GRAMMATICAL

Contrastive analysis
The C.A of sentences
 OUTLINE

01 02 03
Sentences Sentence Sentence
classification based classification based
on semantic on structural
criterion criterion
 SENTENCES

IN ENGLISH IN VIETNAMESE
• A sentence is a complete thought, and it might • A sentence as the smallest unit of a language, which
contain more than one instance of a certain part conveys a complete thought and which is potentially
of speech and does not need to contain all the served as a means of communication. (Nguyen Van Hiep,
2014)
parts of speech. (Wilson & Barlow, 2020)
• A sentence as the largest grammatical unit which
expresses a more or less complete
thought (or idea), and has a definite grammatical
form (a subject and a finite verb) and a
certain pattern of intonation
(Le HuyTruong, et al., 2015)
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION
CRITERIA
I. Semantic criterion
1. Declarative sentences
2. Interrogative sentences
3. Imperative sentences
4. Exclamatory sentences

II. Syntactic criterion (Structural criterion)

1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
 SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION BASED
ON
SEMANTIC CRITERION
1. Declarative sentences
2. Interrogative sentences
3. Imperative sentences
4. Exclamatory sentences
 DECLARATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

I. Declarative sentences, or statements, are primarily used to give information.

II. 2 forms
1. Affirmative form: You need to know my plans.
2. Negative form:
- use ‘not’ after Aux. (don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t/hasn’t/haven’t)
You don’t need to know my plans.
- use fail + to-infinitive:
He failed to pass the exam.
- use negative words (hardly/seldom/never, etc.)
Hardly could I understand him.
 DECLARATIVE SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

I. Declarative sentences, or statements, are used to give information.

II. 2 forms
1. Affirmative form: Mẹ đang nấu cơm.
- use vậy, mà, rồi, là cùng, còn gì, etc. in end position
Tớ sẽ đến cơ quan anh ấy vậy.
2. Negative form: use negative words
- không, chưa, chẳng before a verb.
- không phải before the verb ‘là’
- đâu, nào, ai, gì, ..to reject an idea:
Chị có đi đâu.
Ai biết được
INTEROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

I. Interrogative sentences, or questions, are used to get information.

II. 4 types
1. General Q (Y/N Q): Do you like oranges?
2. Special Q (Wh-word Q [+ How]): What do you know?
3. Alternative Q: Which do you like, red or blue?
4. Tag Q: You met her, didn’t you?
III. Features
1. Purpose
2. Form
3. Intonation pattern
INTEROGATIVE SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

I. Interrogative sentences, or questions, are used to get information.

II. 3 forms
1. General Q: use ‘ai, thế nào, sao, bao nhiêu, etc.’ (Sao anh im lặng?)
2. Partial Q: use ‘gì, bao giờ, bao lâu, đâu’ (Anh ăn gì?)
3.Alternative Q: use ‘nào’ (Anh thích màu nào?)
- Use alternative pairs ‘có…không, đã … chưa’
 the answer is one choice: có/không có, đã (rồi)/chưa
NOTE:
Particles ‘à, ư, nhỉ, đấy à, hả, chứ … ’ can be used at the end of a statement to make Q with
emphasis.
Anh đánh nó hả?
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

I. Imperative sentences are used to make commands, orders or requests, and often
have a falling intonation pattern.
II. Formation
1. Use bare infinitives: Come on!
2. Use a noun: Coffee!
3. Use an adverb: Quickly!
4. Use an adjective: Quick!
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

I. Imperative sentences are used to make commands, orders or requests.

II. Formation
1. Use a verb: Mặc kệ nó!, Im mồm, etc.
2. Use request words:
- đi after a verb to express an urge: Đi đi!, Học đi!
- đừng, chớ before the verb to express an advice: Đừng khóc!, Đừng nói to!
3. Use special words to make request:
- Polite words (mời, xin, yêu cầu,..)
-Words with negative meanings (không được/nên, cấm, ..)
-Verbs expressing requests (cho, cứ, để): Cho con đi với!, Để nó làm!
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

• I. Exclamatory sentences are used to express different states of emotions, feelings,

attitudes, etc.
II. Use of exclamation mark
III. Formation
1. Use of interjection: Wow!
2. Use of ‘how/what’
How nice she is!
What a boy!
3. Use of stress/intonation in any types of sentences (in spoken form)
She has come!
I’d like to know more details!
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

• I. Exclamatory sentences are used to express different states of emotions, feelings, attitudes,
etc.
II. Use of exclamation mark
III. Formation
1. Use of interjections ‘ối, á, a, ối giời,’: Ôi đẹp quá!
2. Use structure:‘Sao… thế/nhỉ’: Sao đẹp thế nhỉ!

3. Use stress and intonation (in spoken form): Nó ngủ cả ngày!

 SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
STRUCTURAL CRITERION
• 1. Simple sentences
• 2. Compound sentences
• 3. Complex sentences
 SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

• I. A simple sentence is the smallest unit which has a subject and a predicate.
II. Components
1. 1 Subject (a N, NP, Pronoun, numeral, gerund, etc.)
2. 1 Predicate (a V; V + object/complement/adjunct)
III. 8 patterns
1. S –V He comes.
2. S –V – C This dish looks delicious.
3. S –V – DO I enjoyed the journey.
4. S –V – IO – DO She gave me a bunch of flowers.
5. S –V – O – C My parents made her sad.
6. S –V – A They ran quickly.
7. S –V – O – A She bought the house quickly.
8. S –V – O – C – A I called her my baby usually
 SIMPLE SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

I. A simple sentence can be called a two-component simple sentence given the

importance of the subject and the predicate.
II. Components
1. One subject (a word/a phrase/a clause)
2. One predicate (a word/a phrase/a clause)
III. E.g.:
1. Trời mưa.
2. Căn hộ chung cư này rất tiện ích.
3. Điều anh biết thật vớ vẩn.
4. Bông hoa này cánh còn tươi lắm.
Note: Predicate doesn’t need any verb: Cô ấy thật quyến rũ.
 COMPOUND SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

• I. A compound sentence consists of at least two independent clauses which

are
connected by coordinators.
II. E.g.:
I am cooking, and she is eating.
He likes English; I like French.
 COMPOUND SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

• I. A compound sentence includes two or more groups of subject-predicate. They are classified based on the
semantic ties between the syntactic components.
II. 2 main types based on the semantic ties between the syntactic components
1. Independent compounds: use of comma ( Tôi hát, nó cũng hát.); use of connectives ‘và, và rồi,
hay, hay là, còn, etc.’ ( Tôi học còn nó chơi.)
2. Subordinate compounds: 2 types
- Subordinate compounds with one connective
MAIN CLAUSE – CONNECTIVE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Anh ấy khỏe nhờ anh ấy chịu khó tập thể thao.
- Subordinate compounds with more than one connective
CONNECTIVE 1 + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE – CONNECTIVE 2 + MAIN CLAUSE
Do thời tiết lạnh mà đàn gia súc chết hết.
 COMPOUND SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

• Further types:
- Clauses connected by function words (vừa (mới)…đã…, chưa…đã…,
càng…càng…,
không những…mà còn…, etc.)
Thời tiết càng lạnh, chúng tôi càng thích.
- Clauses connected by indefinite-definite couples (gì…nấy, ai … người nấy,
bao
nhiêu….bấy nhiêu)
Ai làm người nấy chịu
COMPLEX SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

I. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one main clause and one (or more than
one) subordinate clause(s) which are connected by subordinators.
II. 5 types based on the syntactic functions of the subordinate clauses
1. Complex sentence with a subject clause: That I love her is unknown.
2. Complex sentence with an object clause: She doesn’t know why I love her.
3. Complex sentence with a predicative clause:The truth is that I love her.
4. Complex sentence with an attributive clause:The reason why I love her is secret.
5. Complex sentence with an adverbial clause: If she loves me, I will marry her.
 COMPLEX SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

• I. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one main clause and one (or more
than
one) subordinate clause(s) which are connected by subordinators.
II. 5 types based on the syntactic functions of the subordinate clauses
1. Complex sentence with a subject clause: That I love her is unknown.
2. Complex sentence with an object clause: She doesn’t know why I love her.
3. Complex sentence with a predicative clause:The truth is that I love her.
4. Complex sentence with an attributive clause:The reason why I love her is secret.
5. Complex sentence with an adverbial clause: If she loves me, I will marry her.
 COMPLEX SENTENCES IN VIETNAMESE

I. NguyenVan Hiep’s viewpoint

- Main components: Subject, predicate, and complement
- Main components are expanded into clauses (subject-verb structures)  create complex
sentences.
II. A complex sentence is the sentence formed by two or more than two subject-predicate
structures,
of which only one structure functions as the main component of the sentence.
III. 3 types
1. Complex sentence with a subject clause: Vietnam chiến thắng đã làm nên lịch sử.
2. Complex sentence with a predicate clause: Cuốn sách này nội dung rất hấp dẫn.
3. Complex sentence with a complement clause: Chúng tôi sợ dịch bệnh lan tràn khắp thành phố.