Earth Science

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 25

BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

EU Mercedes de Jesús Home School.

SAN CRISTOBAL OCTOBER 25, 2020

Earth Sciences or Geosciences

Student: Challa Pérez Juan José.


No. List: 06
Teacher: Lic. Nilda N Castillo.
Area: EARTH SCIENCE
Index
1-. Earth science and its implications, Notions of geosciences
based on everyday phenomena such as rain, winds, climate,
among others.
2-. Planet Earth as an exceptional star that requires a
comprehensive study.
3-. Notion of terrestrial dynamics, the combative nature of the
planet and its influence on the life of the planet.
4-. Importance of geosciences in territorial management and
responsible use of resources.
5-. Geosciences and their commitment to saving life on the planet
and preserving the human species.
Introduction
Earth sciences or geosciences are the natural science disciplines that study
the structure, morphology, evolution and dynamics of planet Earth. Its most
important precedent is formed by the natural sciences. Its main exponent is
geology.

Constantly, the world faces the challenges involved with the quality of life of
the planet's individuals. It is necessary to implement solutions that help optimize
the management of natural resources. Knowledge of geosciences serves as a key
piece to find more sustainable ways to use the Earth's resources and thus try to
stop or mitigate the problems caused until now. One way to find solutions
gravitates towards the inclusion of geosciences, since the study of the Earth, its
history and functioning provides essential knowledge, experience and guidance on
how to face the most serious planetary challenges caused by society.

A basic way to introduce sustainability principles and practices to individuals'


thinking is through geoscience education, training, and continuing professional
development. As a historical and interpretive science, Geology can inform society
about the interactions in human-environmental systems coupled by skills and
competencies that allow us to recognize the diverse manifestations of phenomena
at different spatial and temporal scales.

The purpose of this work is to promote knowledge to generate awareness in


society so that it can distinguish and know the consequences of geoenvironmental
damage.
1-. EARTH SCIENCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS, NOTIONS OF
GEOSCIENCES FROM EVERYDAY PHENOMENA SUCH AS
RAIN, WINDS, CLIMATE, AMONG OTHERS.

Earth Sciences or Geosciences.

They are the set of disciplines that


study the internal structure, morphology and
surface dynamics and evolution of planet
Earth. It constitutes a particular case of
planetary sciences that generally deals with
the study of the planets of the Solar System.

The Geosciences.

Earth sciences or geosciences are the disciplines (table I) of the natural sciences that
study the structure, morphology, evolution and dynamics, as well as the understanding,
graphic representation, uses of materials and processes of our planet.

The study of the Earth from different points has allowed human beings to
understand the different phenomena through which the planet has gone through, is
going through or will go through. This has helped us recognize which of these
events can affect the existence of life in a negative way, such as earthquakes and
earthquakes.
In our daily lives, knowing about this topic can help us, for example, in
preventing risks such as earthquakes or even volcanism, depending on the
geographical area. It also allows us to recognize and take advantage of the natural
resources that were caused by these natural phenomena.

Among the most common and everyday natural phenomena studied by


Geoscience are:

 Study of current and past climate in different regions (drought, snowfall,


among others).
 Study of meteorological phenomena, such as rain, hurricanes or cyclones.

What are the implications of earth science?

Earth sciences constitute a tool to plan a rational exploitation of natural


resources, understand the causes that originate natural phenomena that affect
human beings and how they influence nature with their actions.
They are also disciplines of natural sciences that study the structure,
morphology, evolution and dynamics of planet Earth. Its most important precedent
is formed by the natural sciences. Its main exponent is geology. Geology is the
most important science, since a great variety and diversity of studies and sciences
are born from it.
An early and adequate teaching of Geology allows for a deeper analysis and
understanding of some aspects that negatively affect the daily life of society, in
addition to providing knowledge to improve citizen education.
Geoscientific education teaches society to distinguish between natural
geoenvironmental damages and those of anthropogenic origin that are usually
naturalized to avoid pointing out those responsible who, through action or
ignorance, have caused them. Likewise, within educational programs specialized in
geosciences there must be a strong emphasis on the search for non-destructive
techniques for the use of resources, the implementation of prevention, mitigation,
remediation and restoration methods, as well as adapting to the changes caused
by extractive methods and natural disasters. It is necessary to disseminate the
importance of the geological heritage and the evolution of the geological-biological
processes that govern the planet, but also the irregularity in the exploitation and
the misleading use of resources; As long as there is no implementation of
sustainable processes or citizen awareness that prevents urban development and
the occupation of areas under geological risks, society will be at risk of
experiencing the consequences of the alteration of geological processes.

The concept of a natural phenomenon refers to a change that occurs in


nature, that is, it is not caused by human action. These can influence human life in
a positive way (rain on crops) etc., or in a negative way (tropical cyclone hurricane
over a city) or they may not influence (like a rainbow).

In informal language, natural phenomenon appears almost as a synonym for


an unusual, surprising or disastrous event from the human perspective.

However, the formation of a raindrop is a natural phenomenon in the same


way as a hurricane.

We call natural disasters natural phenomena dangerous to the human


species. Rain, for example, is not a disaster in itself, but it can be if certain
conditions are met, such as unusual intensity, coupled with poor urban planning,
that is, the construction of homes in places vulnerable to flooding.
Astronomical phenomena.

Studied by astronomy that involve the Earth as a planet and other stars that
may or may not have an influence on the Earth.

Solar radiation is the set of electromagnetic radiation that originates from the
Sun and affects the rest of the bodies in the solar system depending on their
distance, including the Earth and its Moon.

The phases of the Moon are the changes in the appearance of the satellite
due to its change in position with respect to the Earth and the Sun.

The movement of the Earth, rotation and translation, which produce


changes in the site and in the angle at which solar radiation affects the Earth,
producing the succession of days and nights and the seasons of the year.

Geological phenomena.

Studied by geology and related to the solid part of the planet Earth. Some
examples are:

The process of formation of mountain ranges, called orogenesis, takes place


over thousands or millions of years.

The process of forming coal, oil, or gas from organic matter that takes place
over thousands or millions of years.

Hydrological phenomena.

Studied by hydrology, and related to water.

The flow of water in a river bed due to relief and gravity, which depending on
the slope, can constitute waterfalls, rapids or meanders.
The movement of water in the ocean, known as ocean currents.

Other movements of the sea such as waves.

Atmospheric phenomena.

Which take place in the atmosphere. They are studied by meteorology and,
in turn, determine the climate, which is the object of study of climatology.

Wind, the movement of air masses due to differences in atmospheric


pressure.

Rain consists of water falling from the clouds. This falls in the form of water
droplets, although it can also fall in the form of snow or hail.

Lightning is an electrostatic discharge between the atmosphere and the


ground or between two areas of the atmosphere.

Biological and ecological phenomena.

Studied by biology and ecology.

The evolution of species, which is the set of changes in phenotypic and


genetic characters of biological populations that takes place after many
generations.

Animal migration, which is the periodic movement from one habitat to


another.

The extinction of species, in times before the appearance of the human


species.

Fertilization is the process by which two gametes (male and female) fuse
during sexual reproduction to create a new individual.

The sustainability.

The idea of sustainability has never been foreign to man; numerous


civilizations have sensed the need to preserve resources for future generations.

Sustainability refers, by definition, to the satisfaction of current needs


without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs,
guaranteeing a balance between economic growth, care for the environment and
social well-being. This is where the idea of sustainable development comes from,
understood as the form of progress that maintains balance without risking
tomorrow's resources.
The most important objective of sustainability is to generate global
awareness, making society understand that the planet is interconnected, that
anthropogenic actions affect others too much and that decisions for the benefit of a
few will have an impact on the future of the planet.

Preservation of the human species.

Preservation is a concept with great breadth, it can range from protecting


the landscapes and animals that surround us, to applying it to us human beings.
Take care of certain species (including ours) and, for example, facilitate their
reproduction. They also try to take care of some landscapes that are being
damaged by climate change or even by the hand of man itself, such as landscapes
with deforestation problems.

The importance of preservation lies in the fact that without it, many of the
material and natural assets that our society currently has would not exist in the
future. Therefore, as rational beings that we are, we must include this preservation
of heritage as one of our moral priorities, being careful with the historical, cultural
and natural heritage that previous generations left us. I mportance

Unsustainable Anthropogenic Activities that affect the Earth system.

The resources consumed in the form of food, simultaneously with air and
water, form the set of basic needs for human beings. Anthropic interference in
ecosystems has gone beyond primitive hunting and collecting specimens for food;
went through the domestication of species for agriculture and breeding, the
introduction of new species in environments different from the original ones, the
intensive use of forest resources, such as wood, and the drastic alteration of
ecosystems through the felling of forests, swamp drainage and land flooding.
Engineering projects have affected the biotic environment through actions such as
the disposal of pollutants, the homogeneous establishment of plant species, the
felling of natural vegetation, the clogging of the bottoms of bodies of water, the
bombardment of clouds to avoid rain or hail, etc. Mining and the hydrocarbon
industry are also activities that inevitably cause impacts on environmental
components.

There is a close dependence of man on mining resources, water and soil, as


well as on the geomorphological features and the selectivity of the territories with
respect to endogenous geological threats (volcanism and earthquakes) and
exogenous (floods, avalanches, landslides, etc. .

Natural risks are part of life on Earth, they adversely affect the world's
population every day. Earth processes include volcanic activity, floods,
earthquakes and landslides; however, these geological risks are natural processes.
They become dangerous when the population lives close to where these
processes occur. The extraction of resources such as water and soil, metallic and
non-metallic minerals, as well as energy represent another focus of Geology, which
is of great practical value for people and which, together, form the basis of modern
civilization. . Geology addresses not only the formation and existence of these
resources, but also the maintenance of their stocks and the environmental impact
of their extraction and use. Rapid global population growth has complicated
environmental issues, resulting in increasing demand for resources and increasing
pressure as people inhabit environments with significant geological hazards.

2-. THE PLANET EARTH AS AN EXCEPTIONAL STAR THAT


REQUIRES A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY.

Planet Earth as a star requires a comprehensive study due to its complexity.


Because the planet does not have just one aspect but many, studying it
comprehensively helps unite all the parts that make it up. Interdisciplinarity is the
characteristic that defines it, since this concept frames the results of each of the
sciences separately.

The earth, like all the stars in the solar system and in the universe, is in
constant motion; Rotation and translation are the displacements that manifest their
effect in a more direct way in the phenomena that occur on the surface.

ROTATION

The earth performs the rotation


movement on its own axis, it rotates 360°
in a time of 23 hours and 56 minutes; This
period is called sidereal day.
The movement is from west to east in a direct direction (counterclockwise) at a
variable speed according to latitude, which decreases from the equator (1609
km/h) until it becomes almost zero at the poles (280 km/h). h).
Based on this movement, humans establish the measurement of time in 24
hours: the calendar day. It also takes as a reference the consecutive passage of
the sun in front of a meridian; which lasts 24 hours and 4 minutes (solar day).
Consequences of rotation movement :

• Succession of day and night.

• Deviation of marine winds and currents.

• Deflection of bodies in their free fall.


• Time difference depending on longitude (Time zones)

TRANSFER
The translational movement corresponds to the
movement of the Earth around the sun, describing an elliptical
orbit, which is called the ecliptic.
This movement is carried out in a direct direction (counterclockwise) and
maintaining the inclination of 23° 27' of its axis of rotation. The time it takes to cover
the exact revolution around the sun is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46
seconds, a period called the tropic year, which begins with the sun's first passage
through the equator. on March 21st. The calendar year is the conventional period
established by humans with a duration of exactly 365 days, which begins on January
1 and ends on December 31. The difference between a tropical year and a civil year
is compensated every 4 years, with the latter forming a leap year of 366 days.
The speed of the translation depends on the gravitational attraction that the
sun exerts on the planet, in such a way that it varies depending on the distance;
Thus, when the Earth approaches the sun (perihelion) it reaches 30.3 km/s, while
when moving away from the star (aphelion) it decreases to 29.3 km/s.

Consequences of translational movement:


 Succession of the annual seasons.

 Formation of equinoxes and solstices.

 Different length of day and night during the year.


The influence of the moon on the earth.

 Moon phases.

The moon rotates around the earth while it does so around the sun, its
sidereal revolution takes place in about 27 days. The combination of lunar rotation
and translation movements causes the occultation of a region of the lunar surface
that we can never observe from Earth (hidden hemisphere).
The phases of the moon are completed in a synodic revolution that
corresponds to a period of 29 days called lunation.

1._Full moon.
2._Fourth shrink.
3._New moon.
4._Crescent quarter

 Eclipses
1.- Lunar eclipse.
2.- Solar eclipse.
** Annular solar eclipse.
**Total solar eclipse.

 Tide.

The tide corresponds to the cyclical rise and fall of the water level of the oceans,
caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun.
Due to its proximity, the effect of the moon is approximately twice that of the sun.

1.- High tide and low tide.


2.- Spring tide and neap tide: (neap tide).

Influence of the sun on the earth.


The sun's energy reaches the earth as electromagnetic waves, which
influence different physical, biological and human phenomena.

 Physical phenomena.

 Water cycle: Evaporation is carried out by heating the surface of water and
soil, causing the incorporation of moisture into the atmosphere.

 Terrestrial climate: As the earth receives a constant amount of radiation on


a given surface, temperatures remain constant. For this reason atmospheric
conditions do not vary abruptly over geological time.

 Magnetic storms: The sun's activity causes the emission of high-energy


electromagnetic waves, which when they collide with the Earth's magnetic
field distort and compress it and in turn cause discharges that are observed
as magnetic storms and that are not associated with the rains.
 Northern lights: The overload of electrons generated by solar activity
electrifies the gases in the upper atmosphere; When released in the polar
regions, they emit light in the form of filaments, curtains or bands of color.

Biological phenomena.

 Photosynthesis: The chemical synthesis that takes place in plants from the
absorption of water, nutrients, carbon dioxide; It is done only through solar
energy.

 Circadian cycle: Corresponds to the response of organisms to a greater or


lesser amount of light and heat, due to solar radiation; An example is the
daily migration of zooplankton that rises to the surface at night and
descends during the day to avoid photooxidation and predators.
 Calcium fixation and vitamin D absorption: Solar radiation actively
participates in the fixation of calcium in human organisms; acts on the
immune system by increasing defenses, fighting inflammatory or infectious
processes; contributes to the absorption of vitamin D. However, excess
exposure to solar radiation can cause burns and skin cancer.

Human phenomenon.

 Interruption in telecommunications systems: Electromagnetic phenomena


that occur in the Earth's atmosphere. They cause disruption in the means of
satellite communication, cell phones, radio and television, overloads on
power lines and subsequent blackouts in large cities.

The stars we see in the sky influence life on Earth, although not in the way
horoscopes suggest. The Sun is the central presence, the source of the energy
that allows the existence of living beings on our planet, but the Moon also plays a
fundamental role. Its presence gives stability to the Earth, which, if it did not have
such a large satellite, would dance like a top about to fall. The large changes in the
inclination with respect to the Sun would mean that in relatively short periods of
time we would go from a planet without polar caps and up to 50 degrees hotter
than today to one with permanent ice.
3-. NOTION OF EARTH DYNAMICS, THE FIGHTING NATURE OF THE PLANET
AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE LIFE OF THE PLANET.

Earth Dynamics or Dynamic Geology studies all the geological changes that
modify the Earth's surface. These changes can be slow or manifest suddenly.
Earth dynamics

The Earth is defined as a system of fluids in mutual interaction. One of them


is living matter. There are fast and slow ones, but the planet, as a whole, remains
in a state of balance.

The Earth is a dynamic planet, where changes constantly occur. Changes


on the Earth's surface are possible thanks to the intervention of external and
internal agents. These are called Earth Dynamics or Dynamic Geology. Earth
Dynamics or Dynamic Geology studies all the geological changes that modify the
Earth's surface. These changes can be slow or manifest suddenly. Hydrological
and atmospheric changes may in principle be imperceptible, but over millions of
years the wear and tear produced by water and winds on the Earth's surface can
convert mountain ranges into plains. This means that they can occur in
earthquakes that modify the Earth's surface, but the Earth's dynamics can also be
modified by atmospheric agents such as winds, temperature and rainwater, frozen
waters, among others.

Earth Dynamics or Geology are all the geological changes that modify the
Earth's surface. The great changes in the Earth's relief have occurred over millions
of years of the long geological history of our planet. The dynamics of changes are
manifested through a series of facts that can be verified, explained and their
causes determined, through different agents, which can be divided into:

• External agents.
As they are, the winds, the temperature, the rays, the hydrological agents.

• Biological agents.
Among them we can mention plants, land animals, marine animals and
humans.
• Internal agents.
Volcanic agents, seismic agents, tectonic agents, epirogenic movements,
orogenic movements.

Earth dynamics studies the geological changes that alter the Earth's
surface; the changes can occur suddenly or can be rapid. There are two types of
agents that help geological changes.

Exogenous agents , which have their origin in solar energy, such as


atmospheric, hydrological and biological agents.
Endogenous agents , which lead to the change of the Earth's relief and have
their origin in the energy accumulated inside the Earth, such as volcanic,
seismic and tectonic activity.

A clear example of endogenous agents is the set of phenomena linked to the


activities of magma, the fusion of rocks, which gives rise to the aforementioned,
such as its solidification in the process, this can occur internally when Solidification
occurs below the surface of the crust, and externally when the magmas manage to
escape to the surface, where the material thrown is known as “lava” that comes out
of the volcano at very high temperatures.

Seismic agents are one of the agents that produce the most sudden and
violent changes in the earth's relief; Since an earthquake is simply a tremor caused
by sudden shaking or movements of the ground, generally produced by tectonic or
volcanic disturbances, however, it is called an earthquake when the movement has
a destructive power, accompanied by strong shaking and noise. subways
resembling thunder.

4-. IMPORTANCE OF GEOSCIENCES IN TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND


RESPONSIBLE USE OF RESOURCES.

The importance of geoscience in territorial management is that geoscience


is the disciplines that study the morphological structure and evolution of the
dynamics of the surface of planet Earth, which are necessary knowledge for the
delimitation of the territory and for the establishment of the regions.

The devastation of the environment not only refers to the evident changes in
biodiversity, it also affects the relief itself and the natural processes specific to the
place, such as the surface and underground flow of water, or the interruption in the
evolution of the floors.

These changes lead to the deterioration, sometimes irreversible, of some of


its resources such as water, soil and air. These are changes, they are immanent to
the evolution of humanity and it is foreseeable that they will continue to be so. For
this reason, the understanding of geological phenomena must be part of scientific
literacy so that citizens can critically analyze the consequences of individual and/or
collective actions in relation to sustainability in the use of the territory.

A supposed rationality in the society-nature relationship is frequently


appealed to, however, the criteria that identify this rationality are rarely made
explicit. Despite this, they are tacitly and naively assimilated to environmentally
sustainable currents, although a brief critical analysis would allow us to conclude
that this sustainability usually only translates into the economic growth of the
sectors with the greatest power.

In this way, a fallacious use of the concept of sustainable development is


configured, since the consideration of two key factors such as ecological balance
and social equity is marginalized and only the concept of growth referring to
purely economic aspects survives.

Furthermore, it is interesting to reflect on the differences proposed between


economic growth and economic development, since the first has an exclusively
quantitative connotation of increase, while the second , in addition to increase,
involves the ethical aspects of said increase.

It is here where the urgent formal incorporation of Geosciences into


compulsory education makes more sense since the absence of these factors is
pathetically noted in the various interventions of society in the permanent
expansion of the occupation of its own and other people's territories.

For human interventions in the territory to neutralize or minimize a negative


ecological imbalance, in addition to acting against obvious transformations (forest
felling), others must be avoided that are equally harmful but less evident on human
time and space scales but undeniable and very well known on geological scales.

This is the case of natural resources previously called renewable: water and
soil, which are no longer renewable, due to abusive exploitation.

For all these reasons, there is a need for citizens to master some basic
criteria on the functioning of the exogenous and endogenous geological processes
that have been responsible for the configuration (relief and constituent materials) of
the territory in which they live, since these processes, will continue to act, with
different rhythms, opportunities and intensities.

This conception is what allows us to understand the possibilities of


predicting and preventing damage and to understand that many of the problems
attributed to natural processes are not such but are “anthropic problems” derived
from inappropriate human intervention in the natural environment. In addition to the
aforementioned territorial aspect, the development of humanity has required and
will continue to require the supply of vital resources such as water and materials
(metalliferous and non-metalliferous) for the construction of its homes and daily
artifacts, as well as the use of the soil for the production of food.

Also in these cases, Geosciences contribute to the training of citizens, to the


extent that they can understand that these resources can be exhausted or
destroyed and that the alternatives will be to obtain them from more distant places
with higher costs, to emigrate, or (utopianly?) , develop a new culture regardless of
“lost resources”. Such citizenship is acquired not only with this understanding, but
with the development of skills for the timely identification of problems, the carrying
out of adequate diagnoses and the adoption of assertive measures that neutralize
or reduce the negative effects derived from the unsustainable use of the territory
and their resources.

Finally, the need to promote the use and understanding of time and space
scales is highlighted in order to explain the origin and global consequences of local
geological processes (earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.) as well as the local and
regional consequences of processes. global (melting ice, changes in ocean levels).

These concepts contribute to the promotion of solidarity actions and


understanding of the social problems that occur in different places on our planet
and that are related to the poor use of resources and the lack of forecasting of
geological risks.

5-. GEOSCIENCES AND THEIR COMMITMENT TO SAVE LIFE ON THE


PLANET AND PRESERVE THE HUMAN SPECIES.
Geosciences can significantly contribute to a safer, healthier and more
prosperous world. The proclamation of an international year under the auspices of
the member states of the United Nations would help the Earth Sciences to make
their full contribution to the sustainable development of the Planet.

The Earth is a complex, dynamic and fragile scenario where life develops at
the expense of evolutionary and biogeographic transformations that began 4 billion
years ago. Due to these processes, the human species is found in practically every
corner of its surface since the end of the Pleistocene, 10,000 years ago.

Although we have become a cosmopolitan species, we are a very recent


member of this evolutionary history. If we represent it over the course of a year on
the calendar, the human presence is reduced to the last 10 minutes of December
31. That is, we have been here for only 0.002% of our planet's existence.

Although we arrived recently, and we also only represent 0.01% of the total
biomass of the Earth, the negative effects of our activities on the natural
environment present an unprecedented magnitude and acceleration. As a
consequence, the Earth would be leaving the geological epoch of the Holocene
and entering another one called the Anthropocene.

The current period is characterized by large-scale production and


consumption. The human species has become a global geological force that
unfolds over ecosystems and whose most visible manifestation, although not the
only one, is the alteration of natural forests and the atmosphere.

What is the scale of the alteration?

Natural forests are home to 65% of terrestrial plants and animals in an area
that accounts for 31% of the world's continental surface. Although the rate of
deforestation has decreased over the last 25 years, an area equivalent to that of
Greece disappears annually.

The causes of forest deterioration are multiple and are associated with
different types of factors:

o Direct factors : conversion into agricultural, livestock and urban land,


unsustainable felling, overgrazing of livestock, fires.
o Underlying factors: land tenure insecurity, weak governance.
o Deep factors: causes linked to poverty and social inequality.

The simplification and elimination of forest cover implies the reduction of


environmental services, goods and the cultural and symbolic values that it
provides. Some of these tangible and intangible components are water harvesting,
soil retention, protection of biodiversity, provision of wood and the livelihood of
people.
The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
vapor that surrounds the planet and is found in greater proportion in the first 10
kilometers of altitude. This gaseous layer is vital for organisms because it contains
key chemical elements for photosynthesis and respiration, protects against harmful
solar radiation and allows the Earth's temperature to be within a range compatible
with biological processes.

Despite its relevance, “the thickness of the atmosphere, compared to the


size of the Earth, has approximately the same proportion as the thickness of the
enamel layer of the globe in the school classroom to the diameter of the globe.”

Since the industrial period, the average temperature of the atmosphere has
increased 1.1 °C, and 2019 could have been the second or third warmest year in
climatological records. This increase is associated with the emission of carbon
dioxide caused, among other causes, by deforestation and forest degradation.

The concentration of CO ₂ in the atmosphere during pre-industrial times was


278 parts per million (0.0278% of air volume) and today it is 408 parts per million.
Already in 1896, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Svante Arrhenius warned that
doubling the concentration of this gas would increase the air temperature by 4 or 5
°C.

Climate change associated with increased temperatures can cause rising


ocean levels and acidification, melting of ice masses, floods, heat waves, and
drought. The effects of these phenomena affect natural ecosystems and
agroecosystems and social and economic systems.

Why a healthy forest and atmosphere?

From a pragmatic perspective based on the idea that the human species
constitutes the center stage, the justification is based on the risk to our own
existence associated with the limitation of the goods and services that the forest
and the atmosphere provide. However, these systems have their own intrinsic
value, independent of the well-being they provide to humanity.

“The Earth is just a small rock floating in a universe full of other rocks, large
and small, of immense gas spirals spinning in the heavens, of tumultuous magnetic
storms, of empty space and even more space. However, no matter how big and
majestic the universe is, there is nowhere for us humans to go.”

The Anthropocene constitutes a scientific hypothesis with an enormous


ethical and political burden, which states that we are massively and irreversibly
transforming nature. This implies the existence of a responsibility towards the
planet as a significant entity in itself, and the need to establish a sustainable
relationship based on principles of environmental ethics.
We must redesign production and consumption patterns to take into account
the complex ecological interactions (the forest and the atmosphere are only a small
part) and the physical limits to sustain human activity.

Conclusion and Recommendations

a) Education as a preventive and remedial tool to establish the good use of our
planet.

b) The need to incorporate sustainability and Earth sciences in school teaching


at all levels is essential to promote and generate the foundations of a more
viable society for humanity.
c) The introduction of geosciences in education and its permanence in it will
generate citizens with an awareness of the fragility of the world and the
need for the good use of the resources that the planet offers.
d) Regarding geoscience programs, it is important to generate or include in
them the appropriate tools to promote a transition to sustainability. Thus,
geoscientists will be trained as individuals capable of identifying the true
causes of the geological processes that generated the damage and, at the
same time, revealing to what extent the damage could have been avoided
through preventive or corrective intervention.
e) The geologist must even increase his participation in taking local, regional
and global political measures, to make proposals and advise on decision-
making, guiding them towards sustainability, as well as realizing and
avoiding the imposition of particular interests, harmful and harmful to the
current population or for future generations.
f) To conclude, it is important to note that renewable resources are important
and in a certain way influence the same as non-renewable resources, both
are taken into account and contribute to the development and evolution of
man. On the other hand, different phenomena caused by the influence of
the moon and the sun were revealed, in addition to the consequences they
produce, such as faults, earthquakes, etc. Hand in hand with this topic, we
can reach preservation, which is important, because without it we would not
enjoy the benefits and privileges that we currently have on this planet.

Bibliography.

You might also like