service
Qatar Airways is the launch customer for the Airbus A350. A century passes between this new
model of airplane and the biplane used by Tony Jannus. The Airbus A350 is a new leap in
passenger comfort and operational and environmental efficiency.

Design of the current aircraft.

Principles of airplane operation.

There are a series of aerodynamic principles that explain why airplanes fly and they are simpler
than they might seem.

They are those questions that we ask ourselves as children and that we repeat to ourselves as
adults. Why do airplanes fly? How is it possible that this enormous mass, this exaggerated hulk
of metal, can stay in the air? What are the forces that prevent it from plummeting with all its tons
puffing like a tired giant? They are basic principles of aerodynamics that act.

The first thing to be clear about when it comes to knowing why airplanes fly are the forces that
act on them when they are in the air. There are four of them, two horizontally, in the opposite
direction, and two vertically, also in the opposite direction. The momentum of the plane, which
drives it forward by the action of the engine, is opposed by air resistance. And the weight of the
plane, which pulls it down, is opposed by the lift force, which lifts the aircraft.

One of the main causes of lift force is the Bernoulli effect. Airplane wings have a particular
design. Its upper part is more curved and the lower part is straighter. This means that the air
passing over the wing has more surface area to cover until it reaches the end. Thus, this
airstream is accelerated due to aerodynamics and travels at a higher speed than the air below.

The Brenoulli effect dictates that if a fluid (liquid or gas) moves at a higher speed, it has a lower
pressure. In this way, a pressure difference is created between the air above and below the
wings. As a result of the lower pressure at the top, a force is generated under the wing that
propels it upward.

In addition, it must be taken into account that the design of the wings is rounded at the front and
sharp at the back, practically ending in a point. This causes the air current that travels above at
greater speed, when it meets the lower current, to push it downwards. And, according to
Newton's Third Law of Motion, each action force has a reaction force of equal intensity that acts
in the opposite direction. Hence, an upward force is generated that helps keep the plane in the
air.

A third cause would be the angle of the wing, the so-called angle of attack, which contributes to
increasing the lift force. Here we must introduce the concept of relative wind, which is the air
current generated by the plane when traveling. This passes over and under the wing.

When the plane rises and the wing points upward, the lower wind flow is slowed by the wing and
its pressure increases, so we again have the Bernoulli effect that propels the aircraft upward.

The influence of the angle of attack can also be explained by the Venturi effect. This says that
when a fluid passes through a narrow area its speed increases. And this is precisely what
happens to the upper relative wind when the wing points upward. The wind tunnel narrows at
the top, so the air speed is greater at the top, generating that pressure difference and giving
rise, again, to the Bernoulli effect.