CH.

2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS

Telecommunication I

EE419

Fall 2019

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 1 / 32

Table of Contents

1 Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral

2 Transform of Some Useful Functions
3 Signal Bandwidth
4 Fourier Transform Table
5 Properties of Fourier Transform
6 Time Scaling property
7 Time Shifting property
8 Frequency Shifting property ’Modulation’
9 Convolution in Fourier Transform
10 Differentiation and Integration in Fourier Transform

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 2 / 32

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral

We will develop a frequency representation (sum of exponential functions)

for an aperiodic signal using periodic signals.
For the signal g(t) shown right, we can construct a periodic signal gT0 (t)
formed by repeating the signal g(t) every T0 seconds. (T0 is made large
enough to avoid overlapping between pulses).
For T0 → ∞ the periodic signal become back
the aperiodic signal.
limT0 →∞ gT0 (t) = g (t)
Since gT0 (t) is a periodic signal, we can
represent it using exponential Fourier series.
This series will represent g(t) in the
limitT0 → ∞
The exponential Fourier
P series forjnw gT0 (t) is
gT0 (t) = ∞ n=−∞ n D e 0t

T /2
Dn = T10 −T0 0 /2 gT0 (t)e −jnw0 t dt
R
where,

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 3 / 32

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral (cont.)
The last integral can be expressed as
R∞
Dn = T10 −∞ g (t)e −jnw0 t dt
Now, let’s define a function G(f)
R∞
G (f ) = −∞ g (t)e −j2πf0 t dt
Then Dn equation become
1
Dn = T0 G (nf0 )

The Fourier coefficients Dn are ( T10 times) the samples of G(f) uniformly
spaced at intervals of f0 . Note that T10 G(f) is the envelope for the
coefficients Dn . Doubling T0 halves f0 (there are twice as many
component in the spectrum and the envelope T10 G(f) is halved)
As T0 increase, the frequency decrease as well as the amplitude of Dn . In
the limit as T0 → ∞, f0 → 0, and Dn → 0. This means the spectrum is so
dense that the spectral components are spaced at zero interval.

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 4 / 32

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral (cont.)
P∞ G (nf0 ) jn2πf0 t
Now, GT0 (t) = n=−∞ T0 e
Since T0 → ∞, hence f0 → 0 we use ∆f
instead of f0 . ∆f = T10
gT0 (t) = ∞ jn2πf0 t
P
n=−∞ [G (n∆f )∆f ]e

In the limit, as T0 → ∞, gT0 (t) → g (t)

g (t) = limT0 →∞ gT0 (t) = lim∆f →0 ∞ (j2πn∆f )t ∆f
P
n=−∞ G (n∆f )e

as ∆f → 0, the sum of the right hand side become the area under the
function G (f )e j2πft
R∞
g (t) = −∞ G (f )e j2πft df — This is the Fourier Integral
The function G(f) is the spectral function. G(f) is the Direct Fourier
Transform of g(t). and g(t) is the Inverse Fourier Transform of G(f).

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 5 / 32

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral (cont.)

g (t) and G (f ) are Fourier transform pairs

G (f ) = F[g (t)] and g (t) = F −1 [G (f )]

g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Briefly, Z ∞
G (f ) = g (t)e −j2πft dt
−∞
Z ∞
g (t) = G (f )e j2πft df
−∞

since G (f ) is complex, we can use polar from of G (f )

G (f ) = |G (f )|e jθg (f )

where |G (f )| is the magnitude of G (f ) and θg (f ) is the angle of G(f).

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 6 / 32

Conjugate Symmetry Property
if g (t) is a real function of t, then G (f ) and G (−f ) are complex
conjugate.
G (−f ) = G ∗ (f )
|G (−f )| = |G (f )| even
θg (−f ) = −θg (f ) odd

Eg. Find the Fourier transform of e −at u(t),

where a > 0.
R∞ −at u(t)e −j2πft dt
R∞
G (f ) = −∞ e = 0 e −(a+j2πf )t dt
−1 ∞
= a+j2πf e −(a+j2πf )t 0
= 1
a+j2πf
1
In the polar form: |G (f )| = √
a2 +(2πf )2

and, θg (f ) = −tan− 1( 2πf

a )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 7 / 32

Existence of Fourier Transform

In the last example if a < 0, the Fourier integral for e −at u(t) does not
converge.
Hence, the Fourier transform for e −at u(t) does not exist if a < t.
The existence of Fourier transform is assured for any g(t) if
Z ∞
|g (t)|.dt < ∞ 0 Dirichlet condition 0
−∞

Physical existence of a signal (can be generated) is a sufficient condition

for the existence of Fourier transform.

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 8 / 32

Linearity of Fourier Transform

Superposition Theorem

The Fourier transform is linear; that is if

g1 (t) ⇐⇒ G1 (f ) and g2 (t) ⇐⇒ G2 (f )

Then for all constant a1 and a2 , we have

a1 g1 (t) + a2 g2 (t) ⇐⇒ a1 G1 (f ) + a2 G2 (f )

Generally, X X
ak gk t ⇐⇒ ak Gk t
k k

for any constant {ak } and signal {gk (t)}

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 9 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions
Unit Rectangular Function
rect(x)

 1 |x| < 0.5
Π(x) = 0.5 |x| = 0.5
0 |x| > 0.5


τ

 1 |x| < 2
x τ
Π( ) = 0.5 |x| = 2
τ τ
0 |x| >

2

Unit Triangle Function

1 − τ2 |x| |x| < τ


x 2
∆( ) = τ
τ 0 |x| > 2

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 10 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions (cont.)

Sinc Function sinc(x)

sin(x)
sinc(x) = x
-sinc is an even function of x.
-sinc(x) = 0 for x = ±π, ±2π, ±3π.
if we have sinc( 3ω
7 ) then the first zero
occurs at ω = 7π3

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 11 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions (cont.)
Eg. Find the Fourier transform of g (t) = Π(t/τ ).
R∞
G (f ) = −∞ Π( τt )e −j2πft dt
R τ2 −j2πft τ
−1 −j2πft 2
= −τ e dt = j2πf e −τ
2 2

sin(πf τ )
= 1 1
πf j2 (e
j2πf τ − e −j2πf τ ) = πf
= τ sinc(πf τ )

The spectrum G (ω) peaks at ω = 0 and decays at higher frequencies.

Therefore, Π(t/τ ) is a low-pass signal with most of the signal energy in
lower frequency components.
Bandwidth:
Signal bandwidth is the difference between the highest (significant)
frequency and the lowest significant frequency in the signal spectrum.

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 12 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions (cont.)
Eg. Find the Fourier transform of the Unit Impulse
signal δ(t).
Z ∞
∞
F[δ(t)] = δ(t)e −j2πft dt = e −j2πft −∞ = 1
−∞

δ(t) ⇐⇒ 1

1
Eg. Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ(2πf ) = 2π δ(f ).
Z ∞
−1 1 1
F [ δ(f )] = δ(f )e j2πft df =
2π −∞ 2π

1
⇐⇒ δ(2πf )
2π
1 ⇐⇒ δ(f )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 13 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions (cont.)

Eg. Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ(f − f0 ).

Z ∞
−1
F [δ(f − f0 )] = δ(f − f0 )e j2πft df = e j2πf0 t
−∞

e j2πf0 t ⇐⇒ δ(f − f0 )
e −j2πf0 t ⇐⇒ δ(f + f0 )

Eg. Find the Fourier transform of signal cos(2πf0 t).

e j2πf0 t + e −j2πf0 t
from Euler 0 s identity , cos(2πf0 t) =
2
1
from the previous, cos(2πf0 t) ⇐⇒ [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )]
2

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 14 / 32

Transform of Some Useful Functions (cont.)
Eg. Find the Fourier transform of the sign function (sng(t))

 1 t>0
sgn(t) = 0 t=0
−1 t>0


Approximation, sgn(t) = lima→0 [e −at u(t) − e at u(−t)]

F[sgn(t)] = lima→0 F[e −at u(t)] − F[e at u(−t)]
 

1 1
= lima→0 [ − ]
a + j2πf a − j2πf
1 1 1
= + =
j2πf j2πf jπf

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 15 / 32

Short Table of Fourier Transforms

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 16 / 32

Time-Frequency Duality
For any result or relationship between g(t) and G(f) there exists a dual
result or relationship obtained by interchanging the roles of g(t) and G(f)
in the original result.

Eg. the time-shifting property, if g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )

g (t − t0 ) ⇐⇒ G (f )e −j2πft0

The dual of this property states that:

g (t)e j2πf0 t ⇐⇒ G (f − f0 )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 17 / 32

Symmetry (Duality) property

Whenever we derive any result, we can be sure it has a dual.

if , g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )

then, G (t) ⇐⇒ g (−f )

proof, Z ∞
g (t) = G (x)e j2πxt dx
−∞
Z ∞
g (−t) = G (x)e −j2πxt dx
−∞

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 18 / 32

Symmetry (Duality) property (cont.)

Eg. Apply the duality property to the pair shown

Π(t/τ ) ⇐⇒ τ sinc(πf τ )
f
τ sinc(πtτ ) ⇐⇒ Π( )
τ

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 19 / 32

Time Scaling property
if, g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Then for any real constant a,
1
g (at) ⇐⇒ |a| G ( fa )
proof:
Z −∞
1 −∞
Z
−j2πft 1 f
F[g (at)] = g (at)e dt = g (x)e −j2πfx/a dx = G ( )
∞ a ∞ a a

if a < 0, g (at) ⇐⇒ −1 a G(a)

f

”Time compression of a signal results in its spectral expansion, and time

expansion of the signal results in spectral compression.

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 20 / 32

Time Scaling property (cont.)
Eg. show that g (−t) ⇐⇒ G (−f ) and use this result and
e −at u(t) ⇐⇒ a+j2πf
1
to find the Fourier transform of e at u(−t) and e −a|t|

1 f
Since, g (at) ⇐⇒ G( )
|a| a
Let a = −1, g (−t) ⇐⇒ G (−f )
1
Since, e −at u(t) ⇐⇒
a + j2πf
1
Then, e at u(−t) ⇐⇒
a − j2πf

We have, e −a|t| = e −at u(t) + e at u(−t)

1 1 2a
Therefore, e −a|t| ⇐⇒ + = 2
a + j2πf a − j2πf a + (2πf )2

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 21 / 32

Time Shifting property

if, g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Then, g (t − t0 ) ⇐⇒ G (f )e −j2πft0
proof: Z −∞
F[g (t − t0 )] = g (t − t0 )e −j2πft dt
∞
Let t − t0 = x, we have
Z −∞
F[g (t − t0 )] = g (x)e −j2πf (x+t0 dx
∞
Z −∞
= e −j2πft0 g (x)e −j2πfx dx = G (f )e −j2πft0
∞

This result shows that delaying a signal only changes its phase spectrum.
The amplitude spectrum does not change.

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 22 / 32

Time Shifting property (cont.)
Eg. Find the Fourier transform of e −a|t−t0 | .
we already know that,
2a
F[e −a|t| ] = 2
a + (2πf )2

then,
2a
e −a|t−t0 | ⇐⇒ e −j2πft0
a2 + (2πf )2

Eg. Show that, g (t − T ) + g (t + T ) ⇐⇒ 2 G (f ) cos(2πfT )

F[g (t − T ) + g (t + T )] = G (f ) e −j2πfT + G (f ) e j2πfT

e −j2πfT + G (f )e j2πfT
= 2 G (f ) [ ]
2
= 2 G (f ) cos(2πfT )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 23 / 32

Frequency Shifting property ’Modulation property’
if, g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Then, g (t)e j2πf0 t ⇐⇒ G (f − f0 ) ”Modulation property”
proof: Z −∞
F[g (t)e j2πf0 t
]= g (t)e j2πf0 t e −j2πft dt
∞
Z −∞
= g (t)e −j2π(f −f0 )t dt = G (f − f0 )
∞

This shows that multiplication by an e j2πf0 t shifts the spectrum of the

signal by f0 .
Since e j2πf0 t is not a real function that can be generated, frequency
shifting in practice is achieved by multiplying g(t) by a sinusoid.
1
g (t)cos(w0 t) = [g (t)e jw0 t + g (t)e −jw0 t ]
2
1
hence, g (t)cos(w0 t) = [G (f − f0 ) + G (f + f0 )]
2
Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 24 / 32
Frequency Shifting ’Modulation’ property (cont.)
Multiplication of a sinusoid cos(w0 t) by g(t) amounts to modulating the
sinusoid amplitude. This type of modulation is known as amplitude
modulation. The sinusoid cos(w0 t) is called the carrier, the signal g(t) is
the modulating signal, and the signal g (t)cos(w0 t) is the modulated
signal.
-Shifting the spectrum
g (t)cos(w0 t + θ0 ) = 21 [G (f − f0 )e −jθ0 + G (f + f0 )e jθ0 ]
−π
When θ0 = 2 , g (t)sin(w0 t) = 12 [G (f − f0 )e −jπ/2 + G (f + f0 )e jπ/2 ]

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 25 / 32

Frequency Shifting ’Modulation’ property (cont.)
Eg. Find and sketch the Fourier transform of modulated signal
g (t)cos(2/pif0 t) if g (t) = Π(t/T )
Π(t/T ) ⇐⇒ Tsinc(πfT )
1
g (t)cos(2πf0 t) ⇐⇒ [G (f − f0 ) + G (f + f0 )]
2
T
F[g (t)cos(2πf0 t)] = [sinc(πT (f − f0 )) + sinc(πT (f + f0 ))]
2

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 26 / 32

Frequency Shifting ’Modulation’ property (cont.)

Application of Modulation
Modulation is used to shift signal specctra:
1 If several signals, each occupying the same frequency band, are
transmitted simultaneously over the same transmission medium.
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
2 For effective radiation of power over a radio link. The antenna size
must be on the order of the signal wavelength. Thus, shifting the
spectrum to a higher frequency (a smaller wavelength).

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 27 / 32

Convolution Theorem
The convolution of two functions g(t) and w(t) denoted by g(t)*w(t) is
defined by Z ∞
g (t) ∗ w (t) = g (τ )w (t − τ )dτ
−∞

if, g1 (t) ⇐⇒ G1 (f ) and g2 (t) ⇐⇒ G2 (f )

Then, time convolution g1 (t) ∗ g2 (t) ⇐⇒ G1 (f ) G2 (f )
and, frequency convolution g1 (t) g2 (t) ⇐⇒ G1 (f ) ∗ G2 (f )
Proof: Z ∞ Z ∞
g1 (τ )g2 (t − τ )dτ e −j2πft dt
 
F[g1 (t) ∗ g2 (t)] =
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z −∞
g2 (t − τ )e −j2πft dt dτ
 
= g1 (τ )
Z−∞
∞
∞

= g1 (τ )e −j2πf τ G2 (f )dτ
−∞
= G1 (f )G2 (f )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 28 / 32

Convolution Theorem (cont.)

Bandwidth of the product of two signal:

If g1 (t) and g2 (t) has bandwidths of B1 and B2 Hz respectively.
Then, the bandwidth of g1 (t) g2 (t) is (B1 + B2 )Hz.
Hence, BW of g 2 (t) is 2B Hz. Generally, BW of g n (t) is nB Hz.
Eg. Use the time convolution property to show that:
if, g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Rt
Then, −∞ g (τ )dτ  ⇐⇒ Gj2πf
(f )
+ 21 G (0)δ(f )
1 t>τ
-since, u(t − τ ) =
0 t<τ
R∞ Rt
g (t) ∗ u(t) = −∞ g (τ )u(t − τ )dτ = −∞ g (τ )dτ
g (t) ∗ u(t) ⇐⇒ G (f )U(f )
we know that u(t) ⇐⇒ 12 δ(f ) + j2πf1

G (f )
then, g (t) ∗ u(t) ⇐⇒ j2πf + 12 G (0)δ(f )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 29 / 32

Time Differentiation and time Integration
if, g (t) ⇐⇒ G (f )
Then, time Differentiation
dg (t)
⇐⇒ j2πfG (f )
dt
and, time Integration
Z t
G (f ) 1
g (τ )dτ ⇐⇒ + G (0)δ(f )
−∞ j2πf 2
Proof: Z ∞
dg (t) d
= G (f )e j2πft df
dt dt −∞
Z ∞
= (G (f )j2πf )e j2πft df
−∞
Generally,
d n g (t)
⇐⇒ (j2πf )n G (f )
dt n
Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 30 / 32
Time Differentiation and time Integration (cont.)
Eg. Use time differentiation property to find the Fourier transform of the
triangular pulse.
d 2 g (t)
dt 2
= τ2 [δ(t + τ2 ) − 2δ(t) + δ(t − τ2 )]
d 2 g (t)
dt 2
⇐⇒ (j2πf )2 G (f )
from time-shifting property: δ(t − t0 ) ⇐⇒ e −j2πft0
d 2 g (t) 2 −jπf τ
dt 2
⇐⇒τ [e − 2 + e −jπf τ ]
−(2πf )2 G (f ) = τ2 [e −jπf τ − 2 + e −jπf τ ]
−(2πf )2 G (f ) = τ4 (cos(πf τ ) − 1)
use, 2sin2 (x) = 1 − cos(2x)
−(2πf )2 G (f ) = − τ8 sin2 ( πf2τ )
2
G (f ) = τ π2 f 2
sin2 ( πf2τ )
τ 2 πf τ
G (f ) = 2 sinc ( 2 )

Telecommunication I (EE419) CH.2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS Fall 2019 31 / 32

Fourier Transform Properties (cont.)

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