Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir ([email protected])
 Identifying Functions, their
Domain and Range

▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
These are the functions that are defined differently on different
parts of the domain.
The Greatest Integer Function (floor function)
Floor Function: the greatest integer that is less than or equal to 𝑥

Practice: Define the least integer function (ceiling function).

The Greatest Integer Function (floor function)
Example: Piecewise Function

−𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =൞
𝑥 2, 𝑥≥0

Remember 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) so lets graph 𝑦 = 𝑥2 which is a

square function (parabola). Since we are only supposed to
graph this for 𝑥 ≥ 0, we’ll only keep the right half of the
graph. On the similar lines plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥.

This then is the graph for the

piecewise function given above.
Example: Piecewise Function

2𝑥 + 5, −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 0

𝑓 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥=0

−5𝑥, 𝑥>0
Rational Functions
A rational function is a quotient or ratio of two polynomials:

𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑞(𝑥)
where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is
the set of all real 𝑥 for which 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Graphs of rational functions:

3
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ − 4Τ7 Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 1Τ 2
Range: ℝ Range: ℝ
Exponential Functions
Functions of the form:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥,
where the bas𝑒 𝑎 > 0 is a positive constant and 𝑎 ≠ 1,
are called exponential functions.
Graphs of exponential functions:
Logarithmic Functions
These are the functions of the form:
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ,
where the base 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive constant. They are the inverse
functions of the exponential functions.
Graphs of Logarithmic functions
Trigonometric functions and their Graphs

When we graph trigonometric

functions in the coordinate
plane, we usually denote the
independent variable by "𝑥"
instead of "𝜃" (in radians).
Even and Odd Functions
A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is an
even function of 𝑥 if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥),
odd function of 𝑥 if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥),
for every 𝑥 in the function′s domain.
 Examples:
4 2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 Even function

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 Odd function
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 Odd function
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

??? 5. 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥

Practice: Solve Q: 4 − 6.
Symmetric Graphs

Symmetric about the 𝒚 − axis

FUNCTIONS
Symmetric about the origin
Even functions have y-axis Symmetry
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), a point (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on the graph if and only if the point (−𝑥, 𝑦) is also on the
graph.
Odd functions have origin Symmetry
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), a point (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on the graph if and only if the point (−𝑥, −𝑦) also lies
on the graph.
𝒙-axis Symmetry
We won’t talk about a function with 𝑥 −axis symmetry
because it wouldn’t be a function.

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Shifting Graphs
Shifting a graph of a function
▪ A shift is a rigid translation, means it does not change the
shape or size of the graph of the function. All that a shift
will do is change the location of the graph.
▪ A vertical shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every
𝑦 − coordinate while leaving the 𝑥 − coordinate
unchanged.
▪ A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from
every 𝑥 −coordinate while leaving the 𝑦 −coordinate
unchanged.
▪ Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one
expression.
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 + 1
yy






𝑓 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥2 − 3


x
− − − −     x
− − − −     

−
−

−
−

−
−

−
−

Vertical shift
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 +2= 𝑥 +2
yyy




𝑓 𝑥 −4= 𝑥 −4 



xxx
−− −
− −
− −−       
− − − −

−−
−

−−
−

−−
−

−−
−

Vertical shift
𝑓 𝑥+2 = 𝑥+2 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
yy
y








2

𝑓 𝑥−1 = 𝑥−1

x x
−
−
− −
−
− −
−
− −
−         

−
−
−

−
−
−

−
−
−

−−
−

Horizontal shift
We can have a function that is shifted both vertically & horizontally.
yy

y




 

 

 

up 3

x
− − − −     

−
xx
−− −− −− −
− −
−    
−
−
−

left 2 −
−
−

−
−
−

Above is the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥.

What would be the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2) + 3 ?