Module #5 TV Broadcasting and Transmission System Module 5 – Subtopic 1 Introduction to Television
■ At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
– Discuss a primer on TV transmission concepts.
– Discuss the TV video signal and the different kinds of scanning. History of TV Broadcasting Introductory TV Transmission Concepts • Is a system for transmitting images and sound by converting them into electrical or radio waves which are converted back into images and sound by a receiver • means to send out in all directions
is a series of real or fictional events recorded by a
camera and projected onto a screen as a sequence of moving pictures, usually with an accompanying soundtrack. The picture is divided into the elementary areas of black and white. When each picture element is transmitted to the right side of the figure and reproduced in the original position with its shade of black or white, the image is duplicated. Brightness • The overall or average intensity, which determines the background level in the reproduced picture. Contrast • The difference in intensity between black-and-white parts of the reproduced picture. • Detail • The quality of detail, which is also called resolution or definition, depends on the number of picture elements that can be reproduced. • Color Level or Saturation • The color information superimposed on a monochrome picture that depends on the amplitude of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal. • Hue • The color of an object that depends on the phase angle of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal. • Aspect Ratio • The ratio of width to height of the picture frame. • Calculate the number of active pixel in a line in an NTSC TV system if 42 lines out of every 525 are blanked out to leave time for the vertical retraces. • The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4:3. • High-Definition TV (HDTV) has an aspect ratio of 16:9. • A motion picture has an aspect ratio of 25:9. • Charge Coupled Device (CCDs) used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1:1. Photoconduction • In photoconduction, the conductance or resistance is change; more light decreases the resistance. Photoemission • In photoemission, electron are emitted when light strikes the surface; more light produce more electrons Horizontal Scanning • The linear rise of current in the horizontal deflection coils deflects the beam across the screen with continuous, uniform motion for the trace from left to right. Vertical Scanning • The sawtooth current in the vertical deflection coils moves the electron beam from top to bottom of the raster. • When an image is scanned line by line from top to bottom, the top of the image on the screen will begin to fade by the time the electron beam reaches the bottom of the screen. With interlaced scanning, odd- numbered lines are scanned first, and the remaining even-numbered lines are scanned next. A full image is still produced 30 times a second, but the electron beam travels from the top of the screen to the bottom of the screen twice for every time a full image is produced. The horizontal scanning lines are interlace in the television system in order to provide two views of the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame without losing any picture information. The horizontal scanning lines are interlace in the television system in order to provide two views of the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame without losing any picture information. • Find the picture height and width in terms of number of pixels also find the total number of pixels and the highest video bandwidth (assuming NTSC system). • Find the picture height and width in terms of number of pixels also find the total number of pixels and the highest video bandwidth (assuming NTSC system). • Calculate the amount of time to scan 20 pixels. • Find the equivalent IRE units of a video signal which has 80% of the maximum luminance level. • Monochrome TV • Color TV • Calculate the picture carrier, exact color subcarrier, and sound carrier of the ff channels: a. Ch 2 b. Ch 6 • The tolerance for picture carrier frequency is +1000 Hz. • The sound carrier frequency must be 4.5 MHz + 1000 Hz above the picture carrier frequency. • The chroma subcarrier frequency is 3.579545 MHz + 0 Hz. • The exact carrier frequencies for different stations on the same channel are offset by +10 kHz or -10 kHz. • Noise in TV receiver that is cause by two signals arriving at the receiver at two different times. • Determine the difference in path lengths between the direct and multipath signal which produces a TV ghost displaced by 2 centimeters from the direct image on a 19-inch screen. Y = luminance, I = in-phase, Q = quadrature • Luminance • The luminance signal contains all information required to construct a black and white picture from the signal. • In-Phase/ Quadrature Chrominance • Chrominance is a combination of both hue and saturation. • An RGB video signal has normalized value of R=0.2, G=0.4, B=0.8. Find the value of Y, I, Q, and C. • Calculate the luminance signal and the IRE equivalent unit for saturated green and yellow. • Calculate the chrominance signal for saturated red vector. Module 5 – Subtopic 2 Introduction to TV Broadcasting System and Standards ■ At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
– Discuss the underlying standards in TV-BC distribution
– Discuss the international and local standards of TV Broadcasting . International and Philippine TV Standards In Metro-Manila and Metro-Cebu, the maximum effective radiated powers of 350 KW for channels 2 to 6 and 1,000 KW for channel 7 to 13 are allowed. 1. Aspect Ratio The ratio of picture width to picture height as transmitted.
2. Aural Transmitter The radio equipment for the transmission of the aural signal only.
3. Aural Center Frequency
The frequency of the emitted wave without modulation.
4. Blanking Level The level of the signal during the blanking interval, except the interval between scanning synchronizing pulse and the chrominance subcarrier synchronizing burst. 5. Chrominance The colorimetric difference between any color having a specific chromacity.
6. Chrominance Subcarrier The carrier which is modulated by the chrominance information.
7. Field Scanning through the picture area once in the chosen scanning pattern.
8. Frame Scanning all of the picture area once, in the line interlaced scanning pattern of two to one, a frame consists of two fields. 9. Luminance Luminous flux emitted, reflected, or transmitted per unit solid angle per unit projected area of the source.
10. Monochrome Transmission
The transmission of TV signal which can be reproduced in gradations of single color only.
11. Color Transmission
The transmission of color TV signal which can be reproduced with different hue, saturation, and luminance.
12. Negative Transmission
Where a decrease in initial light intensity causes an increase in the transmitted power. 13. Reference Black Level The level corresponding to specified maximum excursion of the luminance signal in the black direction.
14. Reference White Level
The level corresponding to specified maximum excursion of the luminance signal in the white direction.
15. Scanning The process of analyzing successively, according to a predetermined method, the light values of picture elements constituting the total picture area. 16. Visual Carrier Frequency The frequency of the carrier which is modulated by the picture information.
17. Visual Transmitter
The radio equipment for the transmission of the visual signal only. Advantages a. Higher Frame Rate - Use of 30 frames per second (really 29.97) reduces visible flicker. b. Atomic Color Edits - With NTSC it is possible to edit at any 4 field boundary point without disturbing the color signal. c. Less inherent picture noise - Almost all pieces of video equipment achieve better signal to noise characteristics in their NTSC/525 form than in their PAL/625. Disadvantages a. Lower Number of Scan Lines - Reduced clarity on large screen TVs, line structure more visible. b. Smaller Luminance Signal Bandwidth - Due to the placing of the color sub-carrier at 3.58MHz, picture defects such as cross-color, and dot interference become more pronounced. Disadvantages c. Susceptibility to Hue Fluctuation - Variations in the color subcarrier phase cause shifts in the displayed color, requiring that the TV receivers be equipped with a Hue adjustment to compensate. d. Lower Gamma Ratio - The gamma value for NTSC/525 is set at 2.2 as opposed to the slightly higher 2.8 defined for PAL/625. This means that PAL/625 can produce pictures of greater contrast. Advantages a. Greater Number of Scan Lines - more picture detail. b. Wider Luminance Signal Bandwidth - The placing of the color Sub-Carrier at 4.43MHz allows a larger bandwidth of monochrome information to be reproduced than with NTSC/525. Advantages c. Stable Hues - Due to reversal of sub-carrier phase on alternate lines, any phase error will be corrected by an equal and opposite error on the next line, correcting the original error. d. Higher Gamma Ratio - The gamma value for PAL/625 is set at 2.8 as opposed to the lower 2.2 figure of NTSC/525. This permits a higher level of contrast than on NTSC/525 signals. Disadvantages a. More Flicker - Due to the lower frame rate, flicker is more noticeable on PAL/625 transmissions; particularly so for people used to viewing NTSC/525 signals. b. Lower Signal to Noise Ratio - The higher bandwidth requirements cause PAL/625 equipment to have slightly worse signal to noise performance than it's equivalent NTSC/525 version. Disadvantages c. Loss of Color Editing Accuracy - Due to the alternation of the phase of the color signal, the phase and the color signal only reach a common point once every 8 fields/4 frames. This means that edits can only be performed to an accuracy of +/- 4 frames (8 fields). Advantages a. Stable Hues and Constant Saturation - SECAM shares with PAL the ability to render images with the correct hue, and goes a step further in ensuring consistent saturation of color as well. b. Higher Number of Scan Lines - SECAM shares with PAL/625, the higher number of scan lines than NTSC/525. Disadvantages a. Greater Flicker – Same with PAL/625 b. Patterning Effects - The FM subcarrier causes patterning effects even on non-colored objects. c. Lower monochrome Bandwidth - Due to one of the two color sub-carriers being at 4.25MHz (in the French Version), a lower bandwidth of monochrome signal can be carried. • Since 1987, the FCC has been encouraging the development of High definition television (HDTV) system to replace the NTSC system. In May of 1993, the proponents of these four competing system joined forces to develop a single digital television (DTV) system that used the best ideas of the four competing system. • Find the minimum viewing distance a viewer should sit from the tube to eliminate seeing any scan lines and the viewing angle subtended by the screen for HDTV system, assuming the projector screen with diagonal dimension of 1.55 m with 1125 vertical lines (90 suppressed). JPEG • Joint Photographic Experts Group was developed jointly by the ISO and ITU-T. JPEG is a compression standard that is used for editing of still images, as well as color facsimile, desktop publishing, graphic arts, and medical imaging. JPEG is not appropriate for video transmission, as the compression rate is in the range of only 20:1-30:1. JPEG transmission in support of videoconferencing requires bandwidth in the range of 10 to 240 Mbps. MPEG • Motion Picture Experts Group standards are several and still in final development stages. MPEG standards provide very high compression levels and excellent presentation quality. MPEG is a joint technical committee of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). MPEG 1 • Standardized in 1992, provides VHS (videotape) quality at 1.544 Mbps and is compatible with single- speed CD-ROM technology. In fact, it was designed to put movies on compact disc. MPEG 1 integrates synchronous and isochronous audio with video, and allows the random access required by interactive multimedia applications. MPEG 2 • (1994) is the proposed standard for digital video at 4 to 100 Mbps over transmission facilities capable of such support (fiber optics, hybrid fiber/coax and satellite). MPEG 2 already has found application in Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) services, also known as Direct Satellite Systems (DSS). MPEG 3 •Designed for HDTV application, was folded into MPEG-2 in 1992. MPEG-4 •A low bit-rate version intended for application in videophones and other small-screen devices. It is still under development. Ampoloquio, Jason M. (2005) Self-Sufficient Guide to Electronic Communications Engineering. Powerful Review Center
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