Amte 229 GPS

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ELECTRONIC AIDS TO

NAVIGATION
AVTE 317

PREPARED BY: MS PAMELA BIANCA M. PALATINO 1


AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Global Positioning System


(GPS)

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

HISTORY

The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio-navigation systems,


such as LORAN and the Decca navigator, developed in the early 1940s and used by the
British Royal Navy during World War 2. n 1956, the German-American
physicist Friedwardth Winterberg proposed a test of general relativity using
accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit inside artificial satellites. Later, calculations
using general relativity determined that the clocks on GPS satellites would be seen by
Earth's observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day, and this was corrected for in
the design of GPS.

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GPS ANTENNA
• It transmits less than 5 watts so by the time it reaches you it is very weak and
because of this the GPS has a built in amplifier to boost the signal for the receiver.
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system
that provides location and time information in all weather conditions .
• It’s frequency is in gigahertz band that the signal travels to the line of sight.
• The Trimble needs in GPS antenna is 25dB gain, and 50 ohm nominal impedance.
• Communications radios can cause a lot of interference with GPS as a result of the
proximity of the panel units or their antennas. The reason is that GPS signals are so
weak, and com signals are so very powerful.
• It is important that the com and GPS antennas be mounted as far apart as possible.
Sometimes a com antenna must be relocated to the bottom of the aircraft
• Authorities also classify non-installed components as "Transmitting Portable
Electronic Devices" (T-PEDS) and as such require them to be switched off during the
critical phases of flight.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

GPS OPERATION

• GPS aircraft tracking solution needs a device embedded in the aircraft and made of
a GPS sensor. It transmits in real time or not the GPS position received on board to a
server on ground via communication network. The server collects the data. Data
received on ground can be recorded and/or used to display the aircraft real time
position.

• Devices installed in the aircraft are avionics components like (ACARS), (ADS-B) or
other solutions. In these cases, the receiving and transmitting antenna are usually
located outside of the airframe.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

• When devices are not installed as avionics components they have to be completely
independent from the aircraft. They are typically placed in the aircraft airframe in a
location where the GPS and communication satellites are directly visible to the
device.

• ACARS - (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) is a


digital data link system for transmission of short messages between aircraft and
ground stations via air band radio or satellite.

• ADS–B -(Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast) is a cooperative


surveillance technology in which an aircraft determines its position via satellite
navigation and periodically broadcasts it, enabling it to be tracked.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

GPS ELEMENTS

• SPACE SEGMENT
• CONTROL SEGMENT
• USER SEGMENT

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

SPACE SEGMENT

• GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and with a period of
12 hours.
• Powered by solar cells.
• The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the
sun and their antenna toward the earth.
• Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.
• Orbits are designed so that, at least, six satellites are always within line of sight from
any location on the planet.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

The satellites are composed of:

• Solar panels. Each satellite is equipped with solar array panels. These panels
capture energy from the sun, which provides power for the satellite throughout its
life.

• External components such as antennas. The exterior of the GPS satellite has a
variety of antennas. The signals generated by the radio transmitter are sent to GPS
receivers via the l-band antennas. Another component is the radio transmitter,
which generates the signal. Each of the 24 satellites transmits it's own unique code
in the signal.

• Internal components such as atomic clocks and radio transmitters. Each satellite
contains four atomic clocks. These clocks are accurate to at least a billionth of a
second or a nanosecond. An atomic clock inaccuracy of 1/100th of a second would
translate into a measurement (or ranging) error of 1,860 miles to the GPS receiver.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

CONTROL SEGMENT

The CS consists of 3 entities:

• Master Control system

• Monitor Stations

• Ground Antennas

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

MASTER CONTROL STATION:

The master control station, located at Schriever air force base in Colorado springs,
Colorado, is responsible for overall management of the remote monitoring and
transmission sites. GPS ephemeris being a tabulation of computed positions, velocities
and derived right ascension and declination of GPS satellites at specific times, replace
"position" with "ephemeris" because the master control station computes not only
position but also velocity, right ascension and declination parameters for eventual
upload to GPS satellites.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

MONITOR STATIONS:

Six monitor stations are located at Schriever air force base in Colorado, Cape
Canaveral, Florida, Hawaii, ascension island in the Atlantic ocean, Diego Garcia atoll in
the Indian ocean, and Kwajalein island in the south pacific ocean. Each of the monitor
stations checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and overall health of the orbiting
satellites. The control segment uses measurements collected by the monitor stations
to predict the behavior of each satellite's orbit and clock. The prediction data is
up-linked, or transmitted, to the satellites for transmission back to the users. The
control segment also ensures that the GPS satellite orbits and clocks remain within
acceptable limits. A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time. This "check-up" is
performed twice a day, by each station, as the satellites complete their journeys
around the earth. Noted variations, such as those caused by the gravity of the moon,
sun and the pressure of solar radiation, are passed along to the master control station.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

GROUND ANTENNAS:

Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites from horizon to horizon. They also
transmit correction information to individual satellites.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

COLORADO
SPRINGS

HAWAII

MASTER CONTROL
KWAJALIEN

MONITOR STATION ASCENSION

GROUND ANTENNA
DIEGO
GARCIA

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USER SEGMENT
GPS receivers are generally composed of:
• An antenna (tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites),
• Receiver-processor, and
• Highly-stable clock (commonly a crystal oscillator).
They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to the
user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels (this signifies how many
satellites it can monitor simultaneously). As of recent, receivers usually have between
twelve and twenty channels.

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The aviation community is using GPS extensively. Aviation navigators, equipped with

GPS receivers, use satellites as precise reference points to trilaterate the aircraft's

position anywhere on or near the earth. GPS is already providing benefits to aviation

users, but relative to its potential, these benefits are just the beginning. The foreseen

contributions of GPS to aviation promise to be revolutionary. With air travel nearly

doubled in the 21st century, GPS can provide a cornerstone of the future air traffic

management (ATM) system that will maintain high levels of safety, while reducing

delays and increasing airway capacity. To promote this future ATM system, the FAA's

objective is to establish and maintain a satellite-based navigation capability for all

phases of flight.

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SATELLITE TRANSMITS
DATA IN THE UHF BAND AT
1227.60 MHz & 1575.42 MHz
LINE OF
POSITIO
N
(LOP)

USER SEGMENT
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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

3 SECONDS

SATELLITE 1 SATELLITE 2
RECEIVERS ARE PROGRAMMED
TO DETECT MEASUREMENTS
THAT CANNOT INTERSECT
A SINGLE POINT
4 SECONDS

5 SECONDS

SATELLITE 3
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CURRENT LOCATIONS OF GPS SATELLITES

• GPS satellites are orbiting the earth that an altitude of 11,000 miles.

• The orbits and the locations of the satellites are known in advance.

• GPS receivers store this orbit information for all of the GPS satellites in an
ALMANAC.

• The ALMANAC is a file which contains positional information for all of the GPS
satellites.

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ACCURACY

• The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies on three accurate measurements.

• Current time
• Position of the satellite

• Time delay for the signal

• The GPS signal in space will provide a “worst case” accuracy of 7.8 meters at a 95%
confidence level.

• GPS time is accurate to about 14 nanoseconds.


• Higher accuracy is available today by using GPS in combination with augmentation
systems. These enable real-time positioning to within a few centimetres.

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LIMITATIONS
• GPS can provide worldwide, three-dimensional positions, 24 hours a day, in any
type of weather.

• But, there must be a relatively clear “line of sight” between the GPS antenna and
four or more satellites.

• Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These difficulties are
particularly prevalent in urban areas.

• The GPS signal may bounce off nearby causing another problem multi path
interference.

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AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEM

THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

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