NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY

CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

National University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga

Faculty of Mining, Geology and Civil Engineering
Professional School of Civil Engineering

Energy conservation
Laboratory No.: 09

Physics Laboratory I (FS-241) Monday from 1:00 to 4:00 pm

Presented by:
SURNAMES AND NAMES CODE
LOPE BARRANTES, Bonifacio 16191107
LOPE ESPINOZA, Gabriela Lizeth 16192507
JONISLLA TACO, Nahun 16192503
JANAMPA CHIPANA, yeferson 16191302

Teacher:

Mg. Renato Soca Flores

Execution: June 28, 2021 Delivery: July 5, 2021

Ayacucho, Peru
2020
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

—27?

LABORATORY N° 09:

ENERGY CONSERVATION

I. GOALS

1.1. Describe mechanical energy (kinetic and potential) based on the relationships: mass,

position and speed.

1.2. Interpret diagrams of the change of kinetic and potential energy.

1.3. Describe the law of conservation of energy in terms of kinetic and potential

energy.

II. INTRODUCTION

The principle of conservation of energy is one of the most powerful laws of physics,

however, it is not an easy principle to verify. If a ball rolls down a slope, for example, it is

constantly converting gravitational potential energy Ep into kinetic energy Ec (linear and

rotational) and heat Q due to the friction between it and the surface. Energy is also exchanged

by collisions with other bodies that it finds in its path, imparting to them a certain portion of

its kinetic energy. Measuring these energy changes is not an easy task. These degrees of

difficulty are frequently found in physics, and physicists need these problems to create

simplified situations in which they can focus on a particular aspect of the problem. In this

experiment, a skater moving on a frictionless path will be examined, then the relationship

between variations in gravitational potential energy and variations in kinetic energy of the

skater can be checked and found.

III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1. Energy
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
—27?

When we look around us we see that plants grow, animals move and machines and tools

perform the most varied tasks. All these activities have in common that they require the

help of energy.

Energy is a property associated with objects and substances and is manifested in the

transformations that occur in nature.

3.2. Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy associated with bodies that are in motion, depending on the

mass and speed of the body.

Example: The wind moving the blades of a mill.

E C = 1 mv 2
Where:

Kinetic energy ( EC ) is measured in Julius (J)

The mass (m) in kilograms (kg)

Velocity (v) in meters per second (m/s)

3.3. gravitational potential energy

Potential energy is the energy that a body has located at a certain height above the

ground.

Example: Reservoired water, which appears when the propeller of a turbine falls and

moves.

E P =mgh

Where:

Gravitational potential energy ( EP ) is measured in Julius (J)

Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)

Acceleration of gravity (g) in meters per second squared (m/s 2 )

Height (h) in meters (m)

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
—27?

3.4. Elastic potential energy:

We define elastic potential energy as that acquired by bodies subjected to the action of

elastic or recovery forces. In the case of a body attached to a spring, its value is given by:

E p = 1 kx 2

Where:

Elastic potential energy ( EP ) is measured in Julius (J)

Spring constant (K) is measured in newtons per meter (N/m)

Distance to the equilibrium position (x) is measured in meters (m)

3.5. Total mechanical energy

Mechanical energy is that related to both the position and movement of bodies and,

therefore, involves the different energies that a moving target has, such as kinetic and

potential energy. Its formula is:

E m = E P +E C

Where:

Mechanical energy E m is measured in Julius (J)

3.6. Conservation of mechanical energy

Mechanical energy conservation principle:

If only conservative forces act in a system, the mechanical energy of the system will remain

constant. From the previous statement we can say that, for our systems: if friction forces do not

act, the mechanical energy will remain constant.

Initial E M = Final E M
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
3.7. Conservative and non-conservative forces

conservative forces:

those in which the work they do to move from one point to another is independent of

the path followed and depends only on the initial and final points.

W AB (1) = W AB (2) = W AB (3)

Non-conservative forces:

those in which the work they do to get from one point to another depends on the path

followed.

W AB (1) ≠W AB (2) ≠W AB (3)

IV. MATERIALS

4.1 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park/latest/energy-skate-park_es_PE.html

energy skate park

8
Measurement Playground Graphics

Introduction

PViET:

V. PROCEDURE OR EXPERIMENTAL PART

5.1. Activity 01: Conservation of Energy (Frictionless)
i. Enter the following web page.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park/latest/energy-skate-
park_es_PE.html
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
'^7

ii. Enter the “Measure” option.

iii. In the Skater Path option choose a.
iv. Activate the grid, reference height and speed options.
v. In the Friction option set to none.
vi. In the gravity option set to 9.8 (Earth).
vii. In the mass option put 60 kg which represents the mass of the skater.
viii. Set up the skating rink as shown in Figure 02.
ix. In the Normal and Slow mode option, choose “Slow”.
x. Place the skater at point A, use the stopwatch to measure the time and the tape
measure to measure the height.
xi. Activate the stopwatch and click on the icon and stop at points B, C, D,..., I with the
option and record the time, height and speed in Table 01

5.2. Activity 02: Work calculation

i. Enter the next page.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park/latest/energy-

skate-park_es_PE.html

ii. Enter the “Measure” option.

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
iii. Then configure the simulator options as shown in Figure 03.

iv. Place the skater at point A (at a height of 6 m), then click on the option.

v. To immobilize the skater at points B, C, D and E, click on the option.

vi. At each point record the speed and write it down in Table 02.

Figure 03: Simulator configuration for activity 02.

Table 02: Record of experimental data

Skater mass = (kg)
#
Speed (m/s) Work (J)
TO 0 WA-B 2376.3
b 8.9 1188.0
c 10.9 Wc-D -2335.5
d 6.4 Wp-E ■1228.5
AND 0.1 WA_E -0.3
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I
SAW. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
6.1 Activity 01: Conservation of Energy (Frictionless )

i. Complete Table 01.

Table 01: Record of experimental data

# Time Height Mass Gravity Ep Ec E.T.

speed (m/s) 2
(s) (m) (kg) (m/s ) (J) (J) (J)
TO 0 6 0 60 9.8
3528 0 3528
b 0.67 4 6.2 60 9.8
2352 1153.2 3505.2
c 0.92 2 8.9 60 9.8
1176 2376.3 3552.3
d 1.15 0 10.7 60 9.8
03434.7 3434.7
AND 1.38 2 8.8 60 9.8
1176 2323.2 3499.2
F 1.68 4 6.3 60 9.8
2352 1190.7 3542.7
g 2.13 2 8.9 60 9.8
1176 2376.3 3552.3
h 2.45 4 6.3 60 9.8
2352 1190.7 3542.7
Yo 3.17 6 0.1 60 9.8
3528 0.33528.3
h 3.82 4 6.3 60 9.8
2352 1190.7 3542.7
g 4.13 2 8.9 60 9.8
1176 2376.3 3552.3
F 4.58 4 6.3 60 9.8 2352 1190.7 3542.7
AND 4.88 2 8.8 60 9.8
1176 2323.2 3499.2
d 5.13 0 10.7 60 9.8
03434.7 3434.7
c 5.35 2 8.9 60 9.8 1176 2376.3 3552.3
b 5.63 4 6.2 60 9.8
2352 1153.2 3505.2
TO 6.32 6 0.1 60 9.8
3528 0.33528.3

ii. Plot in a single Ep (y-axis) vs Time (x-axis), Ec (y-axis) vs Time

(x-axis) and ET (x-axis) vs Time (x-axis).

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

Figure 1

iii. Explain your graphs.

Yo- - -1 Potential energy: it is the blue curve that describes it

mobile movement trajectory.

•• Kinetic energy: it is the black curve that describes the same trajectory of the

movement of the mobile.

• Mechanical energy: it is the red line parallel to the X axis (time) and

We see that it is constant.

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

iv. At what height do the potential energy and energy curves intersect?

kinetics?

Graph 2

Graph 3
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

From graph 2 we can deduce that the crossing points between the potential energy and the

kinetic energy are several, but to analyze we take any points, in our case we will take two

crossing points that are A 1 and S 1 with their respective coordinates as shown in graph 3.

The heights at the crossing points are: A 1 =1764.37 and for S 1

=1773.71

v. At what time do the potential energy and kinetic energy curves intersect?

From graph 2 seen above we observe that there are several intersections between the

potential energy and the kinetic energy, but to facilitate the work we take the same points

from the previous case, which are A 1 and S 1 .

Time on the graph is on the “X” axis; therefore the time at points A 1 = 0.79 and S 1 =2.29

vi. Why is the mechanical energy curve a straight line with a slope equal to zero?

✓ Total energy also known as mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is a straight line

with zero slope because the sum of potential and kinetic energy is constant along

the entire trajectory and parallel to the “X” axis.

vii. Can you affirm that the law of conservation of energy is fulfilled?

✓ Since there is no friction in the motion we say that there is conservation of energy

✓ The line that describes mechanical energy is straight and constant, therefore there is

energy conservation
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

6.2. Activity 02: Work calculation

i. Complete Table 02 in detail and interpret your results. In order to find the work (W),

we will apply the following formula in general.

-
w (^→ B ) = -mVB mv2
-

➢ For the section where the work ( W

A^ B )
Data:

m = 60kg

VB = 8.9 m/s

VA = 0 m/s
w(^→B ) = 2mvg - mV

w (^→B) = 1 (60)(8.9) 2 - 1 (60)(0) 2

w (^→B) = 2376.3 J
In this section the work is maximum positive in relation to the other works, that is, the force

has a component in the same direction of the displacement, the work is positive

➢ For the section where the work ( WB → c)

Data:

m = 60kg

VB = 8.9 m/s

Vo = 10.9 m/s
w(B→C ) = 1mv2 — 1mvg

W ( B → C) = (60)(10.9) 2 - 1 (60)(8.9) 2
1

w(B→C) = 1188.0 J
In this section the work is positive in relation to the other works, that is, the force has a

component in the same direction of the displacement, the work is positive

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

➢ For the section where the work (Wc → D )

Data:

m = 60 kg

V D = 6.4 m/s

V C = 10.9 m/s
w (C→D ) = 1 mV D2 -\mV C
w(B→C) = (60)(6.4) 2 - 1 (60)(10.9) 2
1

w(B→C) = -2335.5 J
In this section the work is maximum but negative in relation to the other works, that is, the

force has a component in the opposite direction to the displacement, the work is negative.

➢ For the section where the work ( WD → E )

Data:
m = 60 kg
V D = 6.4 m/s
V e = 0.1 m/s
w(D→E ) = 1 mV E - mV D2
2 1

w(D→E) = (60)(0.1) - (60)(6.4)

1 2 1 2

W(D→E) = -1228.5/

In this section the work force has a component in the opposite direction to the

displacement, the work is negative.

➢ For the section where the work (W

A-, E)
Data:

m = 60kg

V A = 0 m/s

V e = 0.1 m/s

w (^→E) = 1 mV E 2 - 1 mV A2
w(^→E) = (60)(0.1) - (60)(0)
1 2 1 2
w (^→E) = -03J

In this section the minimum and negative work in relation to the other works, that is, the

force has a component in the opposite direction to the displacement, the work is negative.

ii. In which section is the least work done and the most work done, explain your answer. The
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

least work is done in the work section (W

A-, E ) , because the displacement generated by

the forces is at a minimum. And it can be demonstrated by the following resolution:

➢ For the section where the work ( W

A>E)
Data:

m = 60 kg

V A = 0 m/s

V e = 0.1 m/s

w (^→E) = \^V 2 - 1^mV 2

w(^→E) = (60)(0.1) - (60)(0)
1 2 1 2
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

The most work is done in the work section (W

A- B), because the displacement
generated by the forces at maximum. And it can be demonstrated by the following resolution:

➢ For the section where the work (W

A-, B )
Data:

m = 60 kg
VB = 8.9 m/s
V A = 0 m/s
w (^→B ) = 2mvg - mV
w (^→B) = 1 (60)(8.9) 2 - 1 (60)(0) 2
w (^→B) = 2376.3 J
6.3. : Answer the questions by giving a physical basis.
Yo. Do you think the skater will make it over the first peak of the track? Explain your

answer.

Figure 01:
Explanation:

As it is a frictionless movement, mechanical energy has to be conserved and kinetic energy

can be transformed into potential energy and vice versa. When starting his movement, the

skater starts with potential energy due to the height, and the kinetic energy is zero. In the

process of going down, the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy until reaching

the lowest point, in the process of going up. The same thing happens that the kinetic energy

is transformed into potential energy, the height of the peak being high enough so that the

kinetic energy is minimal and is completely transformed into potential energy, thus the
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

kinetic energy is no longer enough for the skater manages to pass the peak. By which the

skater cannot pass the peak.

ii. Do you think the skater will make it over the first peak of the track? Explain your

Explanation:
At the starting point the skater encounters a potential energy due to the height that in the

process of descent is transformed into kinetic energy, and in the process of ascent this kinetic

energy is also transformed into potential energy, but the height of the peak it is not enough

for there to be a total transformation, through which the remaining kinetic energy is enough

for the skater to pass.

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

iii. The bar graph shows the skater's energy. Where is it?

Explanation.
The skater has always been starting with potential energy, which means that the skater is

going down towards point E , more or less at the height of point D, but going down, since his

kinetic energy is increasing and his potential energy is In descent, the latter will become zero

at point E and the kinetic energy will become maximum at this same point.

iv. According to the graph, how would you describe the skater's speed? And where

the skater would be located.

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

Explanation:

According to the bar graph, the potential energy has been completely transformed into

kinetic energy, this being possible at the lowest point where the height is zero, and the

speed is maximum since it arrives from a considerable height, the skater would be located

at the lowest point at zero height.

v. According to the graph, how would you describe the bar graph? And where would I be?

located the skater.

Figure 05:
Explanation:
In the first figures, energy was conserved; in this case, when friction exists, a non-

conservative force appears, which is the friction force.

This friction produces friction that is released in the form of heat, which is thermal energy.

This energy gradually absorbs both energies (kinetic and potential). The skater also loses

his speed, which causes him to stop little by little. , reaching a point where it is going to

stop. This being a point where the thermal energy and total energy are equal, at this point

the skater will have stopped completely, and in the figure this occurs at the lowest point of

the skating rink. Therefore, the skater is at the lowest point on the track with no movement.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

VII. QUESTIONNAIRE
7.1. How many types of forces exist in nature. Briefly explain each of them.

In nature there are four forces that are responsible for all phenomena in the
universe.
a) Gravitational force.
b) Electromagnetic force.
c) Strong nuclear force.
d) Weak nuclear force.

Force Description Action

Gravitational It acts on all particles. It is

It is responsible for the interaction between attractive in nature.
particles with mass and, by extension, for
the macroscopic configuration of the
universe and its stability.

Electromagnetic Take action about

It is responsible for the interaction between particles
electrically charged particles and, by loaded. It is attractive or
extension, for all chemical reactions repulsive in nature.
(therefore, for all physical phenomena).

weak nuclear Take action about

It is responsible for the disintegration of particles
certain unstable particles; That is, those called leptons and Quarts.
processes in which some particles
decompose (decay) into lighter ones. By
extension, it is what causes some
radioactive processes (beta decay).

strong nuclear It is responsible for the interaction between Acts on particles.

nucleons, the particles that make up the
nucleus.
%7?

VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The way in which the teacher communicates knowledge is important since it influences the

acquisition of new knowledge, both in the long and short term in order to find effective solutions

within the reach of students.

When planning and selecting the strategies to use, take into account the context, the students' prior

knowledge, the pace of learning, the materials, the teaching didactic relationship, students -

knowledge
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN LABORATORY
CRISTÓBAL DE N°08
HUAMANGA PHYSICS - I

IX. REFERENCE

1. http://newton.cnice.mec.es/materiales_didacticos/energia/aulaenergia.pdf

2. https://www.fisicalab.com/apartado/energia-potential-elastica

3. http://www.icel.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ENERGIA-MECANICA-.pdf

4. http://www4.ujaen.es/~jjgarcia/Material_FisicaI/4_Trabajo_y_energia(Tema).pdf

5. https://repositorio.unan.edu.ni/806/1/16443.pdf