EXPERIMENT -1

a) Study of Unix/Linux general purpose utility command list: man, who, cat, cd, cp, ps,
ls, mv, rm, mkdir, rmdir, echo, more, date, time, kill, history, chmod, chown, finger,
pwd, cal, logout, shutdown.

Man Command
man command in Linux is used to display the user manual of any command that we can run
on the terminal.
man options commandname
WHO Command
who command displays information about the current status of system.
Who options file
Who as default prints login names of users currently logged in.
Options

o -a use all options.

o -b Report information about last reboot.
o -d report expired processes.
o -H print headings.
o -p report previously spawned processes.
o -u report terminal usage.
Cat Command

cat filename
cat is used to display the contents of the file.
cat> filename
cat is used to create file

Cd Command.
cddirectoryname

Will change directory from current directory to specified directory.

Cp Command
cp - copy files and directories

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

PS command
ps command is probably the most useful command for systems administrators. It reports
information on active processes.

Psoptions
 Options.

-a Lists all processes in system except processes not attached to terminals.

-e Lists all processes in system.
-f Lists a full listing.
-j print process group ID and session ID.

Ls command

ls command is most widely used command and it displays the contents of directory.

options

 ls will list all the files in your home directory, this command has many options.
 ls -l will list all the file names, permissions, group, etc in long format.
 ls -a will list all the files including hidden files that start with . .
 ls -lt will list all files names based on the time of creation, newer files bring first.
 ls -Fxwill list files and directory names will be followed by slash.
 ls -Rwilz lists all the files and files in the all the directories, recursively.
 ls -R | more will list all the files and files in all the directories, one page at a time.

MV Command

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

mv change file name or directory location

mv filename1 filename2
rm Command
rm removes each specified file. By default, it does not remove directories.
rmoptions File name
Mkdir command

mkdirdirname Makes a new directory

mkdiraditya
will create new directory, i.e. here aditya directory is created.

rmdirCommand
To remove a empty directory
 rmdirdirname Removes directory

ECHO Command

- display a line of text

More Command

The more command is a command line utility for viewing the

contents of a file or files once screen at a time.

Date command.
Date displays todays date, to use it type date at prompt.
Sun Dec 7 14:23:08 EST 1997
is similar to what you should see on screen.

Time Command
The time command runs the specified program command with the given arguments. When
command finishes, time writes a message to standard error giving timing statistics about this
program run.

Kill Command
The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified process or process group. If
no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent.

kill - terminate a process

History
history command is used to view the previously executed command.

Chmod command
chmod command is used to change permissions on a file.

cal.txt.

initially when this file will be created the permissions for this file depends upon umask set
in your profile files. As you can see this file has
666 or -rw-rw-rw attributes.
ls -la cal.txt
-rw-rw-rw- 1 ssb dxidev 135 Dec 3 16:14 cal.txt
In this line above I have -rw-rw-rw- meaning respectively that owner can read and write
file, member of the owner's group can read and write this file and anyone else connected to
this system can read and write this file., next ssb is owner of this file dxidev is the group of
this file, there are 135 bytes in this file, this file was created on December 3 at time16:14
and at the end there is name of this file. Learn to read these permissions in binary, like this
for example Decimal 644 which is 110 100 100 in binary meandrw-r--r-- or user can
read,write this file, group can read only, everyone else can read only.

Chown Command
To change the owner of file system files, directories.
Chownowner_namefile_name
Finger Command
Finger command is a user information lookup command which gives details of all the users
logged in. This tool is generally used by system administrators. It provides details like login
name, user name, idle time, login time, and in some cases their email address even. This tool
is similar to the Pinky tool but the Pinky tool is just the lightweight version of this tool
$finger
Pwd command.

pwd command will print your home directory on screen, pwd means print working
directory.
/home/satish
Cal command

cal command will print the calendar on current month by default. If you want to print
calendar of august of 1965. That's eighth month of 1965.

cal 8 1965 will print following results.

August 1965
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31

Logout Command
Logout of a login shell. This command can be used by normal users to end their own session.
Shutdown command.

Shutdown command can only be executed by root. To gracefully bring down a system,
shutdown command is used.
Who Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ who
22A95A0518 pts/0 2022-09-22 11:26 (172.7.139.250)
22A9LE05074 pts/1 2022-09-22 11:31 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0575 pts/2 2022-09-22 11:32 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0576 pts/3 2022-09-22 11:32 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0578 pts/4 2022-09-22 11:30 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0580 pts/5 2022-09-22 11:27 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0582 pts/6 2022-09-22 11:28 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0583 pts/7 2022-09-22 11:29 (172.7.139.250)
21A91A0584 pts/8 2022-09-22 11:30 (172.7.139.250)
Cat Command

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat>f1

hello welcome to unix lab
<ctrl+d>
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f1
hello welcome to unix lab
Mkdir Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ mkdir myfiles
Cd Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cd myfiles
[22A95A0518@Linux myfiles]$ cd ..
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f1 myfiles
Remove directory containing files
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ mkdir myfiles
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cd myfiles
[22A95A0518@Linux myfiles]$cat>f4
Hello
<ctrl+d>
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$rmdir myfiles
Failed to remove ’myfiles’:directory not empty
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$rm –r myfiles
Rmdir Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ rmdirmyfiles
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f1
Ls Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f1 myfiles
Ps Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
31024 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
31368 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
Cp Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cp f1 f2
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f1
hello welcome to unix lab
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f2
hello welcome to unix lab
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f1 f2
Rm Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ rm f2
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f1
Mv Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ mv f1 f3
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls
f3
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f1
cat: f1: No such file or directory
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f3
hello welcome to unix lab
Echo Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ echo 'hello how are you'
hello how are you

More Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ more f1

Date Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ date
Thu Sep 22 12:01:42 IST 2022
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ date +"%d-%m-%y"
22-09-22
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ date "+%T"
12:04:57
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ date '+%B %d'
September 22
Cal Command
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cal
September 2022
Su Mo Tu We ThFrSa
123
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cal 12 2022
December 2022
Su Mo Tu We ThFrSa
123
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Time Command
To measure the time required to run a program called date
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ time date
Thu Sep 22 12:07:56 IST 2022
real 0m0.002s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.000s

Kill Command
To kill processes simply pass the process id to the kill command.

kill 4529

History Command

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ history

1 #echo$SHELL

2 echo $SHELL

3 cat /etc/shells

4 ls
5 i

6 columwq

7 :wq

8 /bin

9 /sbin

10 /etc

11 c shell:/bin/csh

12 viteja.c

Pwd Command

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ pwd

/home/22A95A0518

Chmod Command

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls -l

total 8

-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 618 Sep 22 11:58 f1

-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 26 Sep 22 11:34 f3

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ chmod 666 f1

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls -l

total 8

-rw-rw-rw- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 618 Sep 22 11:58 f1

-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 26 Sep 22 11:34 f3

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ chmod 777 f3

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls -l

total 8

-rw-rw-rw- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 618 Sep 22 11:58 f1

-rwxrwxrwx 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 26 Sep 22 11:34 f3

finger

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ finger

Login Name Tty Idle Login Time Office Office Phone Host

20A91A0510 pts/35 Sep 23 06:09 (172.7.139.250)

20A91A0519 pts/38 1 Sep 23 06:05 (172.7.139.250)

20A91A05C9 pts/48 Sep 23 06:11 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0517 pts/41 1 Sep 23 06:18 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0518 pts/44 Sep 23 06:09 (172.7.139.250)

22A95A0518 pts/21 37 Sep 23 06:01 (172.7.139.250)

22A95A0518 pts/37 1 Sep 23 06:23 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0575 pts/17 5 Sep 23 06:01 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0578 pts/3 Sep 23 06:45 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0582 pts/43 Sep 23 06:07 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0584 pts/10 5 Sep 23 06:00 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0585 pts/4 4 Sep 23 06:00 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0591 pts/22 5 Sep 23 06:01 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0594 pts/11 1 Sep 23 06:01 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A0599 pts/30 Sep 23 06:03 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A05A5 pts/26 Sep 23 06:03 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A05A7 pts/40 1 Sep 23 06:06 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A05B1 pts/16 1 Sep 23 06:01 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A05B2 pts/51 Sep 23 06:18 (172.7.139.250)

21A91A05B3 pts/9 4 Sep 23 06:00 (172.7.139.250)

b) Study of Bash shell, Bourne shell and C shell in Unix/Linux operating system

• A shell is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs, and shell
scripts.
• The shell provides you with an interface to the UNIX system.
• Shell categories
 Bourne shell ( sh)
 Korn shell ( ksh)
 Bourne Again shell ( bash)
 POSIX shell ( sh)
To know which shell we are presently in
[root@Linux~]#echo $SHELL
To know all shell with paths
[root@Linux ~]#cat /etc/shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
/bin/zsh
Bourne shell
Steve Bourne created Bourne shell most popular one.
This one is used by many UNIX users.
/Bourne shell: /bin/sh
shell prompt : $
C Shell
Bill Joy Created C shell.
Two advantages over Bourne shell
1) It allows aliasing of commands. It is useful when lengthy commands are renamed by you.
2) C shell has a command history feature. C shell keeps track of all commands issued in the
command line.
C shell: /bin/csh
Shell prompt :%
Korn shell
David Korn Created Korn shell at AT&T labs
It is very powerful and is a superset of Bourne shell.
Korn shell: /bin/ksh
Shell prompt :$
Bash – the Bourne again shell was developed by GNU project .It is based on features of C
and K shells.
 c) Study of Unix/Linux file system (tree structure).

1. /bin
The /bin directory is for User Binaries. It is where many of the most common Linux
commands are stored. Specifically, this is where the single user mode binaries are stored.
Example: ls,cp,vietc
2. /sbin
This directory is almost exactly like the /bin directory, with one exception. The binaries
here are primarily used by Administrators for system maintenance.
3. /etc
The configuration files for your programs and operating system are stored in /etc.
Example: Java JVM
4. /dev
This is where all of the device files are located. For example, this is the directory that you
would call to in order to mount a drive with a command like: mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/backup
5. /proc
The /proc directory is one of the most interesting in the whole Linux File System. It is
actually its own virtual file system with a massive amount of text information about system
processes.
6. /var
This is where all of the variable files are stored. Most commonly, this is where log files and
web server files are stored.
7. /tmp
These are simply temporary files.
8. /usr
Programs installed by single users get stored here.
9. /home
This is where all of the user home directories are except for the root user’s home directory
which is /root.
10. /boot
The files that make up the boot loader go in /boot. Everything from boot loader menus, to
the actual kernel files are stored here.
11. /lib
All of the binary files that are located in /bin and /sbin are supported by the library files
located in /lib.
12. /opt
/opt is short for “optional”. It is the directory where individual vendors can install optional
add-on software for the operating system.
13. /mnt
The /mnt directory is the mount point that system administrators can use to mount file
systems temporarily.
14. /media
The /media directory serves the same purpose as the /mnt directory except it is specifically
for removable devices and can be used by non administrators.
15. /srv
The /srv directory contains server specific service files.
d)Study of .bashrc, /etc/bashrc and Environment variables.
The /etc/bashrc is executed for both interactive and non-interactive shells. /etc/bashrc or
/etc/bash.bashrc is the systemwide bash per-interactive-shell startup file. Is is used system
wide functions and aliases. However, environment stuff goes in /etc/profile file.the
/etc/profile is executed only for interactive shells

.bashrc is a shell script that Bash runs whenever it is started interactively. It initializes an
interactive shell session.

.bashrc runs on every interactive shell launch.

Following is the partial list of important environment variables :-

DISPLAY : Contains the identifier for the display that X11 programs should use by default.

HOME : Indicates the home directory of the current user: the default argument for the cd
built-in command.

IFS : Indicates the Internal Field Separator that is used by the parser for word splitting after
expansion.

LANG : LANG expands to the default system locale; LC_ALL can be used to override this.
For example, if its value is pt_BR, then the language is set to (Brazilian) Portuguese and the
locale to Brazil.

LD_LIBRARY_PATH : On many Unix systems with a dynamic linker, contains a

colonseparated list of directories that the dynamic linker should search for shared objects
when building a process image after exec, before searching in any other directories.

PATH : Indicates search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of directories in

which the shell looks for commands.

PWD : Indicates the current working directory as set by the cd command.

 RANDOM : Generates a random integer between 0 and 32,767 each time it is referenced.

SHLVL : Increments by one each time an instance of bash is started. This variable is useful
for determining whether the built-in exit command ends the current session.

TERM : Refers to the display type

VZ : Refers to Time zone. It can take values like GMT, AST, etc.

UID : Expands to the numeric user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.

Viva Questions

1. What is the purpose of echo command?

A. It is used to print a statement.

2. What are the types of shells?

A. bourne shell , korn shell, bourne again shell, c shell etc.

3. where the device files will be located?

A. Those are located /dev environmental variable.
 EXPERIMENT – 2

2.a)Use the cat command to create a file containing the following data. Call it mytable
use tabs to separate the fields.

Vi Editor
An editor allows the users to see a portion of a file on the screen and to modify characters and
lines by simply typing at the cursor position.
Vi editor
• Vi stands for visual
• It is a full screen editor and allows the user to view and edit the entire document at the same
time.
• Vi is case sensitive.
• It has powerful undo features.

Modes of Vi editor
Vi editor works in 3 modes
Command mode
In this mode all the keys pressed by the user are interpreted to be editor commands. No text is
displayed on the screen even if corresponding keys is pressed on the keyboard.
Insert mode
This mode permits to insert a new text, editing and replacement of existing text. When Vi
editor is in insert mode the letters typed at the keyboard are echoed on the screen.
Escape mode
Commands typed at the command line.
Starting with Vi editor

Syntax: vi filename

Moving the cursor

The cursor movement commands are:

Command Action
H or backspace Left one character
l or spacebar Right one character
K or - Up one line
J or + Down one line
I Moves forward a word
#b Moves back a word
#e Moves to the last character in the word
F[character] Moves right to the specified character in a line
T[character] Moves right and places it one character before the specified character
0 or ^ Moves to the beginning of the file
#$ Moves to the end of the file
Quitting vi
Press zz or ‘:wq’ in command mode.
Sort Command
sort -o: if you want to write the output to a new file, output.txt, redirects the output like this
or you can also use the built-in sort option -o, which allows you to specify an output file.
Syntax:
$ sort inputfile.txt > filename.txt
Using the -o option is functionally the same as redirecting the output to a file.
$ sort -o filename.txt inputfile.txt

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

[22A95A0518@Linux~]$cat>mytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.87

c)Use the cat command to display the file table

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat mytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

c) Use the vi command to correct any errors in the file,

mytable.

[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ vi mytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

 4320 Ramu 26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

:wq

[22A95A0518@Linux~]$vimytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu 26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

5567 Geeta 56.23

~
:dd

[22A95A0518@Linux~]$vimytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu 26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

5567 Geeta 56.23
c) Usethesortcommand tosortthefilemytableaccordingtothefirstfield.Callthesorted file my
table(same name)
[22A95A0518@Linux~]$sortmytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

 1450 Raju 21.86

4320 Ramu26.27

5567 Geeta56.23
6830 Sita 36.15

[21A9A05D3@Linux~]$sort-rmytable

6830 Sita 36.15

5567 Geeta 56.23

4320 Ramu 26.27

1450 Raju 21.86

1425 Ravi 15.65

[21A9A05D3@Linux~]$sort–oppmytable

1425 Ravi 15.65

1450 Raju 21.86

4320 Ramu26.27

5567 Geeta56.23
6830 Sita 36.15

c) Print the file my table

[22A95A0518@Linux~]$catmyt

able

1425 Ravi 15.65

4320 Ramu 26.27

6830 Sita 36.15

1450 Raju 21.86

6830 Sita 36.15
Viva Questions

1. Which command is used to display the file?

A. cat command is used to display the file.

2. which command is used to sort the table?

A. sort command is used to display the file.

3. What is the use of vi editor?

A. It is used to edit the shell files.
 EXPERIMENT-3

a) Write a C program that makes a copy of a file using standard I/O, and system call

Description:
Syntax

fd = open (filename, flags);

Flags
O_RDONLY: read only
O_WRONLY: write only
O_RDWR: read and write
O_CREAT: create file if it doesn’t exist
O_EXCL: prevent creation if it already exists
Returns:
 return first unused file descriptor
 return -1 when error

File descriptor is integer that uniquely identifies an open file of the process.
read() function reads cnt bytes of input into the memory area indicated by buf. A successful
read() updates the access time for the file.
Syntax
size_t read (int fd, void* buf, size_t cnt);
fd: file descriptor
buf: buffer to read data from
cnt: length of buffer
Returns: How many bytes were actually read
 return Number of bytes read on success
 return 0 on reaching end of file
 return -1 on error
write: Writes cnt bytes from buf to the file. If cnt is zero, write() simply returns 0 without
attempting any other action.
Syntax
size_t write (int fd, void* buf, size_t cnt);
fd: file descriptor
buf: buffer to write data to
cnt: length of buffer
Returns: How many bytes were actually written
 return Number of bytes written on success
 return 0 on reaching end of file
 return -1 on error
Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Declare 2 integer variables f1 ,f2 and one character array , 1 long variable n;
STEP 3: IF (((f1 = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY)) == -1 || ((f2=open(argv[2], O_CREAT |
O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0700))== 1)))
If the above condition satisfies display there is a problem in file then exit.
STEP 4: WHILE ((n=read(f1, buff, 50))>0)
STEP 5: IF (write(f2, buff, n)!=n) then Print “There is a problem in writing”
STEP 6: IF n=-1 then display “There is a problem in writing”
STEP 7: close the file f2
STEP 8: STOP

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int f1, f2;
char buff[50];
long int n;

if(((f1 = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY)) == -1 || ((f2=open(argv[2], O_CREAT |

O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0700))== 1)))
{
perror("problem in file");
exit(1);
}

while((n=read(f1, buff, 50))>0)

if(write(f2, buff, n)!=n)

{
perror("problem in writing");
exit(3);
}

if(n==-1)
{
perror("problem in reading");
exit(2);
}

close(f2);

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat>f1
This is unix lab
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat>f2
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cc 3.a.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out f1 f2
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cat f2
This is unix lab
b) Write a C program to emulate the UNIX ls –l command.

Description:
Fork system call is used for creating a new process, which is called child process, which
runs concurrently with the process that makes the fork() call (parent process). It takes no
parameters and returns an integer value.
Syntax
fork()
Negative Value: creation of a child process was unsuccessful.
Zero: Returned to the newly created child process.
Positive value: Returned to parent or caller.
The execlp() function replaces the current process image with a new process image specified
by file.

Syntax

#include <unistd.h>

int execlp( const char * file,

const char * arg0,
const char * arg1,
…
const char * argn,
NULL );
The wait() system call suspends execution of the current process until one of its children
terminates.

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Include the needed header files
STEP 3: Declare pid which stores the process id
STEP 4: Create a child using fork() ans assign the returned value into pid
STEP 5: IF pid <0 PRINT “fork failed” then exit
STEP 6: ELSE IF pid=0 execute ls –l command using execlp
STEP 7: ELSE PRINT “Wait for child complete”
STEP 8: STOP
Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pid; //process id
pid = fork(); //create another process
if ( pid< 0 )
{ //fail
printf(“\nFork failed\n”);
exit (-1);
}
else if ( pid == 0 )
{ //child
execlp( “/bin/ls”, “ls”, “-l”, NULL ); //execute ls
}
else
{ //parent
wait (NULL); //wait for child
printf(“\nchild complete\n”);
exit (0);
}
}

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ vi 3b.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cc 3b.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out
total 176
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 316 Dec 9 06:39 2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 0 Dec 19 07:47 3.a
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 537 Dec 19 07:49 3.a.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 537 Dec 19 07:48 3.a.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 429 Dec 19 08:03 3b.c
drwxrwxr-x 2 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 4096 Dec 9 06:49 ab
-rwxrwxr-x 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 5118 Dec 19 08:03 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 158 Oct 28 06:52 arg.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 69 Oct 21 07:01 arith.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 249 Oct 28 07:49 binary.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 779 Oct 28 07:49 bin.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 137 Dec 9 07:47 check.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 408 Dec 9 07:29 copy.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 103 Dec 2 06:12 c.sh
drwxrwxr-x 2 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 4096 Dec 9 07:07 d1
-rw--------1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 1984 Nov 18 07:20 dead.letter
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 262 Dec 9 07:07 eleven.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 0 Dec 9 06:33 eleven.cc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 32 Nov 18 07:04 equal
-rw-rw-r-- 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 17 Dec 19 08:00 f1
c) Write a C program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently with
a command pipe. Ex: - ls –l | sort.

Description:
Pipe() system call
a pipe is a connection between two processes, such that the standard output from one
process becomes the standard input of the other process.
Syntax
int pipe(int fds[2]);

Parameters :
fd[0] will be the fd(file descriptor) for the
read end of pipe.
fd[1] will be the fd for the write end of pipe.
Returns : 0 on Success.
-1 on error.

The dup() system call creates a copy of a file descriptor.

Syntax:
int dup(int oldfd);
oldfd: old file descriptor whose copy is to be created.

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Create an integer array pfds and character array buff
STEP 3: IF (pipe(pfds)==-1) Print “Pipe failed” then exit
STEP 4: IF (!fork()) Then close 1 duplicate pfds[1]
STEP 5: Else Print “ parent reading from pipe”
STEP 6: Then print Buff
STEP 7: while(read(pfds[0],buf,80)) Repeat STEP 6

STEP 8: STOP

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pfds[2];
char buf[30];
if(pipe(pfds)==-1)
{
perror("pipe failed");
exit(1);
}
if(!fork())
{
close(1);
dup(pfds[1];
system (“ls –l”);
}
else
{
printf("parent reading from pipe \n");
while(read(pfds[0],buf,80))
printf("%s \n" ,buf);
}
}

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cc command.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out
total 200
-rwxrwxr-x 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 5493 Dec 2 08:29 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 4
total 200
-rwxrwxr-x 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 5493 Dec 2 08:29 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 4
total 200
-rwxrwxr-x 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 5493 Dec 2 08:29 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 4
total 200
-rwxrwxr-x 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 5493 Dec 2 08:29 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 4^Z
[5] + Stopped ./a.out
Viva Questions

1. What is the purpose of open command?

A. It is used to open a file.

2. which command is used to display the list of files?

A. ls –l is used to display the list of files.

3. What is the purpose of pipe command?

A. It is used to combine two commands . The first command output is input for second
command.
 EXPERIMENT -4

a) Write a shell script that takes a command –line argument and reports on
whether it is directory, a file or something else.

Description:

The if...elif...fi statement is the control statement that allows Shell to make correct decision
out of several conditions.

Syntax

if [ expression 1 ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
elif [ expression 2 ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
elif [ expression 3 ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
else
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
fi
The “if’ keyword is followed by the condition you want to check. In this if-else-if conditional
statement, the expressions are evaluated from top to bottom.

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: PRINT “Enter file name: ”
STEP 3: READ file name into variable str
STEP 4: IF test -f $str Then display a message indicating it is a file
STEP 5: ELSE IF test -d $str Then display a message indicating it is a directory
STEP 6: ELSE Print “File not exists”
STEP 8: END

Program:
echo " enter file"
read str
if test -f $str
then echo "file exists n it is an ordinary file"
elif test -d $str
then echo "directory file"
else
echo "not exists"
fi

Output:
[root@localhost ~]# ls
4a.sh bench.py d1 f1 hello.c
[root@localhost~]#sh 4a.sh
Enter File:
f1
file exists n it is an ordinary file
[root@localhost~]#sh 4a.sh
Enter File:
d1
directory file
 b) Write a shell script that accepts one or more file name as arguments and
converts all of them to uppercase provided they exist in the current directory.

Description:

Command-line arguments are parameters that are passed to a script while executing them in
the shell. The shell has special variables reserved to point to the arguments which we pass
through a shell script. Bash saves these variables numerically ($1, $2, $3, … $n).
Here, the first command-line argument in our shell script is $1, the second $2 and the third is
$3. This goes on till the 9th argument. The variable $0 stores the name of the script or the
command itself.
For loop
The for loop operates on lists of items. It repeats a set of commands for every item in a list.
for var in word1 word2 ... wordN
do
Statement(s) to be executed for every word.
done
Here var is the name of a variable and word1 to wordN are sequences of characters separated
by spaces (words). Each time the for loop executes, the value of the variable var is set to the
next word in the list of words, word1 to wordN.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Print “Enter File Name:”
STEP 3: Read file name as ‘filename’
STEP 4: if (!-f$fileName) print “FileName doesn’t exist”
STEP 5: Convert uppercase to lowercase using tr
tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' < $fileName
STEP 6: STOP

Program:

# get filename
echo -n "Enter File Name : "
read fileName
# make sure file exits for reading
if [ ! -f $fileName ]
 then
echo "Filename $fileName does not exists"
exit 1
fi
# convert uppercase to lowercase using tr
command
tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' < $fileName

Output:

[root@localhost~]#sh 4b.sh
Enter File Name:f1
THIS IS UNIX LABORATORY

Viva Questions

1. What is meant by command line arguments?

A. The values which are passed during the execution of the program .

2. What is the purpose of tr command?

A. It is used to translate characters.

3. List some conditional statements?

A. simple if , if – else , else – if ladder , case statements

,
 EXPERIMENT – 5

a) Write a shell script that determines the period for which a specified user is working
on the system

Description:

Grep global regular expression print

It matches the given string/pattern even if it is found as a substring in a file. The -w option to
grep makes it match only the whole words.
grep [options][pattern][file_name]
To cut by character use the -c option. This can be a list of numbers separated comma or a
range of numbers separated by hyphen(-).
Syntax: cut –c [starting_position_of_character,ending_position_of_character] filename

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: PRINT “Enter the Username:”
STEP 3: READ usr
STEP 4: Assign tuser=`who | tr -s " " | head -1 | cut -d " " -f1`
STEP 5: if (tuser = usr)
Then
Assign tm=`who | tr -s " " | head -1 | cut -d " " -f4`
Assign uhr=`echo $tm | cut -d ":" -f1`
Assign umin=`echo $tm | cut -d ":" -f2`
Assign shr=`date "+%H`
Assign smin=`date "+%M”`
STEP 6: if(smin<umin) then
Assign shr=shr – 1
Assign smin=smin + 60
End if
STEP 7: Assign h=shr - uhr
STEP 8:m=smin – umin
STEP 9:Print “User Name:” usr
Print “Login period:” h,m
STEP 10: else Print “Invalid User”
End if
STEP 11: STOP

Program:

echo -e "enter the user name :\c"

read usr
tuser=`who | tr -s " " | head -1 | cut -d " " -f1`
if [ "$tuser" = "$usr" ]
then
tm=`who | tr -s " " | head -1 | cut -d " " -f4`
uhr=`echo $tm | cut -d ":" -f1`
umin=`echo $tm | cut -d ":" -f2`
shr=`date "+%H"`
smin=`date "+%M"`
if [ $smin -lt $umin ]
then
shr=`expr $shr - 1`
smin=`expr $smin + 60`
fi
h=`expr $shr - $uhr`
m=`expr $smin - $umin`
echo "user name : $usr"
echo "login period : $h : $m"
else
echo "Invalid User"
fi

Output:
$ sh working.sh
enter the user name :22A95A0518
user name : 22A95A0518
login period : 0 : 51
$ sh working.sh
enter the user name :22A95A0519
Invalid User
b) Write a shell script that accepts a file name starting and ending line numbers as
arguments and displays all the lines between the given line numbers.

Description:

Sed stands for Stream Editor.Sed helps in operations like selecting the text, substituting text,
modifying an original file, adding lines to text, or deleting lines from the text.
The -n option disables automatic printing, while the substitute command p instructs sed to
print lines where substitution occurs.
Sed OPTIONS [SCRIPT] [Inputfile]
Pipe is used to combine two or more commands, and in this, the output of one command
acts as input to another command, and this command's output may act as input to the next
command and so on. It can also be visualized as a temporary connection between two or
more commands.

The output redirection operator is the > (greater than) symbol, and the general syntax looks as
follows:

command >output_file
ex:-ls>my_files
Notice there is no output appearing after the command, only the return of the prompt.
This is because all output from this command was redirected to the file my_files.

Algorithm:

STEP 1:START
STEP 2: PRINT “Enter the File Name”
STEP 3: READ fname
STEP 4: PRINT “Enter the Starting line number”
STEP 5: READ s
STEP 6: PRINT “Enter the Ending line number ”
STEP 7: READ n
STEP 8: sed -n $s,$n\p $fname | cat > newline
STEP 9: DISPLAY FILE newline
cat newline
STEP 10: STOP
 Program:

echo "enter the filename"

read fname
echo "enter the starting line number"
read s
echo "enter the ending line number"
read n
sed -n $s,$n\p $fname | cat > newline
cat newline

Output:

[root@localhost ~]# sh 5b.sh

Enter the filename:
file
Enter the starting line number:
2
Enter the ending line number:
5
hello
swaroop
rohith
ram sita

Viva Questions

1. Which command is used for searching a given stirng?

A. GREP command is used for searching a given stirng.

2. What is the purpose of sed command?

A. It is used to retrieve particular portion of lines from the file.

3. What are the options of grep command?

A. –n , -i , -e , -b , -l etc…
 EXPERIMENT – 6

Write a shell script that computes the gross salary of a employee according to the
following rules:
i) If basic salary is < 1500 then HRA =10% of the basic and DA =90% of the basic.
ii) If basic salary is >=1500 then HRA =Rs500 and DA=98% of the basic. The basic
salary is entered interactively through the key board.

Description:

The if...else...fi statement is the next form of control statement that allows Shell to execute
statements in a controlled way and make the right choice.

Syntax

if [ expression ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
else
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is not true
Fi
The Shell expression is evaluated in the above syntax. If the resulting value is true,
given statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement will be executed.
bc Command
bc command is used for command line calculator. It is similar to basic calculator by using
which we can do basic mathematical calculations.
But we can also perform mathematical operations in the Linux terminal using bc without
entering the interactive shell. For this process, we’ll need to utilize the echo command
and | pipes. This will echo any text we type and pass it to the bc command.
Ex:$ echo 1+1|bc

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP2: PRINT "Enter basic Salary:"
STEP 3: READ bsal
STEP 4: if (bsal<1500)
THEN EVALUATE gsal=((bsal+((bsal/100)*10)+(bsal/100)*90))
 PRINT "The gross Salary:"
PRINT gsal
END IF
STEP 5:if( bsal>1500)
THEN EVALUATE gsal=((bsal+500)+(bsal/100)*98))
PRINT "The gross Salary:"
PRINT gsal
END IF
STEP 6: STOP

PROGRAM:

echo "enter the basic salary:"

read bsal
if [ $bsal -lt1500 ]
then
gsal=$((bsal+((bsal/100)*10)+(bsal/100)*90))
echo "The gross salary : $gsal"
fi
if [ $bsal -ge1500 ]
then
gsal=$(((bsal+500)+(bsal/100)*98))
echo "the gross salary : $gsal"
fi

Output:
[root@localhost ~]# sh
6.shEnter the basic
salary:
1500
The gross salary:3470

Viva Questions
1. How the basic calculator can be used in the program?
A. It can be used in echo statement like echo 2+4|bc.

2. How the if statement works?

A. First condition will be checked , if it is true block will be executed otherwise false block
will be executed.

3. How the gross salary is calculated?

A. gross salary = bsa + hra.
 EXPERIMENT – 7

a) Write a shell script that accepts two integers as its arguments and computes the
value of first number raised to the power of the second number.

Description:
$# Stores the number of command-line arguments that were passed to the shell program.
-ne is not equal to
$ echo “$1^$2 | bc”
To Compute $1 to the power $2
exit command is used to exit the shell where it is currently running.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: PRINT "Enter the integer value: "
STEP 3 : READ VALUE TO int1
STEP4: PRINT "Enrer the power of that integer:"
STEP 5: READ VALUE TO int2
STEP 6: ASSIGN pv=int1
i=1
STEP 7: pv= pv* int1
i= i+1
STEP 8: REPEAT STEP 7 UNTILL i<int2
STEP 9: PRINT "The value of first number to the power of second number is : "
STEP 10: PRINT pv
STEP 11: STOP

PROGRAM:

echo "Enter the integer value :"

read int1
echo "Enter the power of that integer:"
read int2
pv=$int1
i=1
while [ $i -lt $int2 ]
do
pv=`expr $pv \* $int1`
i=`expr $i + 1 `
done
echo "The value of first number to the power of the second number :"
echo "$pv"

Output:

[root@localhost ~]# sh 7a.c

Enter the integer value:
2
Enter the power of that integer:
3
The value of first number to the power of the second number:
b) Write a shell script which will display Armstrong number from given arguments.

Description:
Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum of cubes of its digits. For example
0, 1, 153, 370, 371 and 407 are the Armstrong numbers.
$* Stores all the arguments that were entered on the
command line ($1 $2 ...).
The while loop enables you to execute a set of commands repeatedly until some condition
occurs.
while command
do
Statement(s) to be executed if command is true
done
Here the Shell command is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, given statement(s) are
executed. If command is false then no statement will be executed and the program will jump
to the next line after the done statement.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: PRINT "Enter the number:"
STEP 3: READ n
STEP 4: ASSIGN t=n, s=0, b=0, c=10
STEP 5: CALCULATE
r=n % c
i=r * r * r
s=s + i
n=n / c
STEP 6: REPEAT STEP 5 UNTIL n>b
STEP 7: PRINT s
STEP 8: if (s=t)
THEN PRINT "ARMSTRONG NUMBER"
ELSE THEN PRINT "NOT A ARMSTRONG NUMBER"
END IF

STEP 9: ASSIGN result=n

PRINT result
STEP 10: STOP
 Program:

echo "Enter the number"

read n
function ams
{
t=$n
s=0
b=0
c=10
while [ $n -gt $b ]
do
r=$((n % c))
i=$((r * r * r))
s=$((s + i))
n=$((n / c))
done
echo $s
if [ $s == $t ]
then
echo "Amstrong number"
else
echo "Not an Armstrong number"
fi
}
result=`ams $n`
echo "$result"

Output:

[root@localhost ~]# sh 7b.c

Enter the number:

153
Armstrong Number

Viva Questions

1. What is the syntax of while loop?

A. while command
do
Statement(s) to be executed if command is true
done
2. What is the purpose of expr command?
A. It is used to evaluate a expression.

3. What is meant by an Armstrong number?

A. Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum of cubes of its digits.
 EXPERIMENT – 8

Write an interactive file-handling shell program. Let it offer the user the choice of
copying, removing, renaming, or linking files. Once the user has made a choice, have the
program ask the user for the necessary information, such as the file name, new name
and so on

Description:

The basic syntax of the case...esac statement is to give an expression to evaluate and to
execute several different statements based on the value of the expression.
The interpreter checks each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If
nothing matches, a default condition will be used.
case word in
pattern1)
Statement(s) to be executed if pattern1 matches
;;
pattern2)
Statement(s) to be executed if pattern2 matches
;;
pattern3)
Statement(s) to be executed if pattern3 matches
;;
*)
Default condition to be executed
;;
esac
ln command is a Unix command for linking files to each other.
It creates new files with the names you specify, and refer them to already existing files
syntax:
ln sourcefile destinationfile

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Display the operations to be performed
STEP 3: Then print “Enter your choice: ”
STEP 4: read Choice from user
STEP 5: if choice is 1 Then list files using ls
STEP 6: if choice is 2 Then copy files using cp
STEP 7: if choice is 3 Then remove file using rm
STEP 8: if choice is 4 Then rename files using mv
STEP 9: if choice is 5 Then link files using ln
STEP 10: Else display invalid choice
STEP 11: Repeat the above steps until user enter [CTRL+C] TO EXIT"
STEP 12: STOP

Program:

while true
do
echo "*******MENU*********"
echo "
1. List of files.
2. Copying files.
3. Removing files.
4. Renaming files.
5. Linking files.
press [CTRL+C] TO EXIT"
echo "enter your choice "
read ch
case "$ch" in
1 ) echo "The list of file names."
ls -l || echo "These are file";;
2) echo "Enter the old filename."
read ofile
echo "Enter the new file name."
read nfile
cp $ofile $nfile&& echo "Copied sucessfully." || echo "Copied is not possible." ;;
3 ) echo "Enter the file name to remove."
read rfile
rm -f $rfile&& echo "Successfully removed." ;;
4 ) echo "Enter the old file name."
read ofile
echo "Enter the new file name."
read nfile
mv $ofile $nfile&& echo "The file $ofile name renamed to $nfile." || echo "You
cann't Rename the file.".;;
5 ) echo "Enter the original filename."
read ofile
echo "Enter the new filename to link a file."
read lfile
ln $ofile $lfile&& echo "Creat the linking file Sccessfully." || echo "You cann't
Linking the file.";; * )
echo "Invalid option."
Echo " Enter correct choice."
esac
done

Output:

*********MENU*******
1.List of files.
2.copying files.
3.Removing files.
4.Renaming file.
5.Linking file.
press [CTRL+c] to EXIT
enter your choices
1
the llist of file names.
total 20
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 114 Dec 26 2020 bench.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 185 Sep 9 2018 hello.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 30 21:49 rohith
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 960 Dec 30 21:48 rohith.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 30 21:50 samuel
*********MENU*******
1.List of files.
2.copying files.
3.Removing files.
4.Renaming file.
5.Linking file.
press [CTRL+c] to EXIT
enter your choices
2
Enter the old filename.
rohith samuel
Copied sucessfully.
*********MENU*******
1.List of files.
2.copying files.
3.Removing files.
4.Renaming file.
5.Linking file.
press [CTRL+c] to EXIT
enter your choices
3
Enter the file name to remove.
shankar
successfully removed
*********MENU*******
1.List of files.
 2.copying files.
3.Removing files.
4.Renaming file.
5.Linking file.
press [CTRL+c] to EXIT
enter your choices
4
Enter the old file name.
rohith
Enter the new file name.
swaroop
The file name remaned to swaroop .
*********MENU*******
1.List of files.
2. copying files.

3.Removing files.
4.Renaming file.
5.Linking file.
press [CTRL+c] to EXIT

Viva Questions
1. Which command is used to copy a file?

A. cp command is used to copy a file.

2. Which command is used to link two files?
A. ln command is used to link two files.
3. What is the syntax of case statement?

A. case word in
pattern1)
Statement(s) to be executed if pattern1 matches
;;
pattern2)
Statement(s) to be executed if pattern2 matches
;;
esac
 EXPERIMENT – 9

a) Write shell script that takes a login name as command – line argument and
reports when that person logs in

Description:
who|grep “21A91A0578”>/dev/null
who gets the list of logged in users, grep “21A91A0578” filters the list returned by who for
entries that contain “21A91A0578”. This will return true if the entry was found. /dev/null in
Linux is a null device file. This will discard anything written to it, and will return EOF on
reading.
The ‘>‘ symbol is used for output (STDOUT) redirection.
The ‘<‘ symbol is used for input(STDIN) redirection
“>>” appends output to an existing file
The $? variable represents the exit status of the previous command. Exit status is a
numerical value returned by every command upon its completion. As a rule, most commands
return an exit status of 0 if they were successful, and 1 if they were unsuccessful.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: IF $# -lt 1 then display improper usage and correct usage is: $0 username exist
STEP 3: who|grep “$logname”>/dev/null
STEP 4: WHILE TRUE
STEP 5: IF $?=0 then
Print $logname has logged in
Append data to sh01log.txt
Append date to sh01log.txt
Print hi in mseg.txt
Append $logname to mseg.txt
Print have a good day in mseg.txt
Display sh01log.txt
STEP 6: ELSE SLEEP 60
STEP 7: STOP

Program:

if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "improper usage"
echo "correct usage is: $0 username exist"
fi
logname=$1
while true
do
who|grep "$logname">/dev/null
if [ $? = 0 ]
then
echo "$logname has logged in"
echo "$logname">>sh01log.txt
date >>sh01log.txt
echo "Hi" > mesg.txt
echo "$logname" >> mesg.txt
echo "Have a Good Day" >> mesg.txt mail"$logname" < mesg.txt
cat sh01log.txt
exit
else
sleep 60
fi
done

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ rm mesg.txt
22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ rm sh01log.txt
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ sh log.sh
21A91A05B1 21A91A05B1 has logged in
21A91A05B1
Fri Nov 18 06:41:20 IST 2022
 b) Write a shell script which receives two file names as arguments. It should
check whether the two file contents are same or not. If they are same then
second file should be deleted.

Description:

The “cmp” command in Linux is used to compare the contents of the two files hence
reporting whether the two files are identical or different.
The syntax of the “cmp” command is as follows:
cmp [option] File1 File2
File1 and File2 represent the file names of the two files to be compared.
if [-s filename] is a conditional statement in shell programming which checks if the file exists
and it is non empty i.e size of the file is not zero.

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Display “Enter file 1:”
STEP 3: Read file1 name into file 1
STEP 4: Display “Enter file 2:”
STEP 5: Read file2 name into file 2
STEP 6: Compare file1 and file 2 using diff
STEP 7: IF compare returns 0 then Remove second file using rm command
STEP 8: Else Print “Keep quite”
STEP 9: STOP

Program:
echo "Enter file 1:"
read file1
echo "Enter file 2:"
read file2

diff $file1 $file2 >/dev/null

 if [ `echo $?` -eq 0 ]
then
echo "remove the second file"
rm $file2
else
echo "Keep quite"
fi

Output:

[root@localhost ~]# cat>f1

Hi
[root@localhost ~]# cat>f2
Hi
[root@localhost ~]# sh compare.sh
Enter file 1:
f1
Enter file 2:
f2
remove the second file
[root@localhost ~]# cat f2
cat: f2: No such file or directory

Viva Questions
1. What is the purpose of who command?
A. It is used to display the list of users who are currently logged in.

2. What does $? represents?

A. The $? variable represents the exit status of the previous command.

3. Which command is used to delete a file?

A. rm command is used to delete a file.
 EXPERIMENT – 10
Description:

fstat is a system call that is used to determine information about a file based on its file
descriptor.
Syntax:
int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
int fdThe file descriptor of the file that is being inquired.
struct stat *buf A structure where data about the file will be stored.
Returns a 0 if successful otherwise negative value on failure.
All of these system calls return a stat structure, which contains the following fields:

struct stat {
dev_tst_dev; /* ID of device containing file */
ino_tst_ino; /* inode number */
mode_tst_mode; /* protection */
nlink_tst_nlink; /* number of hard links */
uid_tst_uid; /* user ID of owner */
gid_tst_gid; /* group ID of owner */
dev_tst_rdev; /* device ID */
off_tst_size; /* total size, in bytes */
blksize_tst_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */
blkcnt_tst_blocks; /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
};

The st_dev field describes the device on which this file resides.
The st_rdev field describes the device that this file (inode) represents.
The st_size field gives the size of the file in bytes.
The st_blocks field indicates the number of blocks allocated to the file, 512-byte units.
The st_blksizefield gives the "preferred" blocksize for efficient filesystem I/O.
The st_mode describes the Status of the file.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Declare an integer variable fd
STEP 3: create a structure variable buf
STEP 4: open a file f5 and return value into fd
STEP 5: if(fd!=-1) and if(fstat(fd,&buf)==0) print mode of file, size of file,device name
inode of file, no.of links, owner of file, block size of the file , time of last modified.
STEP 6: ELSE print “Error in fstat()”
STEP 7: ELSE Print “Errror in open system call”
STEP 8: STOP
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
void main()
{
int fd;
struct stat buf; fd=open("f5.txt",O_RDONLY|
O_CREAT,600); if(fd!=-1)
{
if(fstat(fd,&buf)==0)
{
printf("mode of file is %u",buf.st_mode);
printf("\n size of the file is %u",buf.st_size);
printf("\n device name %u",buf.st_dev);
printf("\n inode of file is %u",buf.st_ino);
printf("\n no. of links are %u",buf.st_nlink);
printf("\n owner of a file is %u",buf.st_uid);
printf("\n no.of blocks is %u",buf.st_blocks);
printf("\n group owner is %u",buf.st_gid);
printf("\n blocks size of the file is %u",buf.st_blksize);
printf("\n time of last modified is %u",buf.st_ctime);
}
else
printf("error in fstat() syscall");
}
else
printf("error in open() sys call");
}

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cc file.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out
mode of file is 33368
size of the file is 0
device name 2054
inode of file is 176704
no. of links are 1
owner of a file is 10341
no.of blocks is 0
group owner is 10342
 blocks size of the file is 4096
time of last modified is 1669944828
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ls -l f5.txt
---x-wx--T 1 22A95A0518 22A95A0518 0 Dec 2 07:03 f5.txt

Viva Questions

1. What are the types of files?

A. text file , shell file , c file etc…

2. Write a brief about the file permission?

A. There are read , write and execute commands for a file.

3. What is the purpose of fstat()?

A. The fstat() function gets status information about the object specified by the open
descriptor descriptor and stores the information in the area of memory indicated by
the buffer argument.
 EXPERIMENT – 11
Write a C program which supports that child process inherits environment variables,
command line arguments, opened’ files.

Description:

The bzero() function places n zero-valued bytes in the area pointed to by s.

Syntax:
#include <string.h>
void bzero(void *s, size_t n);
The strcat() function appends a copy of the string pointed to by s2 (including the terminating
null byte) to the end of the string pointed to by s1. The strcat() function returns s1; no return
value is reserved to indicate an error.
Syntax:
#include <string.h>

char *strcat(char *s1, const char *s2);

The system() function passes string to the sh shell command for execution.

Algorithm:
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Declare a character array d with size 50
STEP 3: IF (argc==2) Then call bzero function by passing d, size of d as arguments
STEP 4: Then concatinate d ,ls and d,I and d,argv[1]
STEP 5: Else Print “Invalid inputs”
STEP 6: STOP

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
char d[50];
if(argc==2)
{
bzero(d,sizeof(d));
strcat(d,"ls ");
strcat(d,"-i");
strcat(d,argv[1]);
system(d);
}
else
{
printf("\nInvalid No. of inputs");
}
}

Output:
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$mkdir d1
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cd d1
[22A95A0518@Linux d1]$ cat>s1
hi
[22A95A0518@Linux d1]$ cd ..
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ cc 11.c
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out d1
172873 .
[22A95A0518@Linux ~]$ ./a.out swaroop
163179 .zshrc 170816 swap.sh 168710 program.c 168618 mytable 169834 file4
176634 f3 181517 d1/ 169570 armstrong.sh 178096 11.c
171752 wor.sh 174634 stu.sh 168841 program1.sh 172875 .mozilla/ 169861 file3
177126 f2 171660 countries 171739 arg.sh 2 ../
171525 work.sh 171041 stu.data
176909 f1 173727 .ccache/ 169555 prime.sh 168534 mm 169897 file2
168706 a.out 17287
 Viva Questions

1. What are the environment variables?

A. UNIX environment variables are variables that apply to both the current shell and to any
subshells that it creates.

2. what is the purpose of bzero() function?

A. The bzero() function places n zero-valued bytes in the area pointed to by s.

3. Which function is used for the concatenation of two strings?

A. strcat() used for the concatenation of two strings.
 EXPERIMENT – 12

Write a shell script to display factorial value from given argument list.

Description:
Functions enable you to break down the overall functionality of a script into smaller, logical
subsections, which can then be called upon to perform their individual tasks when needed.
Using functions to perform repetitive tasks is an excellent way to create code reuse.

Creating Functions

To declare a function, simply use the following syntax −

function_name ()
{
list of commands
}
The name of your function is function_name, and that's what you will use to call it from
elsewhere in your scripts. The function name must be followed by parentheses, followed by a
list of commands enclosed within braces.

Algorithm:

1. Get a number
2. Use for loop or while loop to compute the factorial by using the below formula
3. fact(n) = n * n-1 * n-2 * .. 1
4. Display the result.

Program:

echo "Enter a number"

read num

fact=1

while [ $num -gt1 ]

do
fact=$((fact * num)) #fact = fact * num
num=$((num - 1)) #num = num - 1
done
 echo $fact

Output:

Enter a number
5
120

Viva Questions

1. What does $* represents?

A. It represents the array of command line arguments.

2. What is meant by the factorial number?

A. The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer and
denoted by that integer and an exclamation point.

3. What is the syntax of function?

A. function_name ()
{
list of commands
}
 AUGUMENTED PROGRAMS

EXPERIMENT - 13
Write a shell script to display reverse number from given argument list.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Read an inter n
STEP 3: initialize num=0
STEP 4: obtain remainder assign it into k
STEP 5: num= (num*10)+k;
STEP 6: n=n/10;
STEP 7: Repeat from step 4 until n >0
STEP 8: STOP

Program:
echo enter n
read n
num=0
while [ $n -gt0 ]
do
num=$(expr $num \* 10)
k=$(expr $n % 10)
num=$(expr $num + $k)
n=$(expr $n / 10)
done
echo number is $num

Output:
enter n
456
number is 654

Viva Questions
1. List the looping statements?

A. while loop , for loop.

2. What does $# represents?

A. The count of the total number of command line arguments passed.

3. How to compare two numbers?

A. By using operators like –gt , -lt , -eq etc.

 EXPERIMENT – 14

Write a shell script which will display Fibonacci series up to a given number of
arguments.

Algorithm:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Display “Enter a number:”
STEP 3: read n
STEP 4: initialize a=0, b=1
STEP 5: print a value
STEP 6: add a+b and assign it to fn
STEP 7: Assign b to a and fn to b
STEP 8: Increement i
STEP 9: Repeat from step 5 until <n
STEP 10: STOP

PROGRAM:

echo “Enter a number:”

read n
a=0
b=1

echo "The Fibonacci series is : "

for (( i=0; i<n; i++ ))

do
echo -n "$a "
fn=$((a + b))
a=$b
b=$fn
done

Output:

Enter a number:
8

Fibonacci Series is :
 0
1
1
2
3
5
8

Viva Questions
1. Given an example for Fibonacci series.
A. 0 1 1 2 3…………

2. How to compute Fibonacci series?

A. The sequence follows the rule that each number is equal to the sum of the preceding two
numbers.

3. what is the syntax of for loop?

A. for var in word1 word2 ... wordN
do
Statement(s) to be executed for every word.
done