GRAPHICAL APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA

(ASSIGNMENT # 2 SPRING-2024)

Submission Date (April 29, 2024)

BY

IZZA AMER

ROLL #

21021509-098

MATH-319(Linear Algebra-II)

Bs-Mathematics Semester 6th Section B

Submitted to: Dr. Shahida Bashir

Department of Mathematics

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 LINEAR ALGEBRA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2 LINEAR ALGEBRA APPLICATIONS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

3 GRAPHICAL APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA --------------------------------------------------- 3

3.1 COMPUTER GRAPHICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

3.2 IMAGE PROCESSING ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.3 DATA VISUALIZATION AND MACHINE LEARNING ----------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.4 ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER VISION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.5 PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
3.6 ECONOMICS AND FINANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
3.7 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7

REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
1 Linear Algebra

Linear algebra, Branch of algebra concerned with methods of solving systems of linear equations; more
generally, the mathematics of linear transformations and vector spaces. “Linear” refers to the form of
the equations involved—in two dimensions, ax + by = c. Geometrically, this represents a line. If the
variables are replaced by vectors, functions, or derivatives, the equation becomes a linear
transformation. A system of equations of this type is a system of linear transformations. Because it
shows when such a system has a solution and how to find it, linear algebra is essential to the theory of
mathematical analysis and differential equations. Its applications extend beyond the physical sciences
into, for example, biology and economics.

2 Linear Algebra Applications

▪ Ranking in Search Engines – One of the most important applications of linear algebra is in
the creation of Google. The most complicated ranking algorithm is created with the help of
linear algebra.
▪ Signal Analysis – It is massively used in encoding, analyzing and manipulating the signals that
can be either audio, video or images etc.
▪ Linear Programming – Optimization is an important application of linear algebra which is
widely used in the field of linear programming.
▪ Error-Correcting Codes – It is used in coding theory. If encoded data is tampered with a little
bit and with the help of linear algebra it should be recovered. One such important error-
correcting code is called hamming code
▪ Prediction – Predictions of some objects should be found using linear models which are
developed using linear algebra.
▪ Facial Recognition- An automated facial recognition technology that uses linear algebraic
expression is called principal component analysis.
▪ Graphics- An important part of graphics is projecting a 3-dimensional scene on a 2-
dimensional screen which is handled only by linear maps which are explained by linear algebra.

3 Graphical Applications of Linear Algebra

Linear algebra has numerous real-life graphical applications across various fields.

3.1 Computer Graphics

Linear algebra is extensively used in computer graphics to represent and manipulate geometric
transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling, and projection. For instance, in 3D graphics,
matrices are used to represent transformations of objects and cameras.

The ideas of linear algebra are used throughout computer graphics. In fact, any area that concerns
itself with numerical representations of geometry often will collect together numbers such as x,y,z
positions into mathematical objects called vectors. Vectors and a related mathematical object called
a matrix are used all the time in graphics. The language of vectors and matrices is an elegant way to
describe (among other things) the way in which an object may be rotated, shifted (translated), or
made larger or smaller (scaled).
Linear algebra is used to represent and manipulate 3D objects in computer graphics. For example, it
is used to transform objects from one coordinate system to another, to calculate lighting and shadows,
and to render images.

3.2 Image Processing

Linear algebra is fundamental in image processing for tasks like filtering, compression, and
enhancement. Matrices are used to represent images, and operations like convolution and
transformation are performed using matrix multiplication.

Image processing is the manipulation of digital images using mathematical operations and algorithms.
It involves acquiring, analyzing, enhancing, and interpreting images using computer algorithms and
software tools. Image processing techniques are used in a wide range of applications, including
medical imaging, satellite imagery, security and surveillance, and computer vision.

Linear algebra plays a crucial role in image processing as it provides a powerful framework for
representing and manipulating digital images. In image processing, images are represented as
matrices, where each element in the matrix corresponds to a pixel value in the image. Linear algebra
operations such as matrix multiplication, addition, and subtraction can be applied to these matrices
to perform operations such as convolution and filtering, which are commonly used in image
processing.

3.3 Data Visualization and Machine Learning

Techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) utilize
linear algebra to reduce the dimensionality of data while preserving important information. These
methods are widely used in data visualization and exploration.
Dimensionality reduction techniques supplied through linear algebra, such as PCA, help visualize high-
dimensional information in low-dimensional areas.

Making a matrix diagram also known as visualizing a matrix, can help you comprehend its structure
and content more easily. This is especially useful for data science and machine learning applications
involving linear algebra.

Visualizing linear algebra in machine learning helps understand how algorithms work. Linear algebra
forms the backbone of many machine learning algorithms. Techniques like linear regression, logistic
regression, and neural networks involve matrix operations such as multiplication, addition, and
inversion.

3.4 Robotics and Computer Vision

In robotics, linear algebra is used to represent and manipulate robot configurations and movements. In
computer vision, techniques like camera calibration, 3D reconstruction, and object tracking heavily rely
on linear algebra.

Linear Algebra is the key to understanding movement, orientation, and relation in the robotics realm.

Transformations: Robots often need to change their perspective or position. Matrices from linear
algebra enable these transformations, helping a robot understand how a shift in one axis affects its
position in a 3D space.

Rotations & Translations: When a robot rotates its camera to capture a panoramic view or translates
to pick an object, linear algebra provides the tools to perform these actions accurately.

Understanding Relative Position: For a robot, knowing where its end-effector (like a hand) is
concerning its body is paramount. Vector spaces and transformations help in this relative positioning.

Computer Vision is the study to extract the knowledge from images. And for the extraction, core
concepts of Linear Algebra (LA) are used.

Vector: It is a 1D array and usually defined in such a way that it has magnitude and direction.

Matrix: It is a 2D array of numbers. For example: the pixels representation of image in matrix form.
The operations of matrices are Projection, Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Affine Transformation,
Similarity (affine transformation subset), Euclidean Transformation.

Tensor: It is a generalization of vectors and matrices.

In the field of Computer Vision, Linear Algebra contributed a lot for the complex computations in
computer vision. The complex matrix multiplication in the methods of computer vision require the
complex and big matrices computations/operations. Compression, rotation, flip, flop, convolution,
noise removal, object detection, facial recognition etc. are the methods of the computer vision to extract
information from the images.

3.5 Physics and Engineering

Linear algebra is essential in physics and engineering for solving systems of equations, analyzing
circuits, modeling physical systems, and understanding quantum mechanics. Matrices are used to
represent physical quantities and transformations.

▪ A particle traveling through space with some speed and direction of travel can be represented
by a vector v in 3-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ3 .
▪ A static structure such as a bridge has loads which must be calculated at various points. These
are also vectors, giving the direction and magnitude of the force at those isolated points.
▪ In the theory of electromagnetism, Maxwell’s equations deal with vector fields in 3-
dimensional space which can change with time. Thus, at each point of space and time, two
vectors are specified, giving the electrical and the magnetic fields at that point.
▪ Given two different frames of reference in the theory of relativity, the transformation of the
distances and times from one to the other is given by a linear mapping of vector spaces.
▪ In quantum mechanics, a given experiment is characterized by an abstract space of complex
functions. Each function is thought of as being itself a kind of vector. Resulting in a vector
space of functions, and the methods of linear algebra are used to analyze the experiment.

3.6 Economics and Finance

Linear algebra is used in economics for modeling economic systems, analyzing input-output
relationships, and solving optimization problems. In finance, linear algebra is used in portfolio
optimization, risk management, and option pricing. Linear algebra is used to study financial trading
strategies and expectations. Financial conditions are examined via matrix equations, using rank, column
space, and null space arguments.

In economics, two areas where the linear algebra is typically used are the theory of macroeconomics
and the theory of economic policy, where the economic aggregates are always modeled as linear
equations. Also, the input–output models use linear algebra to explain the interrelations among the
various economic industries.
3.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
GIS applications use linear algebra for tasks such as map projections, spatial analysis, and geometric
transformations. Matrices are used to represent geographic data and transformations between different
coordinate systems.
References
Mayur H.’s Post, linkedin.com/posts/mayurhulke_robotics-mathematics-linearalgebra
Linear Algebra for Data Science: A Comprehensive Guide by Simplilearn (2023)
Musadiq Hussain, “Linear Algebra in Computer Vision” (2020)
WakeelAhmed, “Linear Algebra in Economics” (2023)
Gatech Edu, “Mathematics for Computer Graphics”
faculty.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/math_gr.htmlLinearAlgebra
Joanhalt, “Applications of linear algebra in computer science” (2023)
Suresh Rasappan, Pugalarasu Rajan, An Overview of Linear Algebra in Image Processing Vol 12, No.
2, September 2023, pp. 72-77
Linear Algebra in Physics (2006)
Barbara Swart, “Linear Algebra in the Financial World” (2001)