Chapter 7: Evolution

Topic: Human Evolution

-Himanshu Gupta
Primates:
Two main groups:
1) Prosimians: Lemur, Loris, tarsiers,
pottos etc.
2) Anthropoids: Monkey, Apes, Human

u They are descended from small

rodent like or insectivorous mammals
that evolved about 80 million years
ago

-Himanshu Gupta
Evolution of primates:

-Himanshu Gupta
Primates:
Order primata is divided into 2 sub orders.
(A) Prosimians:- Lemur – Evolved in Madagascar
3
Loris- Evolved in China 2. Closest relation to human
Tarsiers- Evolved in Indonesia 1

Ø They are prosimian ancestors of human.

(B) Anthropoids:- Monkey
Apes
Human

Lemur Loris Tarsier

-Himanshu Gupta
Phylogeny of the Primates:

-Himanshu Gupta
Monkeys :- 2 types
(A) Old world monkeys : - Rhesus (Macaca), Baboon
(Old world = Africa, Asia)
(1) Tail, non prehensile tail.
(2) Narrow flat nose with downward direction of nostril.
(3) U-shaped Jaw.
!"!#
(4) Dental formula same as human ( x 2 = 32)
!"!#
(5) Menstruation cycle is present in female.
(B) New world monkeys : - Spider monkey, Marmosets
(New world = South & Middle America)
(1) Long, prehensile tail
(2) Protruding nose with upward direction of nostril
(3) U-shaped jaw
!"##
(4) Dental formula ( x 2 = 36)
!"##
(5) Menstruation cycle absent but estrous cycle is present.
So, Old world monkeys are closer to human. -Himanshu Gupta
-Himanshu Gupta
Apes:

Human - Hominideae Family

-Himanshu Gupta
Similarities between man and apes:

(1) Tail absent

(2) Erect posture

(3) Grasping hands

(4) Hairs are present on body

(5) Larger head, more cranial capacity

-Himanshu Gupta
Similarities between man and apes:

(6) More intelligent than other animals

(7) Facial muscles are present for expression of surprise,

pleasure.

(8) Menstruation cycle is present in female of both

(9) Blood group of AB series are present in both.

(10) Composition of Hb is same in both.

Only one amino acid is different in human and Gorilla.

-Himanshu Gupta
Similarities between man and apes:
(11) Chromosomal similarities :-
(i) No. of chromosomes are approximately same in man and apes.
Apes = 48
Man = 46
Ø Somatic cells of human contain 46 chromosomes.
Ø The diploid number of chromosomes in Gorilla, chimpanzee
and Orangutan is 48.

-Himanshu Gupta
Similarities between man and apes:
(11) Chromosomal similarities (contd.):-
(ii) DNA-DNA hybridisation experiments between apes and man
showed that there exists 2.5% difference between the DNA of
chimpanzee and man while about 10% difference between that of
man and monkey.
Ø This shows that morphological differences in the human races
are very insignificant from evolution point of view.
Ø So, DNA contents and DNA matching is same in both. This
similarity is
ü 100% with Chimpanzee
ü 94% with Gibbon
ü 88% with Rhesus monkey
Similarities between man and apes:
(11) Chromosomal similarities (contd.):-
(iii) Banding pattern of chromosome is same in both.
Ø Banding pattern of human chromosome is very similar and in few
cases identical to the banding pattern of apparently homologous
chromosomes in great apes
Ø Banding pattern of ch. no. 3, 6 of human and chimpanzee is
100% similar.
Ø Banding techniques enable the identification of individual
chromosomes and their parts.

ØSimilarity in the fine structural organization of the chromosomes is

understood only in terms of a common origin for man and
chimpanzee.
-Himanshu Gupta
Similarities between man and apes:

-Himanshu Gupta
Differences between apes and man : -

-Himanshu Gupta
Topic Review:
1. Which one of the following is closest relative of man?
a) Chimpanzee
b) Orangutan
c) Gorilla
d) Gibbon

2. Character absent in apes is

a) Thick body hair
b) Prognathous face
c) Longer Hind Limbs
d) Small cranium
-Himanshu Gupta
Topic Review:
3. Moving through trees by swinging arm over arm is called:
a. bipedal locomotion. b. brachiating.
c. quadrupedal locomotion. d. arboreal.

4. The epoch in which our nearest living non-human relatives first

made their appearance is called the:
a. Miocene. b. Pliocene.
c. Triassic. d. Cambrian.

5. Which of the following is true about the first apes?

a. There were a far greater number of genera then than today.
b. They flourished in a broader area of the world than today's apes.
c. Some of ancient species were larger than today's apes.
d. All the above.
-Himanshu Gupta
Hominid Evolution:

Major Homo advances:

1. Mouth development
2. Brain size
3. Bipedalism hunting
4. Changes in dentition based on dietary shifts
5. Reduced size differences between the sexes
6. Key changes in family structure

-Himanshu Gupta
Hominid Evolution:

Major Homo advances:

7. Cultural evolution:
a. Tool use is more sophisticated
b. Use of fire
c. Cave paintings
d. Introduction of languages
e. Agriculture advances
f. Skill learned from teaching and communication

-Himanshu Gupta
Evolutionary trend in dentition

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Brain size - Increased

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-Himanshu Gupta
Bipedalism- Human Skeleton Adaptation

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Why bipedalism?

-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution:
1. Ape fossils 2. Ape-Man fossils
a. Propliopithecus a. Australopithecus
b. Aegyptopithecus 3. Pre historic man
c. Proconsul a. Homo habilis
d. Dryopithecus b. Homo erectus
e. Ramapithecus c. Homo sapiens
f. Shivapithecus
g. Kenyopithecus

-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution :
(1) Propliopithecus:-
Ø Origin & evolution in Oligocene epoch; Hence called Oligocene apes
Ø Evolution about 30-35 million years ago

(2) Aegyptopithecus:-
Ø Origin and evolution in late Oligocene and Miocene epoch; Hence called
Miocene apes

(3) Proconsul:-
Ø Fossils discovered by Leakey from East Africa near Victoria lake in Kenya
from Miocene rocks
Ø It walked on its four legs (considered as common ancestor of man and
apes)
-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution :
(4) Dryopithecus:-
Ø Evolution:15-20 million years ago.
Ø Direct ancestor of modern day apes.
Ø Forest dwellers spending most of the time on the trees.
Ø Origin & evolution in Miocene epoch.
Ø Semi erect posture
Ø Quadra pedal locomotion, forlimbs longer than hind limbs.
Ø Thick growth of hair
Ø U shaped jaws
Ø Teeth larger and sharper
Ø By nature vegetarian, fruit eater
-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution :
(5) Ramapithecus: Fossils discovered by Lewis from Shivalik
(6) Shivapithecus: hills in India

(7) Kenyapithecus: ] Fossils discovered by Leaky from Kenya

Ø Origin and evolution in Pliocene epoch.

Ø They are considered as ancestors of human but in
characteristics same as Dryopithecus, but spending most
of the time on the land.

v Ramapithecus was more man-like and Dryopithecus was more

Ape-like.

-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution:
(8) Australopithecus:-
Ø Prof. Raymond dart discovered a fossil of skull of 5-6 year old baby
from the old Pliocene rocks of Tuang region (S. Africa).
Ø He named it Tuang baby, later on he renamed it A. africanus
(African ape man).
Ø About 3-2 million years ago it lived in East African grasslands.
Ø Evidences shows they hunted with stone.
Ø Probably ate fruits.
Ø It was an ape-man because it have many characters of man and apes
so it is also considered as connecting link between apes and man.

-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution:
(8) Australopithecus (contd.):-
Apes like characters : Man like characters :
Ø Less cranial capacity (600 c.c.) Ø Complete erect posture (first
man who stood erect)
Ø Thick growth of hair on body
Ø Forelimb shorter than
Ø U shaped jaw (Prognathous) hindlimbs.
Ø Large sharp teeth Ø Bipedal locomotion (first man)
Ø Presence of lumbar curve

Ø Some other varities of Australopithecus were also discovered by some

other scientist.
Ø A. boisei [zinjanthropus] by Leakey from East Africa [Tanzania]
Ø A. afaransis [Lucy] by Donald Johanson from Ethiopea.
-Himanshu Gupta
Prehistoric man :
Ø A number of other species of Homo appeared and
became extinct from time on the evolutionary sense
before the origin of Homo sapiens.
Ø These extinct species are called prehistoric species of
man.
Ø It includes:
1) Homo habilis
2) Homo erectus
3) Homo sapiens

-Himanshu Gupta
Prehistoric man :

(1) Homo habilis :-

Ø The Tool maker or Handy man
Ø Made tools of stone, used for hunting and protection
Ø First human being like
Ø By nature vegetarian
Ø 650-800 c.c. cranial capacity
Ø 2mya ago
Ø Cave dwellers

-Himanshu Gupta
Prehistoric man:

(2) Homo erectus:-

Ø Direct ancestor of Homo sapiens
Ø Origin and evolution 1.5 million years ago
Ø It includes:
v Java man
v Peking man
v Heidelberg man (Branch from main line of Human
evolution)

-Himanshu Gupta
(a) Java man:
Ø Homo erectus erectus name given by Mayer.
Ø Pithecanthropus erectus given by Dubois.
Ø Fossil obtain from central java by Eugene Dubois.
Ø Lived in caves
Ø They used Tools of bones and stones
Ø First man who used fire for hunting, protection and
cooking
Ø Cranial capacity – 900 c.c.
Ø Chin absent, Jaw Prognathous
Ø Complete erect posture
Ø Omnivorous, cannibalism have also found.
Ø It is also known as erect ape man
-Himanshu Gupta
(b) Peking man
Ø Homo erectus pekinensis name given by Mayer
Ø Sinanthropus erectus name was given by Davidson
Black
Ø W.C. Pai discovered the fossil of peking man from China
Ø Lived in caves
Ø Cranial capacity – 1100 c.c (1050 c.c).
Ø Chin absent, Jaw Prognathous
Ø Used sharp chisel shaped tools of stones, bones for
cutting and killing animals.
Ø Omnivorous, cannibalism has been also found
Ø Used fire for cooking meat and for protection

-Himanshu Gupta
(c) Heidelberg man

Ø Homo heidelbergensis
Ø A fossil of lower jaw obtain from Heidelberg in Germany it was
discovered by Ottoschotensack.
Ø Cranial capacity – 1300 c.c.
Ø Origin & evolution – in Pleistocene epoch.
Ø It is believed that this species was evolved as a branch from
main line of evolution and got extinct after some time

-Himanshu Gupta
(3) Homo sapiens:
It includes: -
a. Neanderthal man
b. Cromagnon man - Direct ancestor of modern man
c. Homo sapiens sapiens - Modern man (Man of today)

-Himanshu Gupta
(a) Neanderthal man:
Ø Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Ø Origin & evolution before 30,000 – 1 lakh years
Ø Fossils discovered by C. fulhrott from Neanderthal valley
of Germany
Ø They live in huts
Ø Cranial capacity 1400 c.c.
Ø Complete erect posture

-Himanshu Gupta
(a) Neanderthal man:
Ø Ceremonial burial of dead body
Ø Used animals' skin as cloths
Ø Beginning of development of speech center
Ø By nature – omnivorous
Ø First man believed in ''immortality of soul''

-Himanshu Gupta
(b) Cromagnon man
Ø Homo sapiens fossilis
Ø Origin and evolution 34000 years ago.
Ø Fossils discovered from Cromagnon rocks of France
Ø Lived in caves
Ø Cranial capacity - 1650 c.c. (maximum)
Ø Complete erect posture
Ø Well developed speech centre
Ø Orthognathous jaw.
Ø Larger forehead and well developed chin
Ø Used animal skin as cloth.

-Himanshu Gupta
(b) Cromagnon man
Ø This man was hunter and used domesticated dogs in hunting, so
domestication of animals started by cromagnon man.
Ø Known for cave paintings.
Ø Regarded as the direct ancestor of modern man.
Ø By nature Omnivorous.

-Himanshu Gupta
(c) Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern man):

Ø Man of today
Ø 10,000 years ago
Ø Cranial capacity 1450 cc
Ø Complete erect body posture
Ø Orthognathous
Ø Well developed speech centre, developed languages
Ø Less hairs on body as compared to fossil man
Ø Omnivorous
Ø It is believed that modern man evolved in Africa
Ø Agriculture was also started by them.
-Himanshu Gupta
Human taxonomy:

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Eutheria
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens

-Himanshu Gupta
Human evolution:

-Himanshu Gupta
Human
evolution:

-Himanshu Gupta
Man of future:

Ø Homo sapiens futuralis

Ø Dr. Shapiro named man of future as Homo futuralis
Ø Taller and hairless body
Ø Tomb like head and larger brain.
Ø With no fifth finger

-Himanshu Gupta
Races of human:
Ø Dividing the human species into groups
Ø Mainly based on visual traits (such as skin color, cranial, facial
features, or type of hair etc.)
Ø Four types:
1. Caucasoid (White) - Europe, Central Asia, South Asia,
the Middle East, North Africa, and Northeast Africa.
2. Negroid (black) - equatorial regions such as Africa, Southern
India, etc.
3. Mongoloid (yellow) - East Asian, North Asian and Native
American
4. Australoid- Australian subcontinent

-Himanshu Gupta
Cultural Evolution:

The course of cultural evolution is divided in to three age.

1. Palaeolithic - Age of tools of stones and bones.
2. Mesolithic - Age of animals husbandry, language, reading,
writing.
3. Neolithic –
a. Bronze age - Age of agriculture, knowledge and use of
clothes.
b. Iron age - Present age is also known as Iron age.

-Himanshu Gupta
Special Point:
(1) Anthropology :- Study of evolutionary history of man.
(2) Ethology : - Study of animal habbits and behaviour.
(3) Hylobates hoolock :- (The Gibbon) is the only ape found in India (forests
of Assam)
(4) Hobbit :-
Ø Recently Rechard Roberts scientist discovered a 18,000 years
old fossil of a lady form flores island, Indonesia.
Ø He gave name it to Hobbit/ Dwarf man/ Homo floresiensis.
Ø 1.1m length, 50000-12000 years ago, 980 cc, use of fire,
butchering, and stone tool etc

-Himanshu Gupta
Special Point:

(5) Carolus Linnaeus called human as Homo sapiens wiseman.

(6) Huxley explained origin of man in his book The man's place in
nature’.
(7) Darwin explained ancestry of man in his book 'The descent of
man’
(8) Primates originated 80-100 million years ago in palaeocene
epoch of coenozoic era.
(9) Primates originated from elephant shrews but they were not
real primates.

-Himanshu Gupta
Topic Review:
1. Match the hominids with their correct brain size. (NEET 2019)

erectus

-Himanshu Gupta
Topic Review:
2. Which of the following statements is correct about the origin and
evolution of men ? (NEET 2019)
(a) Agriculture came around 50,000 years back.
(b) The Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus primates existing 15 million years
ago, walked like men.
(c) Homo habilis probably ate meat.
(d) Neanderthal men lived in Asia between 1,00,000 and 40,000 years back.

3. Which of the following had the smallest brain capacity ? (AIPMT 2015)
(a) Homo sapiens (b) Homo neanderthalensis
(c) Homo habilis (d) Homo erectus

-Himanshu Gupta
Topic Review:
4. The chronological order of human evolution from early to the recent is:
(a) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo habit is → Homo erectus
(b) Ramapithecus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus
(c) Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Australopithecus → Homo erectus
(d) Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Ramapithecus → Homo erectus

5. The most apparent change during the evolutionary history of Homo

sapiens is traced in
(a) Loss of body hair (b) Walking upright
(c) Shortening of the jaws (d) Remarkable increase in the brain size

-Himanshu Gupta
Answer:

1. D
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. D

-Himanshu Gupta
 Thank you!
Keep learning!

-Himanshu Gupta