Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

Unit-1
Introduction To Cloud Computing
Cloud
• Cloud is a metaphor to the internet providing remote access to a set of decentralized IT
resources.
• Is a general term of the delivery of hosted services over the Internet.
Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of computer power, data bases, storage,
applications and other IT resources through a cloud service platform via the Internet
with pay as you go pricing.
• In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs
over the internet instead of your computer's hard drive.

History of Cloud Computing

The timeline for cloud computing from its birth is as follows:
• 1960s: The concept of time-sharing is developed, allowing multiple users to access a
single computer simultaneously.
• 1997: The term "cloud computing" is first used by Ramnath Chellappa in a paper on the
economics of computing.
• 1999: Salesforce.com becomes one of the first companies to offer software as a service
(SaaS) over the internet.
Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• 2002: Amazon Web Services (AWS) is launched, offering cloud-based storage and
computing services.
• 2006: Amazon launches Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), allowing users to rent virtual
computers on which to run their own applications.
• 2008: Google launches Google App Engine, a platform for developing and hosting web
applications in Google-managed data centers.
• 2009: Microsoft launches Azure, its cloud computing platform.
• 2010: Apple launches iCloud, a cloud storage and synchronization service for its
devices.
• 2011: IBM launches SmartCloud, its cloud computing platform.
• 2012: Dropbox reaches 100 million users, becoming one of the most popular cloud
storage services.
• 2013: Edward Snowden leaks information about the National Security Agency's (NSA)
surveillance programs, raising concerns about the security and privacy of cloud
computing.
• 2014: Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella announces a "mobile-first, cloud-first" strategy for
the company.
• 2015: Amazon Web Services generates $7.88 billion in revenue, making it the largest
cloud computing provider.
• 2016: Google launches Google Cloud Platform, a suite of cloud computing services.
• 2017: Cloud computing becomes a $260 billion industry, according to Synergy Research
Group.
• 2018: Microsoft acquires GitHub, a popular platform for software development
collaboration, for $7.5 billion.
• 2019: Amazon Web Services announces plans to invest $5 billion in a new headquarters
in Northern Virginia, highlighting the growing importance of cloud computing in the
tech industry.
• 2020: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerates the shift to cloud-based services as more
people work and learn from home.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

Types of cloud computing

Public Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-
per-usage method.
• In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP). The CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the
resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Private Cloud
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party.
It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at Customer,
and IBM Cloud Private.

Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

• Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public
cloud can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private
cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users.
• In a hybrid cloud setup, organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and
private clouds to create a flexible and scalable computing environment. The public
cloud portion allows using cloud services provided by third-party providers, accessible
over the Internet.
Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365
(MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

Community Cloud
• Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.
• In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the same
industry, government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish a shared
cloud infrastructure. This infrastructure allows them to access shared services,
applications, and data relevant to their community.

Example: Health Care community cloud.

Features and Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1. Resources Pooling
• It means that the Cloud provider pulled the computing resources to provide services to
multiple customers with the help of a multi-tenant model. There are different physical
and virtual resources assigned and reassigned which depends on the demand of the
customer.
• The customer generally has no control or information over the location of the provided
resources but can specify location at a higher level of abstraction

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

2. On-Demand Self-Service
• It is one of the important and valuable features of Cloud Computing as the user can
continuously monitor the server uptime, capabilities, and allotted network storage. With
this feature, the user can also monitor the computing capabilities.
3. Easy Maintenance
• The servers are easily maintained and the downtime is very low and even in some cases,
there is no downtime. Cloud Computing comes up with an update every time by
gradually making it better.
4. Large Network Access
• The user can access the data of the cloud or upload the data to the cloud from anywhere
just with the help of a device and an internet connection. These capabilities are available
all over the network and accessed with the help of internet.
5. Availability
• The capabilities of the Cloud can be modified as per the use and can be extended a lot.
It analyzes the storage usage and allows the user to buy extra Cloud storage if needed
for a very small amount.
6. Automatic System
• Cloud computing automatically analyzes the data needed and supports a metering
capability at some level of services. We can monitor, control, and report the usage. It
will provide transparency for the host as well as the customer.
7. Economical
• It is the one-time investment as the company (host) has to buy the storage and a small
part of it can be provided to the many companies which save the host from monthly or
yearly costs. Only the amount which is spent is on the basic maintenance and a few
more expenses which are very less.
8. Security
• Cloud Security, is one of the best features of cloud computing. It creates a snapshot of
the data stored so that the data may not get lost even if one of the servers gets damaged.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• The data is stored within the storage devices, which cannot be hacked and utilized by
any other person. The storage service is quick and reliable.
9. Pay as you go
• In cloud computing, the user has to pay only for the service or the space they have
utilized. There is no hidden or extra charge which is to be paid. The service is
economical and most of the time some space is allotted for free.
• A Dynamic Pricing Model In essence, the more they use, the more they pay, and
conversely, the less they use, the less they pay. For instance, if you consider a cloud
storage service provider, the charges will be based on the amount of storage utilized.
10. Measured Service
• Measuring cloud service usage is useful for both a cloud provider and its customers.
The provider and the customer monitor and report on the use of resources and services,
such as VMs, storage, processing and bandwidth. That data is used to calculate the
customer's consumption of cloud resources and feeds into the pay-per-use model.

Different Computing Paradigms

Over the years different computing paradigms have been developed and used. In fact different
computing paradigms have existed before the cloud computing paradigm. Let us take a look
at all the computing paradigms below.
1. Distributed Computing :
• Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer
systems work on a single problem. Here all the computer systems are linked together
and the problem is divided into sub-problems where each part is solved by different
computer systems.
• The goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and efficiency of
the system and ensure fault tolerance.
• In the below diagram, each processor has its own local memory and all the
• processors communicate with each other over a network.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

2. Parallel Computing :
• Parallel computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer
systems are used simultaneously. Here a problem is broken into sub-problems and
then further broken down into instructions. These instructions from each sub-
problem are executed concurrently on different processors.
• Here in the below diagram you can see how the parallel computing system consists
of multiple processors that communicate with each other and perform multiple tasks
over a shared memory simultaneously.
• The goal of parallel computing is to save time and provide concurrency.

3. Cluster Computing :
• A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to perform the tasks
given.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two or more

independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together to execute tasks as
a single machine.
• The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability and
simplicity of the system.
• As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of whether they are
a parent node or child node), act as a single entity to perform the tasks.

4. Grid Computing :
• Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it is constitutes a network
of computers that work together to perform tasks that may be difficult for a single
machine to handle. All the computers on that network work under the same umbrella
and are termed as a virtual super computer.
• The tasks they work on is of either high computing power and consist of large data
sets.
• All communication between the computer systems in grid computing is done on the
“data grid”.
• The goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational problems in less
time and improve productivity.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

5. Cloud computing :
• An Internet cloud of resources can be either a centralized or a distributed computing
system.
• The cloud applies parallel or distributed computing, or both. Clouds can be built
with physical or virtualized resources over large data centers that are centralized or
distributed.

Advantages of cloud computing

1. Scalability: Cloud services can easily scale up or down based on demand, providing
flexibility for businesses to adapt to changing needs.
2. Cost Efficiency: Organizations can reduce upfront infrastructure costs as they only pay
for the resources they use. This cost-effective model can lead to significant savings.
3. Flexibility: Cloud computing enables access to a wide range of services and
applications, promoting flexibility in choosing the most suitable tools for specific
business requirements.
4. Accessibility: Users can access cloud services from anywhere with an internet
connection, facilitating collaboration and remote work.
5. Reliability: Leading cloud providers offer high levels of reliability and uptime, ensuring
that services are available when needed.
6. Security: Cloud providers invest in robust security measures, often surpassing what
individual organizations can afford, enhancing data protection.
7. Automatic Updates: Cloud services typically include automatic updates, ensuring that
software and security features are consistently up-to-date.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

8. Collaboration: Cloud computing fosters collaboration among teams by providing a

centralized platform for data storage and sharing.
9. Resource Optimization: Users can dynamically allocate and de-allocate resources,
optimizing utilization and minimizing wastage.
10.Disaster Recovery: Cloud services often include built-in disaster recovery options,
helping organizations recover data and operations quickly in case of disruptions.
Disadvantages of cloud computing
1. Security Concerns: Storing data on remote servers raises security issues, as it may be
susceptible to breaches or unauthorized access.
2. Dependence on Internet Connection: Cloud services rely heavily on internet
connectivity; disruptions or outages can impact access to data and applications.
3. Limited Customization: Some cloud applications may have limited customization
options, which could be a drawback for businesses with specific needs.
4. Data Transfer Costs: Transferring large amounts of data to and from the cloud can
incur additional costs, especially if there are frequent transfers.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Meeting specific regulatory requirements, especially in
highly regulated industries, can be challenging when using cloud services.
6. Potential Downtime: Cloud service providers may experience downtime, affecting
users' access to applications and data.
7. Privacy Concerns: Storing sensitive information on external servers may raise privacy
concerns, particularly if there are uncertainties about how the data is handled.
8. Limited Control: Users have less control over the infrastructure, which can be a
concern for organizations with specific hardware or software requirements.
Applications of cloud computing
1. Cloud computing: Is versatile and widely used across various domains. Some
applications include:
2. Data Storage and Backup: Cloud services provide scalable and cost-effective
solutions for storing and backing up data, reducing the need for physical storage.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

3. Software as a Service (SaaS): Cloud-based applications, like Google Workspace or

Microsoft 365, allow users to access software over the internet without installation.
4. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It offers virtualized computing resources over the
internet, enabling users to deploy and manage virtual machines, storage, and
networking.
5. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Developers can build, deploy, and manage applications
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure, streamlining the development
process.
6. Big Data Analytics: Cloud computing provides the resources needed for processing
and analyzing large datasets, making it valuable for big data applications.
7. IoT (Internet of Things): Cloud platforms facilitate the storage, processing, and
analysis of data generated by IoT devices, enhancing scalability and efficiency.
8. Content Delivery Networks (CDN): Cloud-based CDNs improve the delivery of web
content by distributing it across multiple servers, reducing latency and enhancing user
experience.
9. Machine Learning and AI: Cloud services offer scalable computing power for training
and deploying machine learning models, making advanced technologies accessible to a
broader audience.
10.Development and Testing: Cloud environments provide
on-demand resources for development and testing purposes, reducing costs and
improving agility.

Trends in cloud computing

1. AI and ML
• One of the most trending technologies that are close to cloud computing is Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning.
• They are cost-effective technologies as they require high computational power and
storage for the collection of data and training.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• Major trends that will grow in this sector in the upcoming years are self-automation,
self-learning, personalized cloud, high data security, and privacy.
• Many cloud service provider companies such as Amazon, Google, IBM, etc are
investing a lot in artificial intelligence and machine learning.
2. Data Security
• When it comes to data security, no business or organization wants to compromise.
Security of the organization’s data is a top priority.
• Threats such as data leaks, data deletion, and unauthorized amendments to the data need
to be minimized.
• Certain steps can be taken to minimize the losses and ensure high data security.
• It can be minimized with the help of encryption and authentication.
• Data losses can be reduced with the help of backups, reviewing privacy policies, and
data recovery systems.
• Cloud service providers secure the data with many security protocols and data
encryption algorithms.
3. Multi and Hybrid Cloud Deployment
• The use of multi-cloud and hybrid solutions is increasing many organizations like banks,
insurance companies, etc are using hybrid cloud service that offers a combination of
both private and public clouds to store their data.
• Multi-cloud minimizes the potential risks and failure points and provides cost-
effectiveness.
• In multi-cloud you can choose a particular service of a particular cloud service provider
that meets your requirements instead of deploying your entire application on that cloud.
4. Low Code and No Code Cloud Solutions
• Low Code: Requires some manual coding but simplifies the process with visual tools.
• No Code: Doesn't involve coding, users build applications through a visual interface.
• Purpose: Both aim to speed up app development, enabling those with varying technical
skills to create cloud-based applications.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• Examples: Microsoft Power Apps, Out Systems, and mendix are popular low-code/no-
code platforms.
5. Edge computing
• Edge computing includes storage of data, data processing, and data analytics which is
done geographically nearer to the source.
• It means that the computation and storage of data are brought closer to the source sensors
and devices.
• It provides many benefits like reduced latency, enhanced efficiency, increased privacy,
security, and a high rate of data transmission.
• It works in real-time and processes data that is not bounded by time.
• The rise in IoT devices, edge computing will play a huge role in providing real-time
data and data analysis.
6. IoT [Internet of Things]
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a trend that is becoming popular day by day.
• IoT involves the use of many sensors that generate huge amounts of data which gets
stored on cloud servers.
• It involves connectivity among computers, networks, and servers. It can remotely collect
data and communicate with the devices.
• IoT collects data from various sensors and devices and acts as an intermediator between
remote systems and smart device management. Smart connectivity plays a major role in
making IoT a trend in cloud computing.

7. Serverless architecture/computing

• Serverless computing is a methodology that provides backend services on a per-user

basis.
• There is no need for developers to manage the servers while running their code.
• Code execution is managed by the cloud service provider.
• Cloud users will pay as per the pay-as-you-go format which means that users will only
pay when their code runs instead for a fixed server.
Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

• There is no need to purchase the servers as a third party will manage the cost for you.
This will help in reducing infrastructure costs and will enhance scalability.
• Serverless architecture offers many advantages such as no requirement for system
administration, low cost and liability, easy management of operations, and enhanced
user experience even in case of no internet.
8. Disaster recovery and backup
• It plays a crucial role in the restoration of critical data and systems in case of any kind
of disaster.
• Many organizations have faced huge losses of unsaved data due to server crashes.
• With the help of cloud computing, a backup of critical data of businesses can be stored
to quickly recover from disruptions such as data loss, power outages, natural disasters,
cyberattacks, or hardware failures. For any organization, a strong disaster recovery and
backup plan with the help of cloud computing can save them from a huge loss.

Service Providers of cloud computing

s
The major cloud computing service providers are:
1. Amazon Web Services (AWS):
• Widely used cloud platform.
• Offers a broad range of services including computing power, storage, and
databases.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
Cloud Computing Shree Medha Degree College

2. Microsoft Azure:
• Provides a variety of cloud services and supports various programming languages.
• Integrated with Microsoft products and services.

3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP):

• Known for its data analytics and machine learning capabilities.
• Offers services for computing, storage, and application development.

4. IBM Cloud:
• Provides cloud infrastructure and AI services.
• Offers hybrid cloud solutions.

5. Oracle Cloud:
• Focuses on enterprise cloud solutions.
• Offers services like databases, applications, and infrastructure.

These providers are known for their global presence and play a crucial role in supporting
businesses' digital transformation and cloud-based infrastructure needs.

Dept. of Computer Science From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech