“Year of Dialogue and National Reconciliation”

FACULTY OF PHARMACY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Organic
Chemistry
PRACTICE N°1
QUALITATIVE ELEMENTAL CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: CARBON
AND HYDROGEN RESEARCH

Members:
Cueva Quispe, José Daniel
Huashuayo Cusi, Medalyt
Galindo Canchari, Nina Milagros
Ñaupa Espinoza, Gisela Magaly
Santamaría Casas, Leoncio
Teacher: Eng. Navarro Arias, Marcel
Group: D
Section: FB3M2
 2018
QUALITATIVE ELEMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: CARBON AND HYDROGEN
RESEARCH

1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The elements most frequently found in organic compounds are: carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens and phosphorus. Identification of these elements
can be done by various methods, some of which can be done qualitatively. The most
frequent method used in qualitative analysis is alkaline fusion, in which method the
elements are converted into organic sodium salts.

Two substances can present great differences between their physicochemical

properties due to their chemical nature (atoms that constitute them, types and forms of
bonds, intermolecular forces, stability of the molecules, etc.). Organic compounds are
characterized by the fact that they come from living nature and apart from being
responsible for forming the tissues of living beings, they represent raw material for the
creation of substances that improve the quality of life of human beings, therefore, they
are It is necessary to know its composition and chemical structure.

Hydrogen
It occurs in its molecular form, forming the diatomic gas H 2 under normal conditions . It
is the most abundant chemical element, constituting approximately 75% of the visible
matter in the universe .
 2. COMPETENCES

- Have the ability to identify the elements of an organic compound such as

C and H through specific reactions.
- Generate that students can learn to differentiate the type of properties.
- Learn to handle laboratory materials more appropriately.

3. MATERIALS AND REACTIVES

MATERIALS
1 wooden clip
6 Test tube
1 Bunsen burner
1 Tripod
1 Grid
1 Baguette
1 strip of litmus paper
1 Beaker of 10ml REAGENTS:
synthetic urea
Hydrochloric acid
Lime water (Ca(OH) 2 )
Oxalic acid
Copper II oxide
4. PROCEDURE
 5. RESULT:
Result – Experiment 1:

CHEMICAL EQUATION

2 CH 4 N 2 O + 3 O 2 → 2 N 2 + 2 CO 2 ↑ + 4 H 2 O
Urea Oxygen Nitrogen
Carbon Water
dioxide
N 2 + HCl 2 → NH 3 ↑ + Cl 2
Nitrogen Hydrochloric Ammonia Chlorin
NH 3 was obtained, which acid
was recognized by the litmus paper
(Alkaline) e indicator (blue
color) in the presence of HCl 2 that was obtained from the reaction of an organic
compound (urea).
Litmus Paper: Litmus Paper or pH Paper is used to measure the concentration
of Hydrogen Ions contained in a substance or solution. Through the pH scale,
which is classified into different colors and types.

pH scale
1 to 6: Acid
7: Neutral
8 to 14: Base or Alkaline
It was obtained

Result – Experiment 2:

CHEMICAL EQUATION

CuO + H 2 C 2 O 4 → 2 CO 2 ↑ + H 2 O + Cu
Copper Carbon Water Copper
Ac. Oxalic
oxide dioxide

CO 2 + Ca (OH) 2 → CaCO 3 + H 2 O
Calcium
carbonate

Ca (CO) 3 was obtained, which was recognized by the indicator phenolphthalein

(pink color) in the presence of CO 2 that was obtained from the reaction of an
organic compound (oxalic acid).
How is CaCO 3 identified?
With phenolphthalein.

Acid → Colorless
pH
Basic → Pink

6. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion – Experiment 1:
The presence of Nitrogen in an organic compound (urea) was recognized
through the formation of CO 2

Conclusion – Experiment 2:
The presence of carbon in an organic compound (oxalic acid) was recognized
through the formation of CO 2

7. QUESTIONNAIRE
Explain what the Lassaigne – Mulliquen method consists of. Write the
chemical reactions involved in said method, for any other compound that
was not used in practice and that contains N, S, Cl, I, Br.

LASSAIGNE METHOD
It is used for qualitative investigations of nitrogen, halogens, phosphorus and sulfur in
organic compounds, these are transformed into organic salts. One of the procedures
used for this purpose consists of the fusion of the organic substance with metallic
sodium, which converts sulfur into sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), nitrogen into sodium
cyanide (NaCN), halogens into halides, phosphorus into phosphates.

FUSION
SAMPLE (C, H, O, N, S, X) +Na → NaCN, NaX. Na2S, NaSCN, Na 3 PO 4

1. HALOGENS: (halogenides-x) the name halogen means “product of salts”. The

halogen family includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The electronegativity of
halogens decreases from fluorine to iodine, with H they form hydracids and with metals
salts, the investigation of halogens can be carried out using the BEILSTEN test or the
solution from the fusion with Na.

A.- IDENTIFICATION OF CHLORINE :

A.1- With silver nitrate: the investigation of halogens in organic compounds can be carried out
by transforming the halogen derivative into sodium halide. The halide ion is recognized by the
formation of silver halide, in the case of chlorine it will give us a white precipitate AgCl, with Br it
will give us a yellowish precipitate AgBr and with iodine it will give us a yellow precipitate AgI.

NaX + AgNO3 → AgX + HNO3

A.2- With potassium dichromate: only chlorides can form chromyl chlorides (brownish
vapors) when treated with dichromate and H2 SO4.

1ml. sample + 1ml. of potassium dichromate + 0.5 ml. of H2 SO4.

K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 3 H2SO4 . → 2CrO2Cl2 + K2SO4 + 2Na2SO4 + 3H2O

Brown Vapors

B.- IDENTIFICATION OF IODINE:

B.1- with ferric chloride: a small portion of the solution is added to drops of HCl and FeCl3
consequently releases the iodine in free form. Which is then treated with starch or non-polar
solvents (benzene, toluene, chloroform, carbon sulfide) allowing its identification.

2NaI + 2 FeCl3 → 2NaCL + 2 FeCl3 + FeCl3 + I2

I2 + C6 H11 O5 (starch) → C6 H11 O5 I (sorbate-iodine-starch)
Blue Solution
I2 + CHCl3 → I2 CHCl3 currant color
C.- IDENTIFICATION OF BROMINE:
C.1- With potassium permanganate: a small portion of the solution is added to drops of
concentrated sulfuric acid and drops of potassium permanganate, managing to release the Br in
molecular form (Br2), then add chloroform; allows identification.

10 NaBr +2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 → 5Br2 + 5Na2SO4+K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +8.H2O

Br2 + CHCl3 → Br2 CHCl3 Red brown

C.2- Beilstein test: it is a quick method to investigate halogens, using a copper wire and heat
that, with the halogenated sample, produces a volatile halide that gives a bluish-green color to
the flame.
(C,H,O,N,X) +CuO → Cu2 X2 + H2O + CO2 + N2

2.- SULFUR: sulfur is found in a native state in volcanoes, tasteless lemon yellowish in color,
soluble in carbon sulfide, it is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, due to rubbing it
negatively electrifies the allotropic states of sulfur are two forms crystallized by fusion and two
amorphous forms, the soluble and the insoluble. Sulfur is combustible, it burns with oxygen or in
air with a blue flame, it is a reducer, with hydrogen under the action of heat it gives SH2, it
combines with most non-metals giving sulfides, it combines with metals at more or less elevated
temperatures, giving metallic sulfides. Using sulfur anhydride and sulfuric acid to obtain it,
carbon sulfides, hyposulfites, black powder can be prepared, and rubber can be vulcanized.

D.- IDENTIFICATION OF SULFIDES:

D.1- With lead acetate: sulfur in organic compounds is investigated in the solution from fusion
with metallic sodium. The Ion is recognized as lead sulfides.

Na2S + 2Pb (CH3COO)2 → PbS + 2CH3COO Na –

D.2 - With sodium nitro prusate: the Ion can be recognized, sodium sulfocyanide can be
formed, it is done according to the reaction.
Na2S + Na2 NO Fe (CN) → Na4 [Fe (CN)5 NOS]

D.3- With ferric chloride: if the sample contains sulfur and nitrogen, sodium sulfocyanide can
be formed, which when heated with ferric chloride gives a blood red color.

NaSCN + FeCl3 → Fe(SCN)3 + NaCl

3.- NITROGEN (CN cyanides): nitrogen can be investigated by the formation of ferric
ferrocyanide of “Prussian blue” or by the fusion of soda lime. When burned, some nitrogenous
organic substances give off a smell of burnt hair.

AND. IDENTIFICATION OF CYANIDE

E.1- Formation of Prussian blue: the organic substance by fusion of sodium gives sodium
cyanide. Which is converted into sodium ferrocyanide which, with Fe3Cl, produces an insoluble
ferrocyanide precipitate of Prussian blue.

2NaCN +FeSO4 → Fe(CN)2 + Na2 SO4

Fe(CN)2 + 4NaCN → Na4Fe(CN)6
3Na4 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 4FeCl3 → Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 +12 NaCl

E.2- formation of blessed blue: the cyanide ion can also be recognized with blessed.

4.- PHOSPHORUS (PO phosphate): phosphorus exists in nature in the state of phosphate of
iron, magnesium, lead and mainly calcium, there is existence of phosphorus in the urine, in the
nervous system, it presents several allotropic states such as the ordinary or white and red. 3+ 4
It is oxidizable in dry phosphorescent air, soluble in carbon sulfide.

F- PHOSPHORUS IDENTIFICATION: ammonium molybdate solution and diluted nitric acid are
added to the sample. The solution is heated to 50ºC for 2 minutes and then left to rest. If a
yellowish precipitate appears within a period of 30 minutes, it will indicate the presence of
phosphorus.

Na3PO4 + 2(NH4) Mo4 + 21 HNO3 → ( NH4 )3 PO4 +2MoO4 +21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wade, L.G. Jr., Organic Chemistry, 2nd. Edition, Mexico, Ed. Prentice Hall
Hispanoamericana, SA de CV, 1993.
Shriner R., Fuson R., Curtin D., Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds: Ed. Limusa 1991 .
Holum J., General, organic and biochemistry chemistry, 1st Ed. 1972
Louis F., Organic Chemistry Experiments, Ed. Reverte SA. 1967
 Friedrich Wöhler

German educator and chemist , precursor

in the field of organic chemistry , best
known for his synthesis of urea , in
addition to isolating several chemical
elements.
He was born in Eschersheim, currently
Frankfurt am Main in Germany . At a very
early age he showed a passion for
science. The family moved to France in
1812 , where he joined secondary school
and was under the influence of Doctor
Bucha, where his inclination towards
natural sciences increased.
Wöhler was also known for being the co-
discoverer of beryllium , silicon and silicon nitride , as well as the synthesis of
calcium carbide, among others. In 1834 , Wöhler published research on bitter
almond oil with Liebig Justus . They proved by their experiments that a group of
carbon , hydrogen and oxygen atoms can behave like an element, take the
place of an element, and can be exchanged for elements in chemical
compounds, thus the foundation was laid for the doctrine of radicals.
compounds, a doctrine that had a profound influence on the development of
chemistry.
Since Humphry's discovery of potassium ; Davy, Oerstedt and Berzelius
attempted to extract this metal, but it was not possible. Wöhler then worked on
the same topic, and discovered the metal aluminum in 1827 . To him is also due
the isolation of the elements yttrium , beryllium and titanium , the observation
that "silicon" can be obtained in crystals and that some meteoric stones contain
organic matter.
In 1830 he determined that the element erythronium discovered by Andrés
Manuel del Río in Mexico in 1801 and the vanadium discovered by Nils Gabriel
Sefström in Sweden 30 years later were the same. Wöhler and Sainte Claire
Deville discovered the crystalline form of boron , and Wöhler and Buff Heinrich
discovered silane in 1857 . Wöhler also prepared urea , a component of urine,
from ammonium cyanate in the laboratory without the aid of a living cell. He also
developed the method for preparing phosphorus that is still used today.
Wöhler's discoveries had great influence on the theory of chemistry. The diaries
of each year from 1820 to 1881 contain contributions by him. He also wrote
several organic and inorganic chemistry textbooks.
 PRACTICE N° 1
QUALITATIVE ELEMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES: RESEARCH OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,

NITROGEN, SULFUR AND HALOGENS

RESULTS:
1.- What is the characteristic difference between an organic substance and
an inorganic substance?

Organic compounds contain carbon compounds. Most Inorganics NO. All organic
compounds are formed by covalent bonds (bonds between two non-metal atoms),
while inorganic compounds are formed by ionic and covalent bonds (metal and a non-
metal).

2.- How do I determine the presence of Halogens? Explain

The halogen family includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The electronegativity of
halogens decreases from fluorine to iodine, with H they form hydracids and with metals salts,
the investigation of halogens can be carried out using the BEILSTEN test or the solution from
the fusion with Na. On the other hand, since halogens have positive and negative formal
oxidation states (except fluorine), it will be necessary to consider the possibility that they
decrease (or disproportionate), that is, that they undergo a redox reaction in which the element
passes, simultaneously , to a positive and negative oxidation state.

3.- What do I observe in the determination of a volatile organic compound?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of organic compounds that vaporize easily.
Under atmospheric conditions, these compounds boil below 250°C. Different studies have
shown that prolonged exposure to these VOCs can increase the risk of diseases, including
cancer. VOCs are usually present in gasoline, dry cleaning solvents and degreasing
products. Due to improper storage, improper disposal, or simply spills, these dangerous
chemicals can contaminate drinking water.
 4.- How do I determine the presence of nitrogen
The qualitative determination of nitrogen can be carried out by the following procedures :

 Lassaigne method:
One of the most used methods for determining nitrogen in organic substances is the Lassaigne
Method:
It consists of heating the organic substance to be investigated in a test tube with a twist of
sodium, until reaching the red temperature , and the reaction product is carefully treated
with distilled water; Under these conditions, if there is nitrogen, an alkaline solution of
sodium cyanide is obtained, in which this salt is characterized by the Prussian blue precipitate
that it produces when boiled with ferrous sulfate FeSO4.

 Will-Warrentrapp method:

It is used for those organic substances that have weakly diluted nitrogen. The organic matter
is treated with a strong base NaOH or Ca (OH)2 and harmonic NH3 is released.

5.- How do I determine the presence of sulfur

It can be carried out with the Lassaigne method, fusing organic matter with sodium,
elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and halogens form ionic compounds.
Treating the reaction product with distilled water and then filtering, if a few drops of lead
acetate are added to a small amount of the filtrate, it will give a black precipitate of lead
sulfide. This shows the presence of sulfur.