AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Airports and their Development

When civil air traffic began to take shape in Europe and the United States in early 1919,
after the end of the First World War, there were already hundreds of airfields but there was no
consensus on what an airport should be like in terms of its image, and the most appropriate
architecture for these. The aircraft and the volume of traffic were changing at an accelerated
pace, and as a result, the parameters of the ground stations that functioned as support and
support for this new type of transportation were constantly changing. For a long time there was
no consensus or agreement, not even on the name that would be given to this new “thing.”

In terms of urban development, the facilities offered by such stations were basically the
same as the projected post-war scenario; I had to start working practically from scratch. These
were unattractive sites, composed of simple, light buildings, erected on the periphery; airline
stands with great views and aircraft hangars located at a certain distance, without a specific
order or precise planning. Everything was too spontaneous, naive, whatever the case may be.

It was the First World War that truly drove the development of aviation, itself, and the
construction of the first generation of airports. It was no longer the meetings and exhibitions,
but the provisional airfields behind the battle fronts that formed the image of an airfield, made
up of grassy areas approximately 500 meters in diameter that could be circular or elliptical in
shape, with a slight inclination downwards, from the center to the outer edge. This feature
allowed the pilot of the aircraft to take off against a headwind. At the ends of the airfield were
the barracks and hangars, which only consisted of tents of considerable size.
 THE AIRPORT.

An airport is basically made up of two large areas: the aeronautical movement area
made up of the runways, taxiways and platforms and the land area made up of the terminal
building, parking lots and roads. It also has other support facilities such as: hangars, the fuel
area, the rescue and fire department, the control tower and visual aids and radio aids for
navigation.

AERONAUTICAL MOVEMENT AREA (Air Side )

 Tracks.
 taxiways.
 Platforms.
 Movement Area
 Maneuver Area

SPECIFICATIONS AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRACKS

 Track Width
 Longitudinal slopes of the slopes.
 Cross slopes.
 Runway margins.
 Track strips.
 Track length
 Basic track length.
 American Airlines plane landing on the single
runway of the Monetta International Airport
(Toncontín), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

TERRESTRIAL ZONE (Earth Side).

 passenger building
 Facilities for goods
 Ground transportation, circulation and parking of vehicles on the airport grounds
 Terminal Buildings
 Load terminal
 COMPLEMENTARY BUILDINGS
 Facilities and services for aeronautical and support activities
 Facilities and services for fuel handling
 Security Considerations
 Hangars
 fuel area
 control tower
 I CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

The Construction of Airports being one of the most important Works of the Infrastructure
of a country, its complexity of construction works and facilities makes its execution
interdisciplinary, with specialized professionals to ensure that its implementation meets the
requirement. of cost – time – quality and safety.

The Construction Procedures Involved in the Construction of an Airport have certain

similarities and each work has particularities depending on the service or use that it will have
and are made up of clearing, excavation, hauling, spreading, compaction and work itself that is
being considered.

This requires a general works program that includes a critical path. The analysis of unit
prices and the bidding that must be carried out for the work to be carried out depending on the
type of work, such as in this case an airport.

1.1 GENERAL PROGRAM OF WORKS.

 To carry out the Comprehensive Constitution of an Airport, it is necessary that the Work
Programs of each specific area of work adhere to the conditions of Cost, Time, Quality, Safety,
since each of these items of work must be analyzed. according to the budget of each area.

It must be considered that we already have the Cost and Time in which an Airport is
intended to be established, in which all the factors that affect its location were taken and that
the quality item is not only the materials, but also of the Executive Personnel (workers),
Technical Personnel (experienced professionals), Specialized Technical Personnel (very
specific Airport facilities), but also a Quality Control of the Construction Procedures and
Systems, to guarantee a constructive and operational security when delivering the finished
Airport and that those in charge of receiving the work verify that it was carried out with total
quality, which is what should be aspired to in any Construction of an Airport Project.

It should be considered that to establish a Great Critical Route Work program, there are
Programs and Critical Routes for each Work that includes the Airport and a division of the
following items can be indicated:

1. Runways, taxiways and platforms.

2. Terminal building.
3. Control tower.
4. Wide buildings with a control tower.
5. Collection path and parking lots.
6. Fencing and perimeter road.
7. Fuel area and hydrant supply systems fuel.
8. Rescue and firefighting body.
9. Hydraulic and sanitary installations.
10. Electrical and electronic installations in the terminal building.
11. Installation of radio aids.
12. Electrical substation.
13. Runway lights, taxiways and platforms.
14. Air conditioning systems.
15. Vertical and horizontal signage .

The main ones for the operation of an Airport are indicated according to its National or
International Category, but there are others such as hangars for overnight stays, for customs,
for aircraft maintenance, for use by airlines and for executive aviation, as well as Airport
surveillance security.

With all the above, a Planning of the Airport must be initially established with the
information of the comprehensive executive project of the Airport. General Work Program of
the Great Critical Route, with a General Director of the Work and the different Persons
Responsible for Each Specific Work, as well as the organization chart to identify who was
delegated the responsibility, Authority, direction and control.

This Great Critical Route work program requires that each person responsible identify
and have extensive knowledge of the Catalog of Concepts of all Activities, their performance of
materials, labor, tools, equipment and machinery and the Work Programs particular to their
area and which include the following:

1. Work Program and Money Flow

2. Materials Program
3. Machinery Program
4. Work Execution Personnel Program (Workers)
5. Personnel, Technical, Administrative and Support Services Program,
Responsible for the Direction, Administration and Control of the Work

With this information, each person responsible for the work in his charge will establish
his Critical Route and in which he will determine which activities are critical, which have slack,
which are parallel and which depend on the progress of other works of the Airport complex.

With the above, General Coordination Meetings must be held, to be able to analyze
each Specific Critical Route, identifying the key activities that indicate mandatory dates so as
not to delay the general progress of the work.

In these Coordination Meetings, their frequency must be established, the type of report
that allows detecting any anomaly that delays the work and the solution proposal presented by
the person responsible for it and whether these are due to modifications of the Airport's
Comprehensive Executive Project or to the Executive Project of a Specific Work.

It is important to note that the control of work progress must be complemented, not only
with quantities of work, cost and dates, but also with photographic reports that support the
activities carried out, to evaluate the general progress of the work and its registration in the
Great Critical Path.

For the above, we currently have Special Programming Techniques, which allow us to
analyze, establish, detect and update the progress of all the works that constitute the Great
Critical Route and the specific activities of a Particular Work of the Airport and not lose the
Objective of the Construction and Commissioning of the same, a Total Quality that guarantees
the well-being of the Airport service personnel and the Users.
1.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE IN OPERATIONAL AREAS

The construction procedures of all civil infrastructure works have certain similarities,
that is, they follow common procedures in what are the initial phases of construction and in the
later stages each work has particularities depending on the service or use that it will have. . In
general, the construction procedures that all types of works follow are:

 Stroke and Leveling.

It is the location of the work, in the site where it will be built, to know the horizontal and
vertical configuration of the terrain, through control points, with which the polygonals that
contain the dimensions of the project are formed, measuring angles, distances and elevations.
of the land. It is carried out through a topographic survey.

Stroke to start the excavation

 Leveling land to begin clearing.

 Dismantle and pluck.

It includes carrying out all or any of the following activities: felling, clearing, uprooting,
cleaning and burning. Afterwards, plucking is carried out, which consists of removing the
vegetal layer of the land, until healthy soil is found.

Clearing consists of cutting trees at a certain height above the natural terrain and can
be carried out by different procedures, depending on the machinery used. is used. It can
be done manually or mechanically.
 Using machetes, axes, saws, chainsaws in the first case and tractors, with a chainsaw
or using chains between two tractors, in the second case. Everything will depend on the
surface to be dismantled and the volume of wood it contains depending on the type, diameter
of the trees and their density per square meter, which are the ways in which they are measured
and quantified for collection.
 Bulldozer clearing land for an airport access road.

Clearing is carried out when the surface to be cleared is mainly composed of small
bushes, carried out by hand with machetes, axes and chainsaws or with a bulldozer type
tractor or harrows, excavators or backhoe.

Uprooting consists of removing the trunks of trees that were felled and that were not
contemplated in the previous estimate of the work. It can be done with an ax, drying the trunks
with diesel and then removing them with chains and tractor or burning them, or pulling them by
the roots with a chain and tractor. Its estimation and collection is done in a similar way as in
clearing.

Cleaning and burning consists of removing the minor portions of material left over from
previous operations; burning was practically discarded due to the high degree of
contamination. The material produced by the cleanup must be transported to specific dumps or
confinements, previously predetermined so that they do not contaminate or obstruct other
construction work or daily activities of the community.
 Tractor carrying out a palm clearing.

 Excavation and cutting.

Excavation is carried out with machinery, equipment or manual tools, depending on the
type of work to be built. Excavation is done for two reasons: directly on the site to reach the
project levels, which can be done by hand using tools or with purpose-built machinery, such as
dredgers or mechanical shovels, although rarely used, with a tractor, with backhoes, with
trenchers, or using explosives.

The excavation of material banks is also carried out, with the use of machinery and/or
explosives, so that the product is passed to crushers that will provide the stone materials to be
used in different types of work, or for the dirt roads necessary to form embankments or
subgrades. The unit of measurement is the cubic meter and its charge will depend on the type
of material to be excavated, which is classified into three classes, I, II and III or A, B, or C.
 Tractor with front loader excavating material in dirt roads.

 Haulage.

It is the transfer of a material from one place to another, it is measured in cubic meters
that are quantified depending on the distance to which it has to be transported. It is the transfer
of a material from one place to another, it is measured in cubic meters that are quantified
based on the distance to which it has to be transported, meaning that the haulage is divided
into free haulage, which is the one that is carried out without charging, since its cost is included
in the excavation because it is the minimum distance that is required to carry out said activity,
including up to 20 meters; then there is the overhaul, which is subdivided into cubic meter-
station, which includes 20 to 100 meters; cubic meter-hectometer, which ranges from 100 to
500 meters; cubic meter-kilometer, which counts from 500 meters to one kilometer and the
haulage to subsequent kilometers, which goes from one kilometer to the distance required.

The hauling can also be done manually, with wheelbarrows, boats, baskets and others
and with trucks of various types or using conveyor belts, it all depends on the type of work
being attacked and the volume and type of material to be transported.

When quantifying the volume of material to be transported, its abundance must be

taken into account, which is the volume that increases when it goes from a compact state due
to its nature to a loose state once it has been excavated, which means say that more material
is necessarily transported than is excavated. The abundance factor varies depending on the
type of material being excavated.
 Hauling and unloading granular material in dump truck.

 Extended.

All material that is transported necessarily has to be extended to form embankments on

the work site according to the project in question or to form fills, either to reach the project
levels or in the nurseries to ensure its adequate confinement.

The Embankments are formed with material from the excavation or with bench material,
they are planted at the subgrade level to later receive the structure that will support it and
which must comply with its construction procedure and resistance for the type of work.

Filling is generally used to cover foundations, pipe trenches, some ground deformations
and can be made with material from excavation or if the project indicates that it is bench
material, its construction is carried out with machinery, equipment and manual tools in
accordance with the filling in question.

In any case, spreading can be done manually, with shovels and rakes, or with
machinery, using motoformers and is measured based on the volume of material to be spread.

In this activity, the embankments are formed for the type of work being considered; It is
fundamental in the structuring of the airport's runways, taxiways, platforms and roads.

It should be noted that both the embankment and the fill may be, in some cases, to
provide the subgrade level to receive the pavement structure.

In some other cases, due to the characteristics of the soil, a subgrade arrangement
and/or improvement must be carried out, following the same procedure in layers.

When the embankment is already part of the pavement structure, such as the thickness
of the sub-base or base, the procedure is similar; in all cases it is necessary to comply with the
project slopes in order to control said sections, verifying horizontal and vertical leveling of each
layer.
 Extended of material with motoforming machine stocked by
backhoe

 Compaction.

All construction works require compaction of the natural terrain after removal, as well as
in fills and embankments, carried out with machinery, equipment and in some cases with
manual tools; In other words, all the material that is excavated, transported and spread
generally has to be compacted, to achieve the resistance requested in the project
specifications; Mechanically, smooth roller compactors and toothed roller compactors known
as goat's feet are used. The work is measured based on the time and number of passes that
have to be given to the material, so that it reaches the required degree of compaction.

In its construction procedure, adequate humidity is required, either with spray pipes and
manual attachments depending on the work and this humidity must be indicated by the field
laboratory, which is known as optimal humidity.

Compaction is carried out on materials resulting from the excavation of the cuts in the
same work or using materials that are carried from the loan benches once the material has
been spread.
 It should be noted that regardless of having a bank of material, in some cases the
quality characteristics of the excavation product make it possible to use it to level the subgrade
or in some other activities for leveling the natural terrain within the safety zone. , to give the
transverse slopes.

In any case, the degree of compaction required as well as the appropriate machinery
and equipment must be kept in mind to carry out quality work. The resistance and durability of
the upper layer will depend on the efficient compaction of each layer.

Compaction of dirt roads with goat's foot rollers.

The Compaction of the Airport's operational areas practically represents the security of
the resistance of the pavement structure and includes the compaction of the subgrade, the
sub-base, the base and the bearing surface.

The compaction of the Subgrade can include the compaction of the natural terrain, in
accordance with it to give its project level and in some cases it will be necessary to improve it
due to the characteristics of the soil and we could indicate that this represents I removed the
template from the pavement structure.

In the case of the Sub-base, it is very important to control the granulometry of the
materials that compose it, their proportion, their optimal humidity, to be able to give the design
compaction and its verification, based on tests of field laboratory, as well as the layer thickness
determined by compacting until reaching the total thickness of the sub-base, verifying its
horizontal and vertical leveling.
 Regarding the Base, like the previous layer, there must be a quality control of the
materials that compose it, its proportion and required mixture, its optimal humidity, its
compaction verification carried out up to the total thickness of the base and its horizontal
leveling verification. and vertical.

Regarding the Asphalt Concrete Binder, some pavers already provide compaction and
in others it must be done until the design resistance is obtained and its verification by a field
laboratory and its leveling.

Smooth or mixed roller compactors with tires are used, sealing the surface according to
the project specification and verifying its transverse and longitudinal leveling, according to the
project.

The Hydraulic Concrete Binder must comply with what its design indicates and that is
its thickness, resistance, construction joints and expansion. Practically, paving machines for
hydraulic concrete carry out all its requirements, that is: casting, texture, vibrating, curing and
joint formation, leaving a homogeneous folder with the project's transversal and longitudinal
slopes.

Asphalt concrete paving machine and a road roller

tires.

 Machinery and equipment.

The appropriate selection of the Machinery and Equipment must be carried out based
on their characteristics, which allow us to determine their performance and be able to establish
the most favorable sequence of operation to have progress in accordance with the work
program.

To have better performance, the maneuverability and versatility characteristics of the

machinery must be taken into consideration based on a work strategy, that is, how we want it
to operate within the work area based on work sub-direction, longitudinal or transversal.
 The machinery for pavement construction is heavy machinery that allows us to move
large volumes of materials and its work areas are extensive, so its operating speeds are
important to determine the operating cycle for each machine.

The machines most used in the construction of this type of works are:

 Front blade pusher tractor (bulldozr)

 Front excavators and backhoes
 Dump trucks (variable capacities)
 Endless conveyor belts.
 Motoformers
 Compactors (various types)
 Spray pipes (tank cars)
 Oil companies
 Asphalt Concrete Pavers
 Hydraulic Concrete Pavers
 Profilers
 Sweepers
 Asphalt concrete manufacturing plant
 Hydraulic concrete making plant
 Streaks,

It should be noted that the new technologies in the manufacture of machinery, both for
asphalt or hydraulic concrete folders, are increasingly advanced, allowing us to ensure speed
and quality of finishing. Likewise, the asphalt mixtures are improved and in hydraulic concretes
they allow us make longer pours and manufacture self-compressible concrete that ensures
uniformity of the layer, reduces joints and avoids the use of vibrators.

New electronic technology has produced thickness and slope gauges that adapt to
push tractors and compactors, improving performance and reducing support staff.

 Drainage and Subdrainage.

Water being the main enemy of pavement structures, the calculation and design of the
drainage of the operational areas must comply with the regulations in force and take into
account the topographic, soil mechanics, hydrological and meteorological characteristics of the
place. , to guarantee its efficient operation.

In each operational area, the Drainage or Subdrainage System required must be

established. In this regard, the most appropriate material for its construction must be
considered in order to prevent the growth of weeds and silt.

On Runways, the safety strip limit depends on the Airport Category and varies from
75m. at 150m. on each side of the runway axis and from there surface drainage can be placed,
however in some cases it is necessary to design a Subdrain at the edge of the runway margin,
which is a blind drainage and its design must resist the weight equivalent of the landing gear of
the project aircraft.

During its construction, topographic control points are established to verify its slopes
and be able to evaluate its behavior when it is in operation. In some cases and due to the
natural slope of the land, energy dissipators have to be designed in the final disposal of the
water and in others, a pumping station to quickly evacuate the water, either to a surface stream
or to a regulating tank. to later pass it to a surface current in proportion so that there is no
overflow.

On Taxiways, the most common problem is the evacuation of water from areas
surrounded by the runway, taxiway and platforms or between taxiways, in which its
accumulation must be avoided and its evacuation must be efficient. Generally this drainage is
underground based on pipes.

In its construction, longitudinal and transverse slopes must be complied with to avoid
flooding and for water to quickly drain into these fenced areas and from there to the
underground drainage of these areas, noting that the characteristics of the Airport project can
generate drainage in many cases. superficial that do not affect the operation of the taxiways .

On the platforms, a combination of Surface Drainage and Subdrainage is present, since

in these there is a front parallel path for the movement of vehicles to platform services and their
design must be to quickly evacuate water from said operational area.

Its construction process will depend on its design and the subdrainage will have the
same characteristics as those used on the runways, and it must have control points that allow
compliance with its slopes and periodically evaluate their situation.

Construction of the trench to house a drainage pipe,

1.3 FOUNDATIONS: TYPES OF STRUCTURES.

 To establish a construction procedure for each building of an Airport, the
Comprehensive Executive Project must be analyzed as well as the regulations applied, its
calculation system, its list of plans, types of facilities it will have, types of finishes and
especially the foundation. and proposed structure, to carry out the work, based on its
programming, which leads us to establish the Critical Route of its execution to meet the
objective of Cost – Time – Quality and Safety.

 Construction procedures for foundations.

The foundations proposed for buildings can be classified into the following types:

 Box foundation, based on a foundation slab against beams and a cover slab.
 Isolated footings linked with counter girders.
 Perimeter and intermediate running footings.
 Foundation slab with piles.

The foundation proposal will depend on the topography and soil mechanics of the place
where the work is located, adhering to the architectural project of the building. The construction
procedure of any foundation consists of:

 Land cleaning.
 Stroke and leveling.
 Excavation.
 Template and stability of slopes.
 Steel qualification.
 Manufacture and placement of formwork.
 Preparation, casting, vibrating and curing of concrete.
 Unshackled.
 Filling with material from excavation or bench material.
 Final finishing of the foundation to receive the structure.

Each item can be simple or complicated depending on the building in question. In any
case, supervision must be rigorous, attached to the project and quality control of materials,
labor, equipment and machinery, as well as the construction procedure. and constructive and
operational safety, to guarantee the correct execution and operation of each of them.

In some cases, there may be fills to improve the land or to level it and the analysis of
the bench material or excavation product must be carried out by a soil mechanics laboratory,
which guarantees its quality, its compaction to the required resistance. to ensure that the
foundation will fulfill its purpose of receiving the structure in question.

 Construction procedures for structures.

 In Airport buildings, the materials used for the construction of structures are: reinforced
hydraulic concrete and structural steel and steel structures. The proposed building structure
will depend on the architectural project of each one, depending on the service it will provide at
the airport and must adhere to the regulations in force according to its location within it.

The construction procedure of the building structures must be based on the work
schedule and consider the work sequence for the execution or assembly of the columns,
girders, slabs, and load-bearing and dividing walls, additional installations that are marked in
the project, considering, leaving the preparations before proceeding to build any of the
following elements.

Practically the difference in the execution of these activities in concrete and steel is the
speed of the steel structure since the execution of the load-bearing wall and dividers for both
types of structure is similar.

The mixed concrete and steel structures will present a combination of both construction
processes since in some cases it is steel columns and girders and concrete slab and in other
cases it is concrete columns, concrete girders and structural steel roofing.
 In buildings, the machinery and equipment to be used will depend on the magnitude of
the work and the type of structure, being very similar, since the requirements for each building
have practically the same elements, being used for:

Foundation, such as machinery: pusher tractor (Bulldozer), front excavator or back

excavator, dump truck, compactors; portable concrete batching plant; equipment: corrugated
steel cutters and benders, concrete vibrators, manual compactors and welders.

Structure, it can be used as machinery: cranes for assembly and lifting of materials,
portable concrete dosing plant, concrete pumping system, dump truck, etc.; as equipment:
winches, scaffolding, welders, concrete vibrators, corrugated steel cutters and benders, and
structural steel cutters.

1.4 Costs and Returns.

Costs and performance require a thorough analysis since they depend on them to
ensure that the work does not become more expensive and take more time, for which all the
conditions that affect the place that affect the performance of the labor force must be taken into
account. materials, machinery and equipment.

These factors that will affect the performance and costs of the different construction
activities at the construction site are:

 Topographical features.
 Soil mechanics.
 Hydrological characteristics.
 Meteorological conditions.
 Materials in the locality.
 Labour. (If it is not available locally, it will have to be brought from other places)
 Communication routes.
 Accommodation and food for staff.
 Transportation of personnel.
 Municipal services.
 Environmental or ecological impact.

All these factors must be analyzed according to the location of the airport and the
services available in the nearest town, since the population will be disrupted due to all the
activities that have to be carried out in the nearest town and/or or in the city that the airport will
serve.

Based on the unit prices, determined in advance, and the volumes of work, the cost of
each construction stage is determined, for each area of the airport and for the entire airport
complex.

Performance is determined based on the efficiency and effectiveness of both the

personnel at different levels and the machinery, equipment and tools to be used, considering in
each case their characteristics and specifications and those of the work itself.

1.5 ELECTOMECHANICAL, HYDRAULIC AND SANITARY INSTALLATIONS.

The distribution of electrical and electronic installations must obey an executive project;
High and low voltage current is used for each building, and it must comply with current
regulations, as well as electrical and electronic safety installations in the fuel area.

The existence of new materials, such as energy-saving lamps, means that the project,
design and construction of these facilities takes into consideration the initial and future circuits
according to the development of the Airport, their service must be supported by emergency
plants and in an electrical substation according to all the needs of the airport.

 Electromechanical installations.

The areas in which electrical installations are placed in an airport are:

Terminal building.

Here, not only the lighting must be considered but also the specific service for computer
networks, for the air conditioning system, the flight information system and the airport
surveillance security system, which can be supported with security systems. continuity of
energy (no break).

Control tower.

In this area, it is expected that the radio communication facilities are double and that
they must have an exclusive power continuity system (no break) and the lighting must have
emergency lighting, provided by the emergency plant or by security systems. automatic lighting
in the flight controller area.

Rescue and firefighting body.

Here the system must be connected to the emergency plant, or, where appropriate, to
its own emergency plant, with a power continuity system.

Fuel area.
 This project must bring together the proposal of specific materials and explosion-proof
luminaires, which guarantee the safety of the area and may have its own emergency plant or
connection with the general emergency plant.

Runway, taxiway and apron lighting system. This system must be designed in
accordance with the regulations in force for these areas and connected to the electrical
substation and the emergency plant system, and may have an emergency lighting system, that
is, double lighting circuits.

Radio aids. This system is based on the Airport's general electrical substation, for the
VOR and DME location area, with its own emergency plant and automatic power continuity
system.

 Hydraulic and Sanitary Installations .

In the development of hydraulic and sanitary installations, it is necessary to take into

account that their comprehensive executive project must adhere to national and international
regulations, especially the regulation of environmental impact since the use of water and the
evacuation of wastewater containing various types of waste products, requires these facilities
to operate safely and efficiently to ensure the health and well-being of airport users.
Water Supply Systems. The water supply system is of vital importance from the beginning of
construction until the start of operation of the Airport and during its operation, since the use of
water must be continuous in all service and security areas. In the project of this system, a
capacity that guarantees supply in critical operating conditions must be taken into account,
according to the characteristics of the water supply collection (municipal network, deep well,
etc.)

Therefore, there must be a storage tank of sufficient capacity to guarantee the supply of
water for all the services that require it (terminal building, commercial areas, service areas and
the various fire systems, etc.) as well as , the various stages of development of the Airport,
and, where appropriate, whether it is required to give it a purification treatment, to guarantee
the quality of the water that is distributed for services.

As the water pressure must be guaranteed (Minimum 0.2 kg/cm2), the pressure supply
system based on hydropneumatic tanks is the most common in Airports since it guarantees the
continuity of the service although it requires more maintenance, since it is necessary additional
pumping equipment.

Distribution and Supply of Water at Airports. The supply and distribution of water will
depend on the type of national or international airport and water supply and storage services in
general must be considered; supply to the terminal building; to technical buildings; to the area
of authorities (DGAC, ASA, SENEAM, PGR, ETC.) to the maintenance area; to the electrical
substation and to the machinery area of the hydropneumatic system.

In addition, the control tower is supplied; the hangar areas; to the rescue and firefighting
body; to the fuel area; to fire systems and exterior services (parking and gardens). In each of
the services, it must be taken into consideration that each area may have a storage system -
cisterns or water tanks - and a hydropneumatic or gravity distribution system. It must be
considered that most of the airport buildings, according to their regional location, require
various air conditioning systems and require a water supply, which is why it is important to
know these systems and that they are appropriate for the area in which they are located. They
are going to serve.

The areas that require water storage for their operation are: The rescue and firefighting
body, the fuel area and the firefighting system, since these areas should not have a risk of
failure, due to the safety they represent for the environment. Airport operation.

Drainage systems. These systems are essential to guarantee the health safety of the
Airport, with wastewater and rainwater drainage being necessary. To process wastewater,
septic tanks are built to give it a treatment that allows non-polluting water to be discharged into
a surface stream. Sometimes these treated waters are used for garden areas.
1.6 INSTALLATIONS IN FUEL AREA.

 Types of tanks

The tanks most used for fuel storage are vertical and horizontal, their capacity will
depend on the number of operations that the Airport is considered to have, the type of Project
Aircraft and the additional aircraft that are expected.

The executive project of the fuel area must provide for future expansions according to
the considered development of the airport.

Based on the above, there will be tanks for jet fuel and aircraft gas, which allow
adequate storage for the proposed operations and a supply program, which guarantees having
sufficient capacity to supply the Aircraft that operate at the Airport.

Foundation base for vertical tanks. The foundation of this type of tank must be
analyzed, projected and calculated according to the storage capacity, the type of soil of the
place and the manufacturing material of the tank, considering the regulations in force and what
is indicated regarding environmental impact. This type of foundation has a circular shape with a
foundation slab and counterbeams, made of hydraulic concrete and reinforced with corrugated
steel, using additives in the concrete that protect it from spills, waterproof it and install the tank
structure.

Foundation base for horizontal tanks. Like the previous tank, the project, calculation
and design of the horizontal tank will depend on its storage capacity, type of soil and the
material of the tank, considering the regulations that govern it and the environmental impact.

These tanks have a type of foundation based on a rectangular foundation slab, with
perimeter counterbeams of hydraulic concrete and reinforced corrugated steel with the same
preparation and have supports that can be made of concrete or laminated steel to receive the
tank.

 Special facilities.

Fire system. The Fire Fighting System is designed and calculated according to the type
of tanks that make up the fuel areas, which allows the isolation of tanks, pipes and equipment
in the event of a fire.

Various types of extinguishing products are used, as well as water, and distribution
networks must be installed to control and extinguish any type of conflagration.

Cathodic protection system. This System, as its name indicates, is intended to protect
tanks, pipes and equipment from static electrical current and will be designed and calculated
according to the facilities that make up the fuel area.
Installation of two horizontal tanks and one vertical.
 Fire drill of a vertical tank attacking it with a cannon
light water.

 Electrical installations.

These Facilities must especially comply with absolute safety, so their calculation and design
must comply with current regulations, so that all their components guarantee that no sparks or short
circuits will occur that could start a conflagration.

All the material used in the installation is special in accordance with International and
National Standards, such as:

 Cables
 Pipe and connections
 Boxes
 Switches and contacts
 Lamps
 Boards
 Electrical commitment
 Equipment
 Accessories
 Lightning arrester system
 land system

In this installation, the supervision of its execution must be rigorous that it complies with
what is stipulated in the plans and specifications of the project and that its operability tests are
carried out.

 Aircraft fuel supply system.

Supply with tank cars. This supply is very common in Airports for both commercial aviation
and private aviation, and vehicles of different capacities are already manufactured and with
measurement equipment and the cost of the fuel served, with all the safety standards that must be
followed. the time of performing a service.

Supply system with hydrants. This system is the most modern used in Airports, its design,
project and calculation must be based on the number of oppositions of airplanes on a commercial
platform and according to the project airplane and the future expansions that this platform could
have and also establish an area supply on the general aviation platform.

In its construction, the National and International standards and specifications established
by the project must be adhered to, and the executing personnel (workers) and supervision must be
specialized in this type of facilities. It should be noted that the continuous maintenance of these
facilities will result in a operation with the highest security.

1.7 SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF WORK.

 Work supervision.

In all these stages of the work, it must be quantified with respect to the quantity and quality
of the materials to be used, the performance and capacity of the equipment and tools to be used,
through an analysis of unit prices to generally be able to quantify the entire work. Which will be
described later.

In the field of construction, civil engineering has great importance and is responsible for the
construction of operational areas, buildings (foundations and structures, fuel areas, rescue and fire
extinguishing body, control tower and annex buildings, access road and parking lots, fencing and
perimeter roads, water facilities and supply, drainage, sanitary and stormwater, etc.).

In coordination with specialists in the different areas, architects, electrical engineers,

hydraulic and sanitary installations, mechanical and telecommunications engineers.

This diversity means that a large critical route is established based on the work programs of
each area, which allows the control and coordination of all the events that comprise it, taking into
consideration the execution times of works that can be started in parallel. , sequential works and
works that by their nature must be carried out in a last stage to put the airport into operation.

To obtain a satisfactory result in the construction of the various works of an airport, it is

necessary to carry out supervision by qualified personnel for each type of work, which will ensure
not only the quality of the materials, the workmanship, the tool, equipment and machinery, but also
the quality of its construction procedure, the constructive safety and the operational safety of the
work, to carry out its delivery and reception.

Construction supervision for an airport includes the following:

constructions carried out at an Airport
 Terminal building (foundation, structure, installations and finishes)
 Control tower and annex buildings (foundation, structure, facilities and
 finishes)
 Runway taxiways and platforms (horizontal and vertical markings)
 Body of rescue and extinction of fires (foundation, structure,
 installations and finishes)
 Fuel area (tank foundation, tank construction,
  pipes, installations, equipment and finishes)
 Radio electronic aids systems (VOR, DME and ILS)
 Visual aid systems.
 Water supply system.
 Wastewater drainage system.
 Drainage and subdrainage system for runways, taxiways and platforms.

Given the complexity that these works represent, it is necessary to establish a

supervisor by the body in charge of the airport project or an external supervision company,
who evaluates, corrects and approves the construction of each element or installation that the work
contains, this will allow approval in his case, changes of project, of
materials, plays not contemplated, to ensure construction within the standards established for
it.

 QA.

In this aspect, quality control not only refers to the materials but also to the quality control of
the construction procedure, construction safety and security in the implementation of the work in
question, with the objective of total quality of the works. .

Quality of materials. The quality of the materials will be ensured by verifying Mexican
regulations for their manufacturing, components, if applicable, and their use for each activity in the
construction and installation of each of the elements for a work.

For this purpose, the tests established for natural and artificial materials (concrete, steel,
partitions, blocks, etc.) will be carried out in a field laboratory, ensuring that the quality parameters
for their use are met and in some cases, the verification of elements. already built (concrete, dirt
roads, etc.). The reports of these controls must be part of the information included in the
construction log of each construction and will be attached to the reception of the work.

Quality control of the construction procedure.

This control must be carried out by the construction supervision, which will be responsible
for verifying the specifications for the execution of the work, both labor, materials, tools, equipment
and machinery, establishing the corrections that it deems pertinent to guarantee that the work is
executed with the established procedure in accordance with the regulations, standards and
specifications that govern it.

Constructive and operational safety. Constructive safety means that the protection
measures required for the construction of the work were established, providing the executing
personnel with the protective installation equipment for the completion of each of the components of
the work.

These components range from personal protective equipment, delimitation of the work area,
installation of supports for safety and security in the handling of equipment and machinery.
 Operational safety will be verified when the construction work is put into operation and
service and guarantees functionality, service and safety for its users.

 Delivery and reception procedure.

The delivery and reception of the work of an airport must be carried out after having carried
out the following activities:

Delivery of the final plans of the work, work log, photographic log and quality controls of
materials.

Verification of compliance of the work according to the project and filling out the forms for
receiving the work, of each element that constitutes it.

With all the above information, the delivery and reception record will be prepared, with the
people who must sign in agreement for its reception and delivery.

If there are certain anomalies and defects that the recipients of the work consider easy to
solve, the time and manner in which these will be fixed will be established in the minutes.

Among the information that the minutes must include, technical information regarding the
proposed work program and actual work program executed, amount and number of estimates paid,
and settlement amount for the work will be attached. In the case of extraordinary works, the
authorizations thereof, analysis of prices and total cost, as well as the change in volumes of work in
more or less, indicating why they happened.

Changes to the project, materials and equipment must be duly authorized by the people who
must intervene in each case.

With all of the above, a meeting will be held to sign the delivery and reception minutes with
all the people involved and the authorities who will testify to it.

II TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS IN AIRPORTS

 CONSIDERATIONS IN AIRPORTS

General Considerations: They entail taking and assuming criteria aimed at the purely constructive
aspect at the level of indication, materials and installation methodology, construction procedures
and others, which due to their general nature enables the document to constitute a technical
assistant in the construction process.

Compatibility and Complements: The objective of the technical specifications is to give the
general guidelines to follow in terms of quality, procedures and finishes during the execution of the
Airport works, as a complement to the plans. All materials must comply with the corresponding
technical standards. When there is a discrepancy between the plans and technical specifications,
the plans will have priority, and any questions regarding the interpretation of plans must be
consulted to the Construction Inspector and ultimately to the Contracting Entity.

Also in the corresponding regulations:

• National Building Regulations.

• ACI Standards Manuals

• ASTM Standards Manuals

• Specifications provided by each manufacturer.

 SCOPE OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

The scope of the specifications is aimed at constituting a technical document that helps in the
selection of the construction process, selection of materials to be used, dosage of mixtures, use of
equipment, etc., that allows for good execution of the work. contemplated in the project.

 SECURITY MEASURES:

The necessary safety measures will be adopted to avoid accidents to personnel, third parties or the
work itself, complying with all current provisions in the National Building Regulations.

 VALIDITY OF SPECIFICATIONS, PLANS AND METERS

In the event of divergences between the technical documents of the Project: The plans are valid
over the Technical Specifications, Measurements and Budget. The Technical Specifications are
valid on Measurements and Budget.

 THE METERS ARE VALID ON THE BUDGET

The Metereds are referential and the partial or total omission of an item will not exempt the
contractor from its execution, if they are provided for in the plans and/or in the technical
specifications. The technical specifications are complemented by the respective plans and
measurements in such a way that the work must be executed in its entirety, even if it appears in
only one of the documents.

 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT.

Each item is measured in the corresponding units indicated in the budget.

 BASIS OF PAYMENT.
The amounts determined as indicated will be paid according to the progress of work valued monthly
as they appear in the Contract budget metering, said price and Payment will constitute
compensation for all labor, materials, equipment and tools required to complete the work in mention.

 INQUIRIES:

All inquiries related to construction will be made by the Contractor to the Construction Inspector.

 CHANGES BY THE CONTRACTOR:

The Contractor will notify in writing of any material that is indicated and considered possibly
inappropriate and unacceptable in accordance with the laws, regulations and ordinances of
competent authorities, as well as any necessary work that has been omitted. If this notification is not
made, the work will be carried out by the Contractor at no cost to him and/or the concessionaires.

He and/or the concessionaires will also accept or deny said notification in writing.

 MATERIALS AND LABOR:

All materials or supplies supplied for the work that cover these specifications must be new, of first
use, of current use in the national or international market, of the best quality within their respective
class. Likewise, all the labor used in the execution of the work must be first class. The Contractor
must notify the Construction Inspector in writing about the start of the work. Before starting work,
technical queries, if any, must be submitted so that they can be duly resolved. Any change during
the execution of the Work that requires modification of the original Project will be the result of
consultation with the concessionaire, through the presentation of an original plan with the proposed
modification. This plan must be presented by the Contractor to the Construction Inspector for
conformity and final approval of the concessionaire; said changes will be included in the layout plan.

 CHANGES AUTHORIZED BY THE INSPECTOR:

He and/or the concessionaires may at any time, by means of a written order, make changes to the
Drawings or Technical Specifications. If such changes mean an increase or decrease in the amount
of the contract or in the time required for the execution of the Work, an equitable readjustment will
be made based on the unit prices stipulated in the contract and the agreed term. What has been
processed will not be any impediment for the Contractor to execute the ordered changes.

 RESPONSIBILITY FOR MATERIALS:

The concessionaire assumes no responsibility for the loss of materials or tools of the Contractor. If
he wishes, he can establish the guardianships he deems appropriate under his responsibility, risk
and cost.

 REMOVAL OF EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS:

When required by the Inspector, the Contractor must remove from the site any excess equipment or
materials that will not be used in the future in its work.
 USE OF THE WORK.

The reception of the work will be carried out according to the execution schedule, and the delivery
and reception of the work must be completed in accordance with the concessionaire after the
contractor has carried out the corresponding tests in the presence of the Inspector and the
concessionaire.

We give an example of a general technical specification of a game:

Specifications for Level Parking.

Drawers and Corridors with Maneuver Areas.- From studies carried out in relation to the dimensions
of vehicles, it was determined:

The minimum dimensions for the circulation aisles depend on the angle of the parking spaces, the
minimum recommended values are:

The circulation corridors designed with the minimum turning radius must have a minimum free width
of 3.5 m. The columns and walls that limit the circulation corridors must have a bench 15 cm high
and 30 cm wide with the angles rounded.

Below are some parking layouts.

PARKING AT 90º

Taxiway layout (Taxiway specifications).

The main criteria and specifications that must be taken into account in the design of taxiways are
shown in the following table: