Waves in Random and Complex Media

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Significance of activation energy and entropy

optimization in radiative stagnation point flow
of nanofluid with cross-diffusion and viscous
dissipation

Dania Qaiser, Zhoushun Zheng, M. Riaz Khan & Ahmed M. Galal

To cite this article: Dania Qaiser, Zhoushun Zheng, M. Riaz Khan & Ahmed M. Galal (2022):
Significance of activation energy and entropy optimization in radiative stagnation point flow of
nanofluid with cross-diffusion and viscous dissipation, Waves in Random and Complex Media, DOI:
10.1080/17455030.2022.2148179

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Published online: 29 Nov 2022.

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WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA
https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2022.2148179

Significance of activation energy and entropy optimization in

radiative stagnation point flow of nanofluid with
cross-diffusion and viscous dissipation
Dania Qaisera , Zhoushun Zhenga , M. Riaz Khan b and Ahmed M. Galalc,d
a School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China;
b Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; c Department of Mechanical
Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Alddawasir, Saudi Arabia;
d Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University,
Mansoura, Egypt

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The basic aim of this work is to examine the activation energy, ther- Received 4 March 2022
mal radiation, and the Joule heating influence in an incompressible Accepted 7 November 2022
two-dimensional dissipative stagnation point flow of a nano liquid KEYWORDS
past a curved stretching sheet. Furthermore, this work includes the Viscous flow; activation
investigation of entropy generation with cross-diffusion. The basic energy; Soret and Dufour
partial differential equations (PDEs) arising from the current study effect; viscous dissipation;
have been converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by entropy generation; curved
applying some dimensionless transformations. The solver bvp4c has stretching surface
been used for the numerical solutions of resulting ODEs. Various
graphical results for the velocity, skin friction coefficient, tempera-
ture, Nusselt number, concentration, and Sherwood number have
been plotted to show the impact of diverse values of the involved
flow parameters. The skin friction coefficient is diminished by increas-
ing the curvature and nanoparticles concentration whereas the heat
transport rate reduces with the increase of Eckert and Hartmann
number. Similarly, the escalating values of Soret number, chemical
reaction rate parameter, and the temperature difference parame-
ter enhance mass transportation. Furthermore, the Bejan number
decreases with an increase in Brinkman and Hartmann number
whereas the fluid’s entropy rises for the growing values of thermal
radiation and temperature difference parameter.

Nomenclature
Symbols meaning and dimensions
νs Nano particles kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]
νf Base fluid kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]
νnf Nanofluid kinematic viscosity
(ρCp )f Base fluid heat capacity [ML2 /T2 K]
(ρCp )s Nanoparticles heat capacity [ML2 /T2 K]

CONTACT Riaz Khan [email protected]; [email protected]

© 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 D. QAISER ET AL.

(ρCp )nf Nanofluids heat capacity

σf Base liquid electrical conductivity [Sm−1 ]
σs Nano particles electrical conductivity [Sm−1 ]
σnf Nanofluids electrical conductivity [Sm−1 ]
αf Base fluid thermal diffusivity [L2 /T]
αs Nanoparticles thermal diffusivity [L2 /T]
p Dimensional pressure [kgm−1 s−2 ]
μs Nano particles dynamic viscosity [kgm−1 s−1 ]
μf Base fluid dynamic viscosity [kgm−1 s−1 ]
μnf Nanofluid dynamic viscosity [kgm−1 s−1 ]
ρs Nano particles density [kgm−3 ]
ρf Base liquid density [kgm−3 ]
ρnf Nanofluids density [kgm−3 ]
kf Base liquid thermal conductivity [Wm−1 K −1 ]
ks Nano particles thermal conductivity [Wm−1 K −1 ]
knf Nanofluids thermal conductivity [Wm−1 K −1 ]
αnf Nanofluids thermal diffusivity
C fs Skin friction coefficient
Shs Sherwood number
Nus Nusselt’s number
Res Reynolds number
T Temperature of the fluid [K]
ϕ Nanoparticle’s concentration
a Constant related to stretching/shrinking of the sheet
s Arc length coordinates along the curved surface
τrs Wall shear stress
λ Stretching/shrinking parameter
B0 Magnetic field strength [T]
r Normal to the tangent at any point of the curved surface
u, v Velocity components in s, r directions respectively [ms−1 ]
R Curvature of the curves belt
C Concentration of the fluid [molm−3 ]
Cw , C∞ Concentration near and far away from the surface respectively
Tw , T∞ Temperatures near and far away from the surface respectively
K Dimensionless curvature parameter
M Magnetic field parameter
S Suction parameter
Ec Eckert number
Pr Prandtl number
jw Mass flux
qw Wall heat flux
νw Suction velocity
σ∗ Stefan–Boltzmann constant [Wm−2 K −4 ]
k∗ Mean absorption coefficient [m−1 ]
kT Thermal diffusion ratio
Dm Molecular diffusivity [m2 s−1 ]
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 3

cs Concentration susceptibility [Kgm−3 ]

k1 Boltzmann constant [8.314J/Kmol]
kr Chemical reaction rate [molL−1 s−2 ]
n Fitted rate constant [Wm−2 K −1 ]
Ea Activation energy [KJmol−1 ]
P Dimensionless pressure
Du Dufour number
Sc Schmidt number
E1 Dimensionless activation energy parameter
L Slip length
Dimensionless slip length
H Diffusion parameter
ω1 Concentration difference
NG Local entropy generation
Kp Permeability of porous medium
Sr Soret number
f Stream function
η Similarity variable
f Dimensionless velocity
θ Dimensionless temperature of fluid
Rd Radiation parameter
ω Temperature difference parameter
τ Non-dimensional chemical reaction rate parameter
φ Non-dimensional concentration of fluid
Br Brinkman number

1. Introduction
During the past two decades, scientists and researchers have revealed considerable atten-
tion to examining the MHD flow problems because of its enormous applications in the field
of industries and manufacturing. Magnetohydrodynamics is an arm of physical sciences
that describes the behavior of magnetic fluids as well as electrical fluids like electrolytes,
plasma, saltwater, and liquid metals. The MHD is associated with a broad variety of applica-
tions in engineering and industry, particularly in biomedical science, including blood flow,
MHD power plants, MHD generators, cell separation, and tissue temperature. The impact of
heat radiation and the activation energy with the time-dependent MHD flow of nano liq-
uid through a stretched surface was explored by Haider et al. [1]. They discovered that the
activation energy upsurges when the nanoparticle volume fraction increases. The numeri-
cal assessment of thermal conductivity along with the effect of heat transport on the MHD
flow of Williamson nano liquid across the exponentially curved surface was inspected by
Ahmed et al. [2]. For the numerical analysis of the problem, they used the bvp4c approach.
With the presence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, Tassaddiq [3] investigated the MHD flow
of a hybrid micropolar nano liquid and discovered that the hybrid nanofluid’s thermal
profile is elevated when the micropolar parameter is increased. The Newtonian mass con-
ditions and the heat condition in the simulation of MHD motion of Walter-B nano liquid
over a stretched sheet were examined by Qayyum et al. [4]. They discovered that for the
4 D. QAISER ET AL.

thermophoresis parameter, the relationship between the local Nusselt and the Sherwood
numbers is inverted. The influence of solar radiation on the magnetized stagnation flow of
nano liquid above the flexible surface was investigated by Ghasemi and Hatami [5]. From
this study, they found that with the solar radiation parameters the nanofluid temperature
increases. In the presence of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction effects, Ramzan
et al. [6] inspected the MHD flow of nano liquid across the rotating disk. From this scrutiny,
they observed that the non-dimensional constant of the rotating disc raises the homoge-
neous as well as the heterogeneous reactions profile of the nano liquid. Regarding MHD
flows, several more important and recent work has been observed in [7–18].
The disruption produced because of transforming thermal energy into substantial work
is determined by entropy, which is an essential component of any isolated thermal sys-
tem. It is also described as a scientific notion that depicts the properties of thermal systems
at the nanoscale and irregularity measures at the atomic scale. This technique is applied
in the cooling of the atomic reactor, energy plants, heat engines, air conditioners, heat
pumps, etc. At first, Bejan [19,20] investigated the entropy optimization in convective flow
associated with heat flux. Zhang et al. [21] investigated the influence of entropy in the
flow of hybrid nanomaterials with radiation effect. Khan and Alzahrani [22] analyzed the
influence of entropy optimization in non-Newtonian nano liquid flow with the Lorentz
force across a stretched bent surface. Kumar et al. [23] investigated the irreversibility phe-
nomenon in hydromagnetic Williamson incompressible viscous nano liquid. Hassan [24]
demonstrates the irreversibility of reactive magnetized coupling stress liquid flow across
a saturated porous channel. Azam et al. [25] investigated the optimized entropy flow of a
time-dependent incompressible MHD Williamson fluid along with a slip effect. The impact
of melting heat transfer in a viscous MHD flow with entropy generation enclosed by a
stretched plate was explored by Hayat et al. [26]. In a tilted enclosure, Aghakhani et al.
[27] examined the effect of Lorentz force in hybrid nanomaterial flow with optimization of
entropy. Some other significant association has been found regarding entropy optimization
in [28–30].
The Soret (thermal diffusion) effect is the mass flux caused by the temperature gradient
and the Dufour number is the energy flux depending on the concentration gradient. These
effects are very necessary for different areas like versatile areas as well as the technology
of drying, repositories of atomic trash, and geothermic energy. Bhatti et al. [31] customized
the flow of nanofluid (water/magnetite) beyond a perpendicular stretched surface having a
partial slip. According to them, temperature increases due to elevation in diffusion-thermo.
Alzahrani et al. [32] explained the compressed flow (3D) of viscous fluid inside a rotating
channel and came to the conclusion that the concentration profile shrinks because of the
Dufour number. Idowu and Falodun [33] explored the impact of viscosity and mutable ther-
mal conductivity in the flow of non-Newtonian fluids over a porous vertical sheet subject to
the influence of Soret and Dufour phenomenon. Noreen et al. [34] discussed the peristalsis
cross-diffusion flow of electrokinetic Jeffrey fluid with the influence of electroosmosis.
In view of the above investigations, the current work considers the activation energy,
thermal radiation, and the Joule heating influence in an incompressible two-dimensional
dissipative stagnation point flow of a nano liquid over a curved stretching sheet. Fur-
thermore, this work includes the investigation of entropy generation with cross-diffusion.
The basic partial differential equations (PDEs) arising from the current study have been
converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying some dimensionless
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 5

transformations. An in-built MATLAB routine bvp4c is used for the numerical solutions of
resulting ODEs. The various graphical results have been plotted to show the effect of diverse
values of the involved parameters.

2. Basic equations
This work considers the activation energy, thermal radiation, and the Joule heating influ-
ence in an incompressible two-dimensional dissipative stagnation point flow of a nano
liquid past a curved stretching sheet. Additionally, the energy and the mass diffusion equa-
tions correspondingly control the Dufour and the Soret number effects. The velocity of the
free stream andthe surface  have been correspondingly considered to be u → ue (s) = bs
∂u u
and u = as + L ∂r − r+R , where a < 0, a = 0 and a > 0 refers to the shrinking sheet,
static sheet and stretching sheet respectively whereas L refers to the slip length. The direc-
tions vertical to the sheet and along the sheet have been addressed to be s and r coordinate,
respectively. The nanofluid is resulting from the mixture of base fluid ethylene glycol
(C2 H6 O2 ) and the alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticles. It is preferred to set up the magnetic field
(of intensity B0 ) in the radial direction. These assumptions lead to the following boundary
layer equations [35].
∂ ∂u
[(r + R)v] = −R , (1)
∂r ∂s
1 ∂p u2
− = 0, (2)
ρnf ∂r r+R
 2 
1 R ∂p ∂ u 1 ∂u u ∂u Ru ∂u uv σnf B0 2
= vnf + − − v − − − u,
ρnf r + R ∂s ∂r2 r + R ∂r (r + R)2 ∂r r + R ∂s r+R ρnf
(3)
   2 
∂T Ru ∂T knf ∂ T 1 ∂T σnf
v + = + + B0 2 u2
∂r r + R ∂s (ρCp )nf ∂r2 r + R ∂r (ρCp )nf
 2   2
1 ∂ T 1 ∂T 16σ ∗ T∞ 3 μnf ∂u u
+ + + −
(ρCp )nf ∂r2 r + R ∂r 3k∗ (ρCp )nf ∂r r+R
 2 
1 Dm k T ∂ C 1 ∂C
+ + , (4)
(ρCp )nf cs ∂r 2 r + R ∂r
     
∂C Ru ∂C ∂ 2C 1 ∂C D m kT ∂ 2 T 1 ∂T
v + = Dm + + +
∂r r + R ∂s ∂r2 r + R ∂r Tm ∂r2 r + R ∂r
 n  
T Ea
− Kr2 Exp − (C − C∞ ). (5)
T∞ K1 T
The boundary conditions associated with the above equations are given below.
  
u = as + L ∂u u
∂r − r+R , v = −vw , T = Tw , C = Cw , at r = 0, (6)
u → ue (s) = bs, ∂u
∂r → 0, T → T∞ , C → C∞ as r → ∞.

The thermophysical properties of the base fluid ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) and the alumina
(Al2 O3 ) nanoparticles are given in Table 1.
6 D. QAISER ET AL.

Table 1. Thermophysical characteristics of the nanofluid.

Properties Nanofluid
   
ks
knf +2 −2ϕ 1− kks
Thermal conductivity = kf   f
.
kf ks ks
kf +2 +ϕ 1− kf
Heat capacity (ρCp )nf = ϕ(ρCp )s +(1 − ϕ)(ρCp )f .
σs
σnf 3 σ −1 ϕ
Electrical conductivity σf =1+ 
σs
f   .
σf +2 − σσs −1 ϕ
f
μf
Viscosity μnf = .
(1−ϕ)2.5
knf
Thermal diffusivity αnf = (ρCp )nf .
Density ρnf = ϕρs + (1 − ϕ)ρf

Assume the following dimensionless transformation.

  
u = bsf  (η), η = b
vf
R
r, v = − r+R bvf f (η), p = ρf ue 2 P(η)
. (7)
T = θ(η)(Tw − T∞ ) + T∞ , C = φ(η)(Cw − C∞ ) + C∞

Using the above transformations in Equations (1)–(6) we get the following non-dimensional
equation.
ρf ∂P 1 2
= f , (8)
ρnf ∂η η+K

 
ρf 2K vnf 1 1  K K
P= f  − f + f − (f  )2 + ff 
ρnf η + K vf (η + K) 2 η+K η+K η+K
K σnf ρf 
+ ff  − M2 f, (9)
(η + K)2 σf ρnf

    2
1 knf (ρCp )f 4 1 K μnf (ρCp )f f
1 + Rd θ  +
θ + fθ + Ec f  −
Pr kf (ρCp )nf 3 η+K η+K μf (ρCp )nf η+K
 
(ρCp )f σnf  2 1
+ M2 Ec (f ) + Du φ  + φ  = 0, (10)
(ρCp )nf σf η+K

   
 1  K   1  n E1
φ + φ + Sc f φ + Sr θ + θ − τ (1 + ωθ ) Exp − = 0,
η+K η+K η+K 1 + ωθ
(11)
Combining Equation (8) and Equation (9) results in the following pressure-free equa-
tions.

2  1 1 vf K K
f  + f + (ff  − f  f  ) + (ff  − f  )
2
f iv + f −
η+K (η + K) 2
(η + K) 3 vnf η + K (η + K)2
 
K  2 σnf ρf  1 
− ff − M f + f = 0. (12)
(η + K)3 σf ρnf η+K
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 7

The re-arrangement of Equation (10) and Equation (11) leads to the following equations.
 
1 knf (ρCp )f 4
1 + Rd − SrScDu θ 
Pr kf (ρCp )nf 3
 
1 knf (ρCp )f 4 1 1 K
+ 1 + Rd − SrScDu + f θ
Pr kf (ρCp )nf 3 η+K η+K η+K
 2
K μnf (ρCp )f f (ρCp )f σnf  2
+ DuSc f φ  + Ec f  − + M2 Ec (f )
η+K μf (ρCp )nf η+K (ρCp )nf σf
 
E1
+ τ Du(1 + ωθ)n ScExp − = 0, (13)
1 + ωθ

   
1 K 1 E1
φ  + φ  + Sc f φ  + Sr θ  + θ  − τ (1 + ωθ )n Exp − = 0,
η+K η+K η+K 1 + ωθ
(14)
Similarly, the boundary conditions (6) lead to the following dimensionless pattern.

 
f (0) = S, f  (0) = λ + f  (0) + f K(0) , θ(η) = 1, φ(η) = 1
. (15)
f  (η) = 1, f  (η) = 0, θ(η) = 0, φ(η) = 0 as η → ∞

The non-dimensional parameters appearing in Equations (12)–(15) have been described

below.
 ⎫
K = R vb , M2 = σbρ
f B0
2
, Pr = ανf , Ec = CpuT = Cp (Tbw −T
2 2 s2
, ⎪
⎪
f f f ∞) ⎪
⎬
∗ 3
4σ T∞ Dm kT (Cw −C∞ ) νf Dm kT (Cw −C∞ )
Rd = k k∗ , Du = cs (μCp ) (Tw −T∞ ) , Sc = Dm , Sr = Tm ν(Tw −T∞ ) , . (16)
f f  ⎪
⎪
Kr2 ⎪
⎭
τ = b , ω = TwT−T
∞
∞
, E 1 = Ea
k1 T∞ , = L b
v , λ = a
b .
f

Considering K → ∞, in Equation (12) leads to the following Equation (17).

vnf iv σnf ρf 
f + ff  − f  f  − M2 f = 0, (17)
vf σf ρnf

This equation represents the classical problem of the flat surface.

Integrating Equation (17) and using the free stream boundary condition (15) lead to the
following equation.
vnf  σnf ρf 
f + ff  − f 2 − M2 f + M2 + δ + 1 = 0, (18)
vf σf ρnf

Similarly, for K → ∞, Equations (13) and (14) converts to Equations (19) and (20).
 
1 knf (ρCp )f 4 μnf (ρCp )f
1 + Rd θ  + Sr Sc Du θ  + {θ  − ScDuφ  }f + Ec (f  )2
Pr kf (ρCp )nf 3 μf (ρCp )nf
 
(ρCp )f σnf  2 E1
+ M2 Ec (f ) + τ Du(1 + ωθ)n ScExp − = 0, (19)
(ρCp )nf σf 1 + ωθ

 
  E1
n
φ + Sc Srθ − α(1 + σ θ) Exp − = 0. (20)
1 + σθ
8 D. QAISER ET AL.

and conditions (15) reduces to.

f (0) = S, f  (0) = λ + f  (0), θ(η) = 1, φ(η) = 1

. (21)
f  (η) = 1, f  (η) = 0, θ(η) = 0, φ(η) = 0 as η → ∞

The present study closely considers the leading physical quantities of the engineer-
ing interests such as the skin friction coefficient (Cfs ), local Nusselt number (Nus ) and the
Sherwood number (Shs ). These quantities can be defined respectively as
⎫
Cfs = ρ uτrs2 (s) ⎪⎬
f w
Nus = k (Tsq w
−T )
∞ ⎪
. (22)
f w
⎭
Shs = Dm (Csjww−C∞ )

where
  ⎫
u  ⎪
τrs = μnf ∂u −  ⎪
 ∂r
∗
  ⎪
r+R r=0
3
⎬
16σ T∞ kf ∂T 
qw = −knf 1 + 3k k∗ k ∂r r=0 ⎪ . (23)
f  nf
 ⎪
⎪
jw = −Dm ∂C ⎭
∂r  r=0

In above system, τw , qw and jw describe the shear stress of the wall, the heat flux, and
the mass flux respectively.
By means of the transformation (7), the system (22) modifies to the following dimension-
less system.

 ⎫
(Res ) 2 Cfs = μμnf f  (0) − f K(0)
1
⎪
⎬
knf   
f
−1/2
(Res ) Nus = − k 1 + 3 Rd θ (0)⎪ .
4 (24)
−1/2
f ⎭
(Res ) Shs = −φ(0)

bs2
where Res = νf describe the Reynolds number.

3. Entropy generation modeling

The entropy generation for the current problem is described by
 2  2
knf 16σ ∗ T∞
3 ∂T μnf ∂u u σnf B20 2
Sgen = 1 + + + + u
T∞2 3kf k∗ ∂r T∞ ∂r R+r T∞
   
RDm ∂C 2 RDm ∂T ∂C
+ + . (25)
C∞ ∂r T∞ ∂r ∂r

In the above equation, the initial term on the right side describes the irreversibility of heat
transfer, the next term on the right side describes the viscous dissipation irreversibility and
the 3rd term on the right side describes the Joule heating irreversibility. The fourth and fifth
term combinedly describe the irreversibility of mass transfer. Clarify that, R is the universal
gas constant.
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 9

Equation (25) can be converted to the following dimensionless form using the transfor-
mations in Equation (7).

   
4 2  1  2 ω1
NG = 1 + Rd ωθ + Br f + f + MBr f 2 + H φ 2 + Hθ  φ  , (26)
3 η+K ω

Figure 1. Flow geometry.

Figure 2. Skin friction for diverse values of K w.r.t M.

10 D. QAISER ET AL.

where NG , Br , H, ω and ω1 are the dimensionless parameters that can be characterized as.

T∞ νf SG μnf b2 s2 RDm (Cw − C∞ )

NG = , Br = ,H = ,
bknf T knf T knf
Tw − T∞ T Cw − C∞ C
ω= = , ω1 = = . (27)
T∞ T∞ C∞ C∞

The formula for the dimensionless Bejan number can be described as

Entropy generation corresponding to the heat and mass transfer

Be = , (28)
Total entropy generation

Figure 3. Skin friction for diverse values of φ w.r.t M.

Figure 4. Nusselt number for diverse values of Ec w.r.t S.

 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 11

Thus, we can write

 
1 + 43 Rd ωθ  2 + H ωω1 φ  2 + Hθ  φ 
Be =    2 (29)
1 + 43 Rd ωθ  2 + Br f  + η+K
1 
f + MBr f  2 + H ωω1 φ  2 + Hθ  φ 

4. Results and discussion

The present study is considered to produce a numerical illustration of the incompressible
radiative stagnation point flow of a dissipative nanofluid across a curved surface. An in-built
MATLAB routine bvp4c is used to examine the influence of flow parameters on velocity,
temperature, concentration, and entropy generation. The solution of the boundary value

Figure 5. Nusselt number for diverse values of φ w.r.t S.

Figure 6. Nusselt number for diverse values of M w.r.t S.

12 D. QAISER ET AL.

problems via the bvp4c solver requires three diverse classes of data. The necessary initial
guess, the equations to solve, and the corresponding boundary conditions are all included
in this data. The interval of integration for the present work is estimated from zero to four
regarding the mesh point 50 whereas 10−10 is taken to be the relative tolerance.
Figures 1 and 2 describe that the skin friction coefficient is diminished by modifying the
curvature parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction parameters. It is seen in Figure 3
that the Hartmann number with higher values reduces the skin friction and the thermal
conductivity of the nanofluid reduces as the volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases.
Figure 2 shows the variation in skin friction coefficient caused by changing the curvature
parameter with Hartmann number. It is shown that larger values of the curvature parameter
increase the skin friction coefficient.

Figure 7. Sherwood number for diverse values of Sr w.r.t E1 .

Figure 8. Sherwood number for diverse values of τ w.r.t E1 .

 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 13

The decreased Nusselt number fluctuation is depicted in Figure 4. It can be observed that
reducing the Eckert number enhances the rate of heat transfer. When there is higher suc-
tion, the influence of the Eckert number is insignificant. It is further observed that when the
Eckert number rises, the Nusselt number reduces, resulting in the nanoparticle and thermal
boundary layer thicknesses to rise. Figure 5 describes the heat transfer variation attributed
to the four different values of φ and also controlled by the diverse rate of mass suction S
through the surface. It is very clear that φ and S play an opposite role against the variation
of heat transfer, i.e. the high concentration of nanoparticles minimizes the heat transport
rate whereas the high rate of suction magnifies the heat transport rate. The adjustment of
heat transport based on the intensity of the magnetic field and the rate of mass suction

Figure 9. Sherwood number for diverse values of ω w.r.t E1 .

Figure 10. f  (η) for diverse values of S.

14 D. QAISER ET AL.

through a curved surface has been observed in Figure 6. It is obvious that the heat trans-
portation rate declines with the higher intensity of magnetic field as well as it is boosting
with the boosting rate of suction.
Figure 7 clarifies that the mass transport (Sherwood number) is highly dependent on the
Soret number and activation energy parameter. From this figure, one could argue that the
escalating values of Soret number enhances the mass transportation whereas the higher
values of activation energy parameter decline this transportation. The effect of the reaction
rate parameter to the local Sherwood number is shown in Figure 8. The rate of mass transfer
is increased because the reaction rate parameter reduces the thickness of the concentration
boundary layer. The fluctuation of the Sherwood number against the diverse values of two
different parameters like ω and E1 is depicted in Figure 9. It can be observed that enhancing

Figure 11. f  (η) for diverse values of K.

Figure 12. f  (η) for diverse values of φ.

 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 15

the ω parameter enhances the rate of mass transfer. It is further observed that when the
values of E1 parameter rises, the Sherwood number reduces.
Figure 10 depicts the velocity profile for various suction parameter values. It is clearly
noticed that when the suction parameter increases, the velocity field decreases. Further-
more, the suction reduces the boundary layer thickness. The influence of curvature param-
eter K on the velocity profile is portrayed in Figure 11. By accelerating the values of K, we
can see the flow velocity reduces effectively. The minor curvature of the curved surface
is associated with the escalating values of K which is owing to the high friction drag and
accordingly the fluid velocity reduces.

Figure 13. θ(η) for diverse values of Rd.

Figure 14. θ(η) for diverse values of Pr.

16 D. QAISER ET AL.

Moreover, the resistance towards the fluid flow increases as the volume fraction φ of
nanoparticles increases. This clarifies that the increasing values of φ decline the velocity as
shown in Figure 12.
The effect of thermal radiation parameter Rd is presented in Figure 13. With an enhance-
ment in the Rd, the fluid temperature accelerates significantly. Figure 14 depicts the effect
of Prandtl number on the temperature field. Lower temperature field and thermal layer
thickness are caused by a higher Prandtl number. Thermal diffusivity has an adverse con-
nection with Prandtl number. Thermal diffusivity decreases as the Prandtl number rises. The
temperature field and related thermal layer decrease because of the smaller diffusivity. The
impact of Du on θ(η) is graphed in Figure 15. This figure reveals that the rate of heat transfer

Figure 15. θ(η) for diverse values of Du.

Figure 16. φ(η) for diverse values of Sc.

 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 17

Figure 17. φ(η) for diverse values of Sr.

Figure 18. φ(η) for diverse values of Du.

to the fluid increase as the magnitude of Du rises, allowing the fluid to absorb more heat.
Therefore, fluid temperature rises.
The influence of Schmidt number Sc on the concentration profile φ(η) is plotted in
Figure 16. It is seen that fluid concentration and solutal boundary layer thickness increases
gradually by increasing Sc. The concentration has been significantly enhanced by Sr, as seen
in Figure 17. This is because as the Soret number rises, so does the mass diffusion. On the
same profile (concentration), the opposite trend is detected when compared to the Dufour
number as seen in Figure 18.
It can be seen in Figure 19 that as the Hartmann number M increases, the Bejan number
Be decreases. When M decreases, the Bejan number increases in the region of the curved
surface. Figure 20 shows the influence of Br on the Be profile. By increasing Br, Bejan number
18 D. QAISER ET AL.

Figure 19. Be for diverse values of M.

Figure 20. Be for diverse values of Br.

profile decreases, which shows that overall irreversibility is dominant than the heat transfer
irreversibility.
The effect of ω on the entropy generation NG is shown in Figure 21. It is seen that entropy
profile is inversely proportional to the increment of ω. The impact of Rd on NG is graphed
in Figure 22. With an enhancement in the values of Rd, the fluid temperature accelerates
significantly due to the growth in the movement of charged particles in the liquid. Internal
displacement and vibrations are two additional phenomena that occur when the fluid tem-
perature enhances. Hence, the fluid’s entropy rises for growing values of thermal radiation.
Table 2 describes the thermal properties of base fluid and nanoparticles.
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 19

Figure 21. NG for diverse values of ω.

Figure 22. NG for diverse values of Rd.

5. Conclusion
The current work considers the activation energy, thermal radiation, and the Joule heat-
ing influence on an incompressible two-dimensional dissipative stagnation point flow of a
nano liquid past a curved stretching sheet. Furthermore, this work includes the investiga-
tion of entropy generation with cross-diffusion. Several graphical results have been plotted
to display the impact of diverse values of the involved flow parameters which conclude to
the following observations.

• The skin friction coefficient is diminished by modifying K and φ.

20 D. QAISER ET AL.

Table 2. Thermal properties of Ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) base fluid and

Alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticles.
Thermophysical properties Ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) Alumina (Al2 O3 )
ρ(kg/m3 ) 1115 3970
Cp (J/kgK) 2430 765
k(W/mK) 0.253 40
σ (S/m) 1 × 10−7 35 × 106

• The heat transport rate respectively reduces and magnifies with the increase of Ec, M,
φ and S.
• The escalating values of Sr, τ , ω enhance the mass transportation whereas the higher
values of E1 decline this transportation.
• The fluid temperature accelerates with an enhancement in the values of Rd, Du and
declines by a higher Prandtl number.
• The fluid concentration correspondingly increases and decreases gradually by
increasing Sc, Sr and Du.
• The Bejan number Be decreases with the increasing values of the parameters Br and
M.
• The entropy of fluid is increasing for the increasing values of Rd and ω.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

ORCID
M. Riaz Khan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-5866

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