2

wf‡qbv m‡¤§jb I cieZ©x NUbv cÖevn

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ
 cvV - 2 : BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq
 cvV - 3 : †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 1

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ mg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †h Kvi‡Y bxwZ¸‡jv M„nxZ n‡qwQj Zvi hyw³ m½Z e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 bxwZ¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 bxwZi mgv‡jvPbv g~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 bxwZ¸‡jv e¨_© n‡qwQj wKbv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq GB bxwZmg~‡ni f~wgKv eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

f~wgKv
divwm wecøe-DËi Kv‡j AvVvi kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K Ges Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K divwm mgªvU
†b‡cvwjq‡bi mvgªvR¨ev`x bxwZ mgMÖ BD‡ivc MÖvm Ki‡Z D`¨Z n‡qwQj| wKš‘ BD‡ivcxq
kw³e‡M©i mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi wbKU †kl ch©šÍ †b‡cvwjq‡bi Gi weRq evavcÖvß nq Ges 1815 mv‡j
IqvUvijyi hy‡× civwRZ n‡j Zuv‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡bv nq| G Ae¯’vq BD‡iv‡c †h wek„sLj
cwiw¯’wZ weivR KiwQj Zv †_‡K DËiY Ges kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ weRqx wgÎ kw³eM© Aw÷ªqvi
ivRavbx wf‡qbvq GK m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡ib| BD‡ivcxq G m‡¤§jb wf‡qbv m‡¤§jb bv‡g L¨vZ|
G m‡¤§j‡b †Kej †cvc Ges Zzi¯‹ Qvov BD‡iv‡ci mKj †`‡ki cÖwZwbwa †hvM †`q| wf‡qbv
m‡¤§j‡b AskMªnYKvix †`kmg~n BD‡ivc cybM©V‡b K‡qKwU bxwZ MÖnY K‡i Ges cieZ©xKv‡j GB
mKj bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨v‡g GKwU i¶Ykxj BD‡ivc M‡o †Zvjv nq| be RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv
wemR©b w`‡q Z`¯’‡j cÖwZôv Kiv nq cyivZb AvwacZ¨ev`x gZev` Ges Kvh©Ki Kiv nq `ye©‡ji
Dci me‡ji wbqš¿Y| Z‡e G K_v mZ¨ †h, †b‡cvwjq‡bi mg‡q hy‡×i †h wefxwlKv BD‡iv‡ci
gvbyl cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi d‡j Zv `~ixf~Z nq| BD‡iv‡c
wKQyw`‡bi R‡b¨ n‡jI w¯’wZ I kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ nq| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi M„nxZ bxwZ mg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi
j‡¶¨ †h GKwU msMVb M‡o I‡V hv‡K BD‡iv‡ci kw³ mgevq bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| BD‡iv‡c
kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi wcQ‡b me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb GB kw³ mgev‡qi| Z‡e A‡bK¸‡jv †`k wb‡q kw³
mgevq M‡o DV‡jI Gi g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj Aw÷ªqvi cÖavb gš¿x †gUviwbK| †gUviwbK wb‡Ri
Av`k© I bxwZ Abymv‡i kw³ mgevq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| BD‡iv‡ci kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq ZvB kw³
mgevq †gUviwbK bxwZ bv‡g L¨vwZ jvf K‡i|

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ mg~n

weRqx wgÎe‡M©i g‡a¨ wf‡qbv Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi †bZ…eM© BD‡ivc cybM©V‡bi
Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z d«v‡Ýi AvµgY n‡Z BD‡ivc‡K i¶vi Rb¨ K‡qKwU bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| hw`I
wf‡qbv mwÜi kZ©¸‡jv wewfbœ kw³i g‡a¨ `i KlvKwl I K‚U‰bwZK Pvc I †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g †kl
ch©šÍ wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| Z_vwc ejv hvq †h cÖavbZ wZbwU bxwZ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L BD‡ivcxq †bZ…e„›`
mwÜi kZ©¸‡jv w¯’i K‡ib| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ ¸‡jv
1| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ
2| ¶wZc~iY bxwZ Ges
3| kw³mvg¨ bxwZ|

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 54
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ mg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM

1| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ

divwm wecøe cieZ©xKv‡j we‡kl K‡i †b‡cvwjq‡bi mgq BD‡iv‡c we‡kl KZ¸‡jv cwieZ©b
N‡U| cwieZ©b¸‡jv Lye `ªæZZvi m‡½ Ges kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g NUbv n‡qwQj e‡j wf‡qbv
m‡¤§j‡bi †bZ…e„›` g‡b K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y †b‡cvwjq‡bi cwieZ©b¸‡jv b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZi bv‡g
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv nq| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ Abymv‡i †b‡cvwjq‡bi Avwef©v‡ei
c~‡e© BD‡iv‡c †h me ivRes‡ki kvmb wQj Zv cybcÖwZwôZ Kiv nq A_©vr cybivq ivRZš¿ cÖwZôv
Kiv nq| 1792 mv‡j d«v‡Ý eyi‡euv ivRes‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb nq| wKš‘ wf‡qbv mwÜi gva¨‡g
eye‡euv ivResk‡K cybivq d«v‡Ýi wmsnvm‡b emv‡bv nq| Ges †b‡cvwjqb ivR¨ R‡qi gva¨‡g †h
A‰ea mxgvbv e„w× K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wdwi‡q †`qv nq| A_©vs d«v݇K cybivq 1790 mv‡ji c~e©
mxgvbvq wdwi‡q Avbv nq|

¶wZc~iY I kw³mvg¨ bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi ci mwÜ KZ©viv b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZi cÖ‡qvM Øviv BD‡ivc
cybM©V‡b gb †`b| mwÜi kZ© Abyhvqx mwÜ KZ©viv kw³ mvg¨ I ¶wZcyiY bxwZ‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`b
Ges Zvici Zviv b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ‡K Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡ib| HwZnvwmK MW©b †µBM b¨vh¨
AwaKvi bxwZ e¨vLv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒcÖvK-†b‡cvwjqb hy‡M †h mKj eskvbyµwgK ivRv wQ‡jb,
Zuviv hw` †b‡cvwjq‡bi Øviv wmsnvmbPz¨Z n‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e Zuv‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ †g‡b wb‡q
Zv‡`i ivR¨ wmsnvmb wdwiw‡q †`Iqv n‡e|Ó Z‡e GB wbqg me©‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nqwb| †Kv‡bv
†Kv†bv †¶‡Î kw³mvg¨ bxwZ I ¶wZc~iY bxwZi Kvi‡Y b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ wemR©b †`Iqv nq|
A‡b‡Ki g‡Z divwm gš¿x U¨vwjivÛB wQ‡jb b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZi D™¢veK| i¶Ykxj bxwZi
aviK I evnK †gUviwbK GB bxwZ mg_©b K‡ib| GB bxwZ Abymv‡i d«v‡Ý eyi‡euv ivResk Ges
nj¨v‡Ûi A‡iÄ ivResk‡K cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq| mvw`©wbqv-wcWg›U m¨vfq ivResk‡K wdwi‡q
†`Iqv nq| †¯ú‡bi wmsnvm‡b eyi‡euv ivRes‡ki Av‡iK kvLv‡K cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq| GKB fv‡e
`w¶Y BZvwji †bcjm wmwmwj‡Z eyi‡euv es‡ki Aci kvLv‡K ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

†b‡cvwjq‡bi Rvg©vwb `L‡ji c~‡e© Rvg©vwb wQj †QvU eo A‡bK¸wj iv‡R¨i mgwó| †b‡cvwjqb
†m¸‡jvi cwie‡Z© gvÎ 39wU ivR¨ MVb K‡ib| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ †g‡b wb‡j Rvg©vwb‡K cybivq
300wU iv‡R¨B wef³ Ki‡Z nZ| wKš‘ mwÜ KZ©viv w¯’i K‡ib †h †b‡cvwjqb KZ©„K m¤ú~b©
Rvg©vwbi cybM©V‡b Rvg©vwbi GB i` Kivi cÖ‡qvRb ‡bB| Rvg©vwb‡K HK¨e× iv‡óª cwiYZ Kivi
cwiKíbvq Aw÷ªqv I cÖæwkqvi AvcwË wQj| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ Rvg©vwb‡K 39wU iv‡R¨ wef³ K‡i
GKwU wkw_j hy³ivóª MVb Kiv nq| Aw÷ªqv‡K Gi mfvcwZ Kiv nq| Rvg©vwbi gZ BZvwj‡ZI
†b‡cvwjq‡bi cÖewZ©Z e¨e¯’v †f‡½ ivR‰bwZK 5wU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †cvc m¨vfq eyi‡euv
ivRes‡ki AwaKvi BZvwj‡Z cyb¯’vcb Kiv nq| †gvU K_v wf‡qbv Pzw³b `iæY divwm wecø‡ei
fveaviv ¯^vZš¿ D`vi bxwZ I RvZxqZvev`‡K ev` w`‡q cyivZ‡bi cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq|

2| ¶wZc~iY bxwZ
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ K‡Vvi wQj ¶wZcyiY bxwZ| ¶wZc~iY bxwZi gva¨‡g
d«v݇K Pv‡ci g‡a¨ ivLv nq| d«vÝ weRqx kw³eM©‡K hy‡×i `iæY 70 †KvwU d«uv ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z
eva¨ nq| †b‡cvwjqb †h mKj g~j¨evb HwZnvwmK mvgMÖx wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Av‡bb †m¸‡jvI
†diZ w`‡Z eva¨ nb| d«vÝ hv‡Z cybivq hy×ve¯’v m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ weRqx wgÎ c‡¶i
†mbv `j wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ divwm f~wg‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e e‡j w¯’i Kiv nq| ¶wZc~iY bxwZ

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 55

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

Abymv‡i †b‡cvwjq‡bi AwaK…Z AÂjmg~n wgÎ kw³e‡`©i g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| f~wg e›U‡b ivwkqv
I cÖæwkqvi g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI †kl ch©šÍ Gi kvwšÍc~Y© mgvavb nq|

f~wge›Ub bxwZ Abymv‡i MÖvÛ WvwP Ae Iqvim bv‡g †cvj¨v‡Ûi cÖvq 3/4 Ask wb‡q †b‡cvwjqb †h
AÂj M‡ob Zvi meUv ivwkqv cvq| GQvov ivwkqv Av‡iv cvq wdbj¨vÛ I Zzi‡¯‹i KvQ †_‡K
†emvivweqv| G‡Z K‡i c~e© BD‡iv‡c ivwkqvi cÖfve †e‡o hvq| Aw÷ªqv †ejwRqvg †Q‡o †`q Ges
¶wZc~iY wnmv‡e BZvwji j¤^vwW© I †f‡bwmqv cÖ‡`k cvq| GQvov Aw÷ªqv UvBivK, mvjRevM© I
Bwjøwiqv AÂj cvq| Av‡iv cvq †cvj¨v‡Ûi Ask hv c~‡e© Aw÷ªqvi AwaKv‡i wQj|

cÖæwkqv †MvUv mv·wb `vwe Ki‡jI Bsj¨vÛ I Aw÷ªqvi Zxeª we‡ivwaZvq Zv m¤¢e nqwb| †kl ch©šÍ
cÖvwkqv mv·wbi cÖvq A‡a©K Ges myB‡W‡bi KvQ †_‡K †cvgivwbqv cÖ‡`k cvq| GQvovI Rvg©vwbi
I‡q÷‡dwjqvi wKQy Ask cÖvwkqv‡K †`Iqv nq| cÖvwkqv ivBbj¨v‡Ûi Dci AvwacZ¨ cvq| e„wUk
cÖavbgš¿x K¨vmjwiM †P‡qwQ‡jb †h, fwel¨‡Z d«vÝ Rvg©vb AvµgY Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K evav †`evi
Rb¨ kw³ai †`k wnmv‡e I cÖæwkqvi Ae¯’vb _vKv DwPr| ¶wZc~iY I kw³mvg¨ Dfq bxwZi d‡j
¶wZc~iY ch©vß GjvKv †c‡q cÖvwkqvi AvqZb cÖvq wظY nq|

Bsj¨vÛ ¶wZc~iY wnmv‡e Zvi mvgªv‡R¨i ¯^v‡_© BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i Ae¯’vb †bq| Bs¨j¨vÛ cvq
kªxjsKv ev wmsnj, †Kc K‡jvwb, cwðg fviZxq ØxccyÄ, gvjUv I AvBIbxq ØxccyÄ| d‡j
Bsj¨v‡Ûi Dcwb‡ek I †bŠNvuwU we¯ÍZ
… nq| myB‡Wb ¶wZc~iY wnmv‡e biI‡q jvf K‡i|

kw³mvg¨ bxwZ
¶wZc~iY bxwZ QvovI wf‡qbvi kvwšÍ m‡¤§j‡b kw³mvg¨ bxwZi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB
m‡¤§j‡bi AwaKvsk wm×všÍ GB bxwZi Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GgbwK wewfbœ weRqx kw³i g‡a¨ f~wg
e›U‡bi mgqI hv‡Z ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ kw³mvg¨ eRvq _v‡K Zv ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
Kv‡RB kw³ PZzó‡qi g‡a¨ hv‡Z mgvb ¶gZv _v‡K Zv wbôvi m‡½ cvjb Kiv nq| c¨vwi‡mi
wØZxq mwÜi kZ©¸‡jv kw³ mv‡g¨vi Rb¨ iPbv Kiv nq| GRb¨ d«v݇K 1790 mv‡ji mxgvbv †g‡b
wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| d«vÝ hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z kw³kvjx n‡q BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`k¸‡jv‡K Avµgb
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ cÖwZ‡ekx †`k mg~n‡K kw³kvjx Kiv nq| cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jv kw³kvjx
nevi d‡j d«v‡Ýi Pvicv‡k kw³i cÖvPxi ˆZwi nq| d«v‡Ýi DËi c~‡e© jy‡·gevM© I †ejwRqvg‡K
nj¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| KviY fwel¨‡Z d«vÝ †ejwRqvg `L‡ji †Póv Ki‡j nj¨vÛ †hb Zv
†VKv‡Z cv‡i| d«v‡Ýi c~e© mxgv‡šÍ ivBbj¨vÛ I cÖæwkqv‡K w`‡q †`Iqv nq Ges Rvg©vwb GKwU
wkw_j ivóª †RvU MVb K‡i d«v݇K †P‡c ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| d«v‡Ýi `w¶Y c~‡e© myBRvij¨vÛ‡K
d«v‡Ýi wZbwU †Rjv/K¨v›Ub cÖ`vb Kiv nq| myBRvij¨vÛ †gvU 22wU K¨v›Ub mn GKwU ¯^vaxb
†`‡k cwiYZ nq| d«vÝ `w¶Y mxgv‡šÍ mvwf©wbqvi m‡½ †R‡bvqv‡K mshy³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e kw³
mvg¨ bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i divwm mxgv‡šÍ kw³i †eówb iPbv Kiv nq|

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ ch©v‡jvPbv

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi cÖv°v‡j ÒBD‡iv‡ci mgvR e¨e¯’vi cybM©Vb BD‡iv‡ci ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi
cybR©vMiYÓ cÖf„wZ †h me gyL‡ivPK eywj ev Av`k© cÖPvi Kiv n‡qwQj ev¯Í‡e Zv †gv‡UI cvjb Kiv
nqwb| Avm‡j weRqx kw³i D‡Ïk¨ wQj Av`‡k©i Avov‡j civwRZ kw³ mg~‡ni ivR¨ MÖvm Kiv
Ges cyivZb e¨e¯’v wdwi‡q Avbv|

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 56
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GB bxwZi gva¨‡g cyivZb ivResk¸wji cÖwZ AÜ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i cybivq wmsnvm‡b
emvb nq Ges divwm wecøeRvZ fveavivi cÖwZ AeÁv Rvbv‡bv nq| d‡j ˆ¯^ikvmb †_‡K gy³
n‡Z wM‡q BD‡ivc cybivq ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi Ke‡j c‡o| divwm wecø‡ei Av`k©¸wj h_v RvZxqZvev`,
D`viZš¿, MYZš¿ Ges cÖMwZkxj a¨vbaviYv BD‡ivc‡K GKwU cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡iwQj|
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ †mB cwieZ©‡bi MwZ‡K w¯ÍwgZ K‡i †`q| d‡j
m‡¤§j‡bi Av`k©MZ wfwË `ye©j n‡q c‡o| cieZ©xKv‡j RyjvB wecøe I †deªæqvwi wecøe wf‡qbv
Pzw³i KvVv‡gvB †f‡½ †`q|

divwm wecø‡ei gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c RvZxqZvev‡`i †h †PZbv RvMÖZ n‡qwQj wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ
bxwZ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Zv `gb Kiv nq| Rvg©vwb I BZvwj‡K HK¨e× n‡Z bv w`‡q Zv‡`i‡K
ivR‰bwZK fv‡M fvM K‡i RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| Rvg©vwbi Dci Pvwc‡q
†`Iqv nq Aw÷ªqvi KZ…©Z¡| Avi BZvwj‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq cyiv‡bv ivRZš¿| Rvg©vwb‡K wef³ Kivi
Kvi‡Y Rvg©vb RvZxqZvev`xMY wf‡qbv Pzw³‡K ÒcÖKvÛ cÖZviYv I wek¦vmNvZKZvÓ e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡ib| RvZxqZvev`‡K D‡c¶v Kivi d‡j wf‡qbv Pzw³ ¯’vqx nqwb| wf‡qbv Pzw³i gva¨‡g
BD‡iv‡ci bZzb †h gvbwPÎ iwPZ nq Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨ †mwU †Qov KvM‡R cwiYZ nq| †Kbbv
1861-66 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ BZvwj I 1871 mv‡j Rvg©vwb HK¨e× iv‡óª cwiYZ nq|

wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi †bZviv wQ‡jb cÖwZwµqvkxj | Aóv`k kZvãxi gvbwmKZv wb‡q Zuviv BD‡ivc
cybM©V‡b nvZ †`b| ZvB wecø‡ei Zi‡½ †f‡m Avmv RvZxqZvev`x‡`i gwngv eyS‡Z m¶g nbwb|
RbM‡Yi B”Qv Awb”Qvi †P‡q mvgwiK myweav I mvgªvR¨ev`x ¯^v_© Zv‡`i Kv‡Q eo wQj| ZvB
†WwfW _gmb m½Z gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb ÒAóv`k kZ‡Ki gvbwmKZvq Mov wf‡qbv mwÜ GRb¨ Dwbk
kZ‡Ki `ªæZMvgx HwZnvwmK AMÖwZ‡Z evwZj n‡q hvqÓ| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b
M„nxZ bxwZi gva¨‡g RvZxqZvev` I MYZš¿ D‡cw¶Z n‡jI GB mwÜi d‡j hy‡× we¶zä BD‡iv‡c
40 eQ‡ii gZ mgq a‡i kvwšÍ I w¯’wZ eRvq wQj|

mvims‡¶c
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó eySv hvq †h, †b‡cvwjqb
cieZ©x mg‡q we¶zä BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi j‡¶ b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ, ¶wZc~iY bxwZ I
kw³mvg¨ bxwZ M„nxZ nq| wKš‘ bxwZ cÖ‡YZvMY mg‡qi Pvwn`v †hgb MYZš¿, RvZxqZvev` Ges
cÖMwZkxj ivR‰bwZK Av`k© cÖf„wZ D‡c¶v K‡i BD‡iv‡c i¶Ykxj I cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ cÖwZôv
K‡i BD‡iv‡ci AvaywbKvq‡Yi AMÖhvÎv _vwg‡q †`b Ges BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡K wcQ‡b wdwi‡q †bb|
GB mKj bxwZ BD‡iv‡c ¶Y¯’vqx kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI beRvMiY †VKv‡Z cv‡iwb|
RvZxqZvev‡`i †Rv‡i Rvg©vwb I BZvwj Zv‡`i wef³ fyLÛ¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Zv‡`i Dci
AvwacZ¨ev‡`i Aemvb NUv‡Z †c‡iwQj| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZi gva¨v‡g BD‡iv‡ci me©Î
cyivZb ivResk‡K wdwi‡q Avbv nq Ges †m m‡½ wd‡i Av‡m cyivZb ‰¯^ikvmb, AwfRvZ †kªYx I
hvRK m¤cÖ`vq| wKš‘ MYZš¿ PP©vi d‡j Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ G¸‡jv `~ixf~Z n‡q hvq| GUv
Aek¨ ejv hvq †h bxwZmg~n e¨_© n‡jI BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI wf‡qbv
mwÜ †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj|
1. Webster. C. K Jho Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815, 1919.
2. Thomson, David Europe Since Napoleon
3. PµeZx©, cÖdjz øKzgvi BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm, KjKvZv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 57

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K) mwVK Dˇi wUK () wPý w`b|

1| IqvUvijy hy× KZ mv‡j msNwUZ n‡qwQj?
K. 1820 mv‡j L. 1817 mv‡j
M.  1815 mv‡j N.1825 mv‡j
2| IqvUvijy hy‡× civwRZ †mbvcwZi bvg wK?
K. †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© L. g‡›U‡Mvgvwi IqvU
M. wWDK Ae I‡qwjsUb N. wdì gvk©vj †iv‡bj
3| wf‡qbv m‡¤§jb †Kv_vh AbywôZ nq?
K. myBRvij¨vÛ L. †ejwRqvg
M. Bsj¨vÛ N. Aw÷ªqv
4| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi ci myBRvij¨v‡Û KZwU K¨vbUb wQj?
K. 20wU L. 22wU
M. 23wU N. 21 wU
5| wf‡qbv Pzw³i ci d«v‡Ý †Kvb ivRes‡ki kvmb cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq?
K. A‡iÄ ivResk L.  eyi‡euv ivResk
M. m¨vfq ivResk N. wUDWi ivResk
6| Rvgv©b wkw_j †dWv‡ikb Gi Dci †Kvb †`‡ki AvwacZ¨ ¯’vwcZ nq?
K.  Aw÷ªqv L. d«vÝ
M. Bsj¨vÛ N. †ejwRqvg

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| wf‡qbv m‡¤§jb †Kb AbywôZ n‡qwQj?
2| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ kw³mvg¨ bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ ¶wZc~iY bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| wf‡qbv Pzw³ †Kb e¨_© n‡qwQj?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ bxwZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| bxwZ¸‡jv wK hyw³hy³ wQj?
2| ¶wZcyiY bxwZ †Kb M„nxZ n‡qwQj? GB bxwZi wcQ‡b wK cÖavb kw³mg~‡ni `ye©j ivR¨ MÖvm
Kivi `yiwfmwÜ wbwnZ wQj?
3| ms‡¶‡c f~wg e›Ub bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| GwU KZ`yi kw³mvg¨ bxwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i¶v
K‡iwQj?
4| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c wK kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi mc‡¶
hyw³ w`b?
5| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZ I ¶wZc~iY bxwZi gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c wK cwieZ©b n‡qwQj?

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 58
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq

D‡Ïk¨ GB cv‡V Avcwb -
 BD‡ivwcq kw³ mgevq m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 BD‡ivwcq kw³ mgev‡qi Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 kw³mgev‡qi cZ‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 kw³ mgev‡qi m`m¨ †`k mg~‡ni ¯^v_©-Ø›Ø e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq D™¢‡ei cUfywg

wf‡qbv Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nIqvi ci BD‡ivcxq ‡bZ…e‡M©i Kv‡Q cÖavb mgm¨v wQj GB Pzw³‡K ¯’vqx
Kiv Ges BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ eRvq ivLv| HwZnvwmK wdkv‡ii g‡Z ÔÔdivwm wecø‡ei d‡j BD‡ivcxq
kw³¸‡jv bvbvfv‡e nqivwbi wkKvi nq| G Rb¨ 1815 mv‡j Zviv wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nq †h, Avi
†K‡bvfv‡e divwm wecøe ev †b‡cvwjq‡bi Afy¨Ìvb NU‡Z †`Iqv n‡e bvÕÕ| myZivs BD‡ivcxq
†bZ…eM© wf‡qbv Pzw³ i¶v, BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ i¶v Ges †b‡cvwjq‡bi cybiæÌv‡bi c_ iæ× GB wZb
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vqx AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib| Avi
G D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ ivóªbvqKMY †h cš’v AbymiY K‡ib Zvi d‡j ÒBD‡ivwcq kw³
mgevqÕÕ(Concert of Europe) bv‡g GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V| wba©vwiZ j¶¨
ev¯Íevq‡bi R‡b¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³eM© ÒcweÎ Pzw³ (Holy Alliance) Ges PZztkw³ Pzw³
(Quadruple Alliance) bv‡g `ywU Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| GB `yB Pzw³i gva¨‡g BD‡ivcxq kw³ ¸wji
g‡a¨ †h eÜzZ¡ I mg‡SvZv cÖwZwôZ nq ZvB BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq bv‡g cwiwPZ|

cweÎ Pzw³ (Holy Alliance) ivwkqvi Rvi cÖ_g Av‡jKRvÛvi me©cÖ_g cweÎ Pzw³ bv‡g GK
cwiKíbv iPbv K‡ib| Rvi 1815 †Z cweÎ Pzw³ †NvlYv K‡i BD‡iv‡ci ivRv‡`i G‡Z †hvM
`v‡bi Avnevb Rvbvb| Rvi cÖ_g Av‡jKRvÛvi wQ‡jb fvecÖeY, ag©civqY I Av`k©ev`x| wZwb
g‡b Ki‡Zb †h divwm wecø‡ei b¨vq cÖRv we‡`ªvn wQj wLª÷xq ag©kv¯¿ we‡ivax| wZwb GI g‡b
Ki‡Zb †h, wLª÷xq ag©kv¯¿ Abymv‡i ivR¨ kvmb I ciivóbxwZ Aej¤^b Ki‡j BD‡iv‡ci mKj
AkvwšÍ `~i n‡e|

evB‡e‡ji wbD †U÷v‡g‡›U wLªw÷q ivRag© m¤ú‡K© †h me Av`‡k©i D‡jøL Av‡Q BD‡ivcxq
ivRv‡`i †m¸‡jv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Avnevb Rvbvb| cweÎ Pzw ³‡Z ejv nq †h, 1) BD‡iv‡ci
ivRvMY wLªw÷q mgv‡Ri Aaxb ci¯úi‡K fvB wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡eb; 2) Zviv cÖRv‡`i†K wbR
mšÍv‡bi gZ †`L‡eb A_©vr wcZ…Zvwš¿K Av`k©‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡eb; 3) wLªw÷q ivRviv Òb¨vq, gvbe
†cÖg I kvwšÍÓ Aej¤^b K‡i ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡eb; 4) BD‡ivwcq ivRviv A½xKvi Ki‡eb †h, kvmb
Kv‡h© Zviv Òa‡g©i gnvb ZZ¡¸wj‡KÓ cvjb Ki‡eb; 5) cÖæwkqv, ivwkqv I Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU we‡kl
fv‡e ci¯úi‡K fvB g‡b K‡i Dc‡iv³ Av`k© ¸‡jv wbR iv‡R¨ ev¯Íevqb Ki‡eb|

cweÎ Pzw³i Av`k© †NvwlZ n‡j cÖæwkqv, ivwkqv I Aw÷ªqv G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i ci¯c‡ii ¯^v_©
i¶vq cÖwZÁve× nq| d‡j wZb kw³ wewkó GKwU i¶Ykxj †Rv‡Ui m„wó nq| G‡`i Avmj

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 59

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

D‡Ïk¨ wQj cweÎ Pzw³i gva¨‡g cyivZb e¨e¯’v‡K ¯’vqx Kiv Ges ˆecøweK fve aviv‡K cÖwZnZ
Kiv| KviY, ‰ecøweK aviv wQj wLª÷ a‡g©i Av`‡k©i we‡ivax| cweÎ Pzw³i gva¨‡g Rvi gvbe
†cÖg, kvwšÍ I b¨vq bxwZi K_v ej‡jI Gi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ wQj BD‡iv‡ci ivRv‡`i ˆ¯^ikvmb
e¨e¯’v‡K a‡g©i Av`k© Øviv cvKv†cv³ Kiv| G‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e divwm wecøeRvZ fveaviv‡K AMÖvn¨
Kiv nq Ges i¶YkxjZv‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq|
ev¯Í‡e cweÎ Pzw³ wQj AKvh©Ki| KviY, GwU Pzw³i AvKv‡i iwPZ bv n‡q GKwU †NvlYvcÎ iƒ‡c
ch©ewmZ nq| GB iƒc weg~Z© bxwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i ivR¨ kvmb Kiv m¤¢eci wQjbv| cweÎ
Pzw³‡Z ev¯Íeeyw×i Afve wQj| Gi d‡j GB Pzw³ wQj A®úó K‡qKwU bxwZ ev‡K¨i mgš^q gvÎ|
cweÎ Pzw³i e¨_©Zvi cÖavb KviY wQj Aw÷ªqv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi we‡ivwaZv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x
`„pfv‡e GB Pzw³i we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| wZwb GB Pzw³i j¶¨¸wji A®úóZvi Awf‡hvM Zz‡j G‡K
ÒGKwU gnvb inm¨c~Y© A_©nxb cvMjvwgÓ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K †gUviwbK cweÎ Pzw³i
mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, cweÎ Pzw³ n‡jv GKwU A_©nxb †NvlYv Ges agx©q QÙv‡e‡k GKwU
ivR‰bwZK D”PvKvO¶v| ivwkqvi Rvi‡K Lywk Kivi Rb¨ Aw÷ªqv I cÖæwkqv G‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡i|
†gvU K_v Aw÷ªqv I cÖæwkqv Pzw³i cÖwZ AvšÍwiK wQjbv| Bsj¨vÛ I Aw÷ªqvi we‡ivwaZvi d‡j G
Pzw³ e¨_© nq|
PZztkw³ mwÜ
cweÎ Pyw³i e¨_©Zvi ci BD‡iv‡ci kw³ mgevq MV‡bi Rb¨ Aw÷ªqvi †gUviwbK PZztkw³ mwÜ
iPbv K‡ib 1815 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i| Aw÷ªqv , cÖæwkqv, Bsj¨vÛ I ivwkqv G‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡i|
BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq g~jZ PZztkw³ mwÜi Øviv ¯’vwcZ nq| GB mw܇Z ¯^v¶iKvix †`k mg~n
A½xKvi K‡i ‡h, -1) wf‡qbv Pzw³‡K i¶v Kiv n‡e; 2) BD‡iv‡c hy×we‡`ªvn cwinvi K‡i kvwšÍ
Ae¨vnZ ivLv n‡e| wewfbœ kw³i g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wgwU‡q †djv
n‡e; 3) wecøex fveaviv BD‡iv‡ci kvwšÍ weNœ NUv‡j Zv `gb Kiv n‡e Ges 4) PZztkw³i mwÜi
avivq ejv nq †h, BD‡iv‡ci cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Pvi kw³ gv‡S gv‡S ‰eVK wgwjZ n‡e|
PZztkw³ mwÜi ¸iæZ¡ AvaywbK hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| MÖv›U I †U¤úviwji g‡Z
ÒKs‡MÖm K~UbxwZÓ ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv PZytkw³ mwÜi d‡jB m„wó nq| BD‡ivcxq kw³ ¸wj
ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ we‡iva evûe‡j bv K‡i Ks‡Mª‡mi Øviv kvwšÍcyY©fv‡e mgvavb Ki‡e| GB
g‡bvfve†KB ÒKs‡MÖm K~UbxwZÓ ejv nq| BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq cÖK…Zc‡¶ PZztkw³ mwÜi Dci
wfwË K‡i MwVZ nq| mKj kw³ GKgZ n‡q KvR K‡i cÖwZkÖæwZe× nIhvq GB †RvU‡K kw³
mgevq ejv nq|
kw³ mgev‡qi Kvh©vejx
BD‡iv‡ci kw³ mgevq 1818 mv‡j cª_g cix¶vi m¤§yLxb nq| wf‡qbv mwÜ Abymv‡i wba©vwiZ
¶wZc~iY cwi‡kva Kivq d«vÝ †_‡K weRqx †mbv`j Acmvi‡Yi cÖ‡kœ Av‡jvPbvi R‡b¨ kw³
mgev‡qi ˆeVK G-jv-k¨v‡c‡j (Aix-La-Chapelle) AvûZ nq| d«vÝ m¤ú‡K© PZztkw³ ev¯Íe
c`‡¶c †bq| d«v‡Ýi b¨vq e„nr kw³‡K evB‡i †i‡L kw³ mgevq Pj‡Z cv‡ibv GK_v Zviv
Dcjew× K‡ib| d«v‡Ýi ivRv Aóv`k jyB d«v݇K wecøex g‡bvfve MÖnY Kiv †_‡K wbi¯Í Ki‡Z
mg_© nb GK_v m`m¨MY wek¦vm K‡ib| myZivs, m`m¨MY GKgZ n‡q d«vÝ †_‡K Zv‡`i `Lj`vwi
†mbv AcmviY I d«v݇K kw³ mgev‡qi m`m¨ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡ib| AZci Zviv BD‡iv‡ci ¶z`ª
ivóª mg~‡ni Awffve‡Ki f~wgKv wb‡q Zv‡`i Dci ˆbwZK AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡ib| K) myB‡W‡bi
ivRvi weiæ‡× biI‡q Kzkvm‡bi Awf‡hvM Avb‡j myB‡WbivR evb©v‡`vZ‡K kw³ mgevq frm©bv
K‡i Ges cweÎ Pzw³i Av`k© AbymiY Ki‡Z civgk© †`q| L) †gvbv‡Kv bv‡g ¶z`ª †`‡ki

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 60
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

RbmvaviY Zv‡`i ivRvi weiƒ‡× AZ¨vPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Avb‡j Zv‡KI frm©bv Kiv nq| M)
Rvgv©wbi e¨v‡Wb iv‡R¨i DËivwaKvi mgm¨v Ges Aw÷ªqv I cÖæwkqvi cÖRv‡`i mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©I
kw³ mgevq HK¨g‡Z Dcw¯’Z nq|

wKš‘ GZ me HK¨g‡Zi g‡a¨I GKwU †emy‡iv AvIqvR †e‡R D‡V G-jv-k¨vc‡ji ˆeV‡K| Gi g~j
KviY wQj Pvi e„nr kw³i ¯^v_© Ø›Ø| †¯ú‡bi `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq Dcwb‡ewkK AwaKvi cybcÖwZôvq
†¯úb-e„‡Ub Ø›Ø, f~ga¨mvM‡ii Rj`my¨ `g‡b ivwkqvi †bŠeni cvVvevi cÖ¯vÍ e e„‡U‡bi we‡ivwaZv,
wbwl× †NvwlZ µxZ`vm †PvivPvjvb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ m‡›`n RbK RvnvR Zjøvmxi AwaKvi weªwUk
†bŠeni‡K †`Iqvi e„wUk cÖ¯vÍ e cÖZ¨vL¨vb cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y G-jv-k¨v‡c‡ji ˆeVK g‡bvgvwj‡b¨i g‡a¨
†kl nq|

Uª‡cvi †NvlYv cÎ
BwZg‡a¨ 1820 wLªt †¯ú‡bi MYwe‡`ªvn N‡U| †¯úb ivR dvw`©bv›` GB we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j cÖRv‡`i
GKwU D`vicš’x msweavb w`‡Z eva¨ nb| †¯ú‡b we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j iæk Rvi Av‡jKRvÛvi †¯ú‡b
iæk ˆmb¨ †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯vÍ e †`b| wKš‘ e„wUk cªavbgš¿x K¨vmjwi GB cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei we‡ivwaZv K‡ib
Ges Gi Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ `w¶Y BZvwj †bcj‡m Ges cZ©yMv‡j †¯ú‡bi gZ D`vicš’x we‡`ªvn
N‡U| Aw÷ªqvi ciivóª gš¿x †gUviwbK GB mKj mgm¨v we‡ePbvi Rb¨ kw³ mgev‡qi wØZxq ˆeVK
Wv‡Kb Uª‡cv kn‡i| †gUviwbK BwZg‡a¨ Zvi cwiKíbv w¯’i K‡i D`vicwš’ fveavivi MwZ †iva
K‡i i¶YkxjZv‡K mycwiKwíZ fv‡e cybtcÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ kw³ mgevq‡K e¨envi Kivi msKí
†bb| wZwb kw³mgevq‡K BD‡iv‡c MYZš¿ I RvZxqZvev` `g‡bi GK‡PwUqv nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ
Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡ib hv‡Z mKj m`m¨ Zvi cÖewZ©Z bxwZ MÖnY K‡i GRb¨ †gUviwbK Uª‡cvi
†NvlYvcÎ bv‡g GK `wjj iPbv K‡ib| wZwb m`m¨‡`i GB †NvlYv c‡Î ¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z Avnevb
K‡ib| Uªv‡cvi †NvlYvc‡Î ejv nq †h- 1) ivRv †¯^”Qvq Ges webv cÖ‡ivPbvq msweavb `vb
Ki‡eb GKgvÎ †mB msweavb ˆea e‡j MY¨ n‡e| 2) ewnt BD‡iv‡ci †Kv‡bv †`‡k wecø‡ei d‡j
†mB †`‡ki ivRv b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡j †mB †`k‡K BD‡ivwcq kw³ mgevq †_‡K
ewn®‹…Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡e| 3) hw` GB wecø‡ei d‡j cªwZ‡ekx iv‡R¨i kvwšÍf‡½i m¤¢vebv †`Lv
†`q Zvn‡j kw³ mgevq ejcye©K we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i †mB †`‡k kvwšÍ I w¯’wZwkjZv wdwi‡q Avb‡e|
Uª‡cvi G †NvlYv Øviv kw³ mgevq Kvh©Z BD‡iv‡ci mKj cÖKvi Af¨šÍixY we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi
`vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Ges ˆ¯^iPvix ivRZš¿¸‡jv‡K ¯’vqx Kivi wm×všÍ †bq| GQvov MYZvwš¿K I
RvZxqZvev`x mKj Av‡›`vjb‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi cwiKíbv †bqv nq| Z‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi AvcwË AMÖvn¨
K‡i Aw÷ªqv, cÖæwkqv I ivwkqv GB wZb i¶Ykxj kw³ msL¨vMwi‡ôi †fv‡U Uªv‡cvi †NvlYv cÎ
cvk Ki‡j Bsj¨vÛ kw³ mgevq †h‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq Ges kw³mgev‡qi cZb Avi¤¢ nq|

jvBe¨v‡Ki ˆeVK (1821)

Uª‡cvi ˆeV‡Ki ci 1821 mv‡j jvBe¨v‡K kw³ mgev‡qi Z…Zxq ˆeVK AbywôZ nq| Uª‡cvi
†NvlYvcÎ Abymv‡i †bcj†mi we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ Aw÷ªqv‡K `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| Aw÷ªqvi
†mbvevwnbx eyi‡uev dvw`©bv›`‡K †bcj‡mi wmsnvm‡b cybcÖwZôv K‡i| Zviv wcWg‡›Ui D`vi‰bwZK
msweavb `gb K‡i Ges BZvwj‡Z ˆ¯^ivPvwi ivRZš¿‡K mwµq K‡i| wKQyw`‡bi R‡b¨ †MvUv
BD‡iv‡c †gUviwb‡Ki Av`k© weRqx nq|
†f‡ivbvi ˆeVK (1822)
AZci †f‡ivbv kn‡i 1822 mv‡j kw³ mgev‡qi PZz_© ˆeVK e‡m| BwZg‡a¨ K¨vwbs Bsj¨v‡Ûi
ciivóª gš¿xi c` jvf K‡ib| K¨vwbs g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, kw³ mgev‡q †hvM`v‡bi d‡j Bsj¨vÛ
¯^vaxbfv‡e Zuvi ciivóª bxwZ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb| ZvQvov kw³ mgev‡qi Kvh©Kjvc

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 61

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

Bsj¨v‡Ûi ¯^v_© we‡ivax nIqvq K¨vwbs kw³ mgev‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ Kivi wPšÍv K‡ib|
†f‡ivbvi m‡¤§j‡b †gUviwbK Bsj¨v‡Ûi AvcwË AMÖvn¨ K‡i †¯ú‡bi we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨
†¯ú‡b divwm ‰mb¨ cvVvevi cÖ¯vÍ e cvk Kivb| †gUviwbK i¶Ykxj †`k¸‡jvi mg_©b †c‡q
Bsj¨vÛ‡K †KvYVvmv K‡i kw³ mgevq‡K wbR B”Qvq Pvjv‡Z _v‡Kb| divwm †mbv †¯ú‡b cÖ‡ek
K‡i ‡¯úb I cZ©yMv‡ji D`vi‰bwZK we‡`ªvn `gb K‡ib| Av‡gwiKvi †¯ú‡bi Dcwb‡e‡ki cÖ‡kœ
G-jv-k¨vc‡ji ˆeV‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi AvcwËi d‡j gyjZwe wQj| AvZ¥Z…ß †gUviwbK GB cÖkœ cybivq
DÌvcb Ki‡j cÖwZev‡` Bsj¨v‡Û †fibvi ˆeVK eR©b K‡i| GB mgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi c`Z¨v‡Mi
d‡j PZztkw³ †f‡½ c‡o |

†f‡ivbvi ‰eV‡Ki ci kw³ mgevq Kvh©Z †f‡½ hvq| wMÖ‡mi we‡`ªv‡ni mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Rvi
cÖ_g Av‡jK‡RÛvi †m›U wcUvm©ev‡M© kw³ mgev‡qi cÂg m‡¤§jb Avnevb K‡ib| Bsj¨vÛ G
ˆeVK eR©b K‡i| Zzi‡¯‹i weiæ‡× ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi Rb¨ wMÖm we‡`ªvn Ki‡j Rvi wMÖ‡mi c¶ wb‡Z
B”Qv cÖKvk K‡ib| wKš‘ †gUvwbK I Ab¨ †bZviv g‡b K‡ib †h, Rvi Zzi¯‹‡K nwU‡q wbR ¶gZv
e„w×i †Póvq Av‡Qb| myZivs Zviv hyw³ †`Lvb Uª‡cvi †NvlbvcÎ Abymv‡i we‡`ªvnx wMÖm‡K ivwkqv
mvnvh¨ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Zzi¯‹ Gwkqvi †`k| BD‡ivwcq kw³ mgev‡qi mv‡_ Gwkqvi †Kv‡bv m¤úK©
†bB| G‡Z Rv‡ii m‡½ kw³ mgev‡qi Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i g‡bvgvwjb¨ †`Lv †`q|

kvw³ mgev‡qi cÖK…wZ

BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq RbM‡bi cÖwZwbwa‡`i msMVb bv n‡q BD‡iv‡ci i¶Ykxj I
cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³e‡M©i GKwU HK¨e܇b cwiYZ nq| GKgvÎ Bsj¨vÛ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ ivóª
gvÎB ˆ¯^ivPv‡i wek¦vmx wQj| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq M‡o D‡VwQj cieZx© mg‡q
Zv‡Z cwieZ©b j¶¨ Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g hLb GwU msMwVZ nq ZLb Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvšÍR©vwZK
kvwšÍ i¶v Kiv| wKšÍ G-jv-k¨v‡c‡ji m‡¤§j‡bi GUv cÖgvwYZ nj †h, BD‡ivcxq ms‡Ni m`m¨MY
¯^v_©ciZvi bxwZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQ‡jb| `vm e¨emv eÜ Kiv Ges f~ga¨ mvM‡i Rj`my¨Zv
wbeviY wb‡q m`m¨ e‡M©i g‡a¨ †h gZev` nh Zv G ¯^v_©ciZvi cwiPq enb K‡i| Uª‡cvi
m‡¤§j‡bi mgq n‡Z BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq GKwU cywjwk iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| MYZš¿ I
RvZxqZvev‡`i ewntcÖKvk ejc~e©K `gb Kiv Gi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| †gUviwb‡Ki nv‡Z GB
msMVbwU me©cÖKvi cÖMwZkxj Av`k© `g‡bi nvwZqvi n‡q `vuovq|

kw³ mgev‡qi e¨_©Zvi KviY

†b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi ci BD‡iv‡ci kvwšÍ I w¯’wZ cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ kw³ mgevq ¯’vwcZ n‡jI cÖvq
†`o `k‡Ki g‡a¨ GB msMVb †f‡½ c‡o| kw³ mgev‡qi cZ‡bi cÖavb KviY wQj GwU
†b‡cvwjq‡bi cybivµg‡Yi f‡q MwVZ nq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Avµg‡Yi Avkv wZ‡ivwnZ n‡Z bv n‡ZB
kw³ mg~‡ni cvi¯úvwiK ¯^v_© I we‡iva cÖKU n‡q I‡V Ges HK¨ webó nq| GQvov kw³ mgev‡qi
†Kv‡bv MVbg~jK D‡Ïk¨ wQjbv| d‡j †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi ci kw³ mgev‡qi wfwË `ye©j n‡q
c‡o I PZztkw³ wQj ci¯úwe‡ivax| cweÎ Pzw³ Øviv Rvi cÖ_g Av‡jKRvÛvi BD‡iv‡ci ¯’j kw³
¸wj‡K wbR c‡¶ G‡b †bŠkw³ai Bsj¨vÛ PZztkw³ mwÜ Kiv BD‡iv‡ci ¯’j kw³ ¸wji wgÎZv
jvf K‡i ivwkqvi D‡Ïk¨‡K e¨nZ K‡i| ivwkqv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi GB cÖwZØw›ØZvi my‡hv‡M
†gUviwbK kw³ mgevq‡K wbR D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Kv‡R jvMvb| ivwkqv I e„‡U‡bi GB ؇›Øi
d‡j kw³ mgevq AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o Ges †kl ch©šÍ Bsj¨vÛ kw³ mgevq Z¨vM K‡i|

kw³ mgevq m`m¨‡`i ci¯úvwiK ¯^v‡_©i msNv‡Z aesmcÖvß nq| †b‡cvwjqb fxwZ `~i n‡j
m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Cl©v I ¯^v‡©_i Ø›Ø bMœfv‡e cÖKU nq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi †bŠ kw³i cÖZvc Ges Zzi‡¯‹i

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 62
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

m‡½ Bsj¨v‡Ûi wgÎZvi Rb¨ ivwkqvi Rvi ¶yä nb| Gw`‡K ivwkqvi weivU ¯’j evwnbxi f‡q
Aw÷ªqv AvZw¼Z nq| GB Kvi‡Y wMÖ‡mi we‡`ªvn Dcj‡¶ ivwkqvi n¯Í‡¶‡c Aw÷ªqv we‡ivwaZv
K‡ib| Bsj¨vÛ Uª‡cvi †NvlYvi we‡ivwaZv Kivq Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖwZev` AvMÖvn¨ K‡i Aw÷ªqv I ivwkqv
†¯ú‡bi we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ divwm ‡mbv cvVvq| G‡Z wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iva `vbv evu‡a |

kw³ mgev‡qi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ ivóªxq Av`‡k©i cv_©K¨ _vKvq m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨ wQjbv| e„wUk
miKv‡ii PwiÎ wQj mvsweavwbK, Aciw`‡K Aw÷ªqv, cÖæwkqv I ivwkqvq miKvi e¨e¯’v wQj
ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K| GR‡b¨ D`vicš’x Bsj¨v‡Ûi ms‡M i¶Ykxj kw³¸wji `„wófw½i cv_©K¨ †`Lv †`q|
Bsj¨vÛ‡K †`‡ki cvj©v‡g›U I Rbg‡Zi mg_©b wb‡q ciivóª bxwZ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Aci
w`‡K ˆ¯^iZš¿x kw³¸wji GB `vwqZ¡ wQjbv| Zviv †Kej ivRvi B”Qv‡ZB bxwZ wba©viY KiZ|
weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x K¨vmjwiKvkw³ mgev‡qi cÖwZ Bsj¨v‡Ûi `ye©jZvi R‡b¨ cvjv©‡g‡›U mgv‡jvwPZ
nb| GB Kvi‡Y Bsj¨vÛ †kl ch©šÍ kw³ mgevq Z¨vM K‡i| Bsj¨v‡Ûi bZzb ciivóª gš¿x K¨vwbs
Gi bxwZi d‡j GB kw³ mgev‡qi cZb N‡U|

†gUviwbK kw³ mgvevq‡K Uª‡cvi m‡¤§j‡bi ci i¶YkxjZvi evn‡K cwiYZ K‡ib| kw³
mgev‡qi g~j j¶¨ PZztkw³ m‡¤§j‡bi M„nxZ n‡qwQj| †gUviwb‡Ki cÖfv‡e kw³ mgevq Zvi g~j
Av`k© †_‡K m‡i hvq, Bsj¨vÛ G Rb¨ nZvk n‡q c‡o| †WwfW Ugm‡bi g‡Z, kvw³ mgev‡qi
DwPr wQj wf‡qbv Pzw³‡K Aj•NYxq bv †f‡e b¨vh¨ HwZnvwmK cwieZ©b ¸‡jv‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv| †h
†¶‡Î cªK…Z RvZxqZvev` I MYZš¿ †`Lv ‡`q Zv‡K ¯^xK„wZ bv †`Iqvi A_© wQj BwZnv‡mi MwZi
weiæ× hvIqv| wKš‘ Uª‡cvi †NvlYv Øviv BwZnv‡mi AMÖMwZ iƒ× Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| kw³ mgev‡qi
GB cÖwZwµqvkxj PwiÎ Gi cZb Zivwš^Z K‡i|

1815 mvj n‡Z BD‡iv‡c cici K‡qK eQi km¨nvwb, Liv Ges wkí g›`v †`Lv †`q| eû e¨vsK
I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb eÜ n‡q hvq| miKvi¸‡jv e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi Dci evowZ Ki
Pvwc‡q ‡`q| d‡j i¶Ykxj miKvi ¸‡jvi Dci RbM‡Yi Av¯’v bó nq| D`vi‰bwZK bxwZ I
RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb cÖej nq| GgZve¯’vq kw³ mgevq †gUviwb‡Ki cÖfv‡e `gb bxwZ MÖnY
K‡i| G‡Z K‡i kw³ mgevq ˆbwZK kw³ nvwi‡q ‡d‡j weª‡Ub kw³ mgevq‡K Ggb fv‡e
e¨envi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q hv‡Z cÖK…Z RvZxqZvev`x I MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ev¯Íe‡K
†g‡b †bIqv nq| wKš‘ †gUviwbK kw³ mgevq‡K GKwU `gb bxwZi nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ Kivq weª‡Ub
Zvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i|

mvims‡¶c
cweÎ mwÜ I PZztkw³ mwÜi bxwZ mg~n ev¯Íevqb Kivi j‡¶¨ BD‡iv‡ci kw³ mgev‡qi g‡a¨ †h
HK¨ M‡o I‡V Zv‡KB kw³ mgevq e‡j| kw³ mgev‡qi Kvh©vejx Øviv BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍ I w¯’wZ
eRvq ivL‡Z m‡Pó nq| wKš‘ cÖMwZev`x I cªwZwµqvkxj‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø we‡kl K‡i Bsj¨vÛ
ebvg Aw÷ªqv, cÖæwkqv, ivwkqvi we‡iva kw³ mgev‡qi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ m„wó K‡i Ges
†kl ch©šÍ kw³ mgevq †f‡½ c‡o| GK_v mZ¨ †h hw`I kw³ mgevq wedj nq ZeyI ÒKs‡Mªm
K~UbxwZÓ ev kw³ mgev‡qi K~UbxwZi g~j wQj my`~icÖmvwi| cieZ©xKv‡j BD‡iv‡ci eû mgm¨v

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 63

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

Ks‡Mªm K~UbxwZi Øviv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq| BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq hy× bv K‡i kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi bZzb c_ ‡`Lvq|

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 64
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

1| mwVK Dˇi wUK () wPý w`‡Z n‡e

K) cweÎ Pzw³i cwiKíbv K‡ib †K?
1. cÖ_g Av‡jKR¨vÛvi 2. †gvUiwbK
2. 3.Kvmjwi 4. K¨vwbs

L) cweÎ PzwËi D‡Ïk¨ wK wQj?

1. i¶Ykxj bxwZi cybcÖwZôv 2. D`viZvwš¿K bxwZ cÖwZôv Kiv
3. RvZxqZvev`x gZ cÖwZôv 4. BwZnv‡mi MwZ eRvq ivLv |

M) PZztkw³ mwÜ ¯^v¶iKvix †`k mg~n wK wK?

1. †¯úb, Aw÷ªqv, ivwkqv, cÖæwkqv 2. Aw÷ªqv ivwkqv, cÖvwkqv, wMÖm
3. d«vÝ, cZy©Mvj Aw÷ªqv, ivwkqv 4.  Aw÷ªqv, cÖæwkqv, ivwkqv, Bsj¨vÛ |

N) G-jv- k¨vc‡ji ˆeV‡K bZzb †Kvb ‡`k‡K kw³ mgev‡qi m`m¨ Kiv nq?
1. wMÖm 2. †ejwRqvg
3. d«vÝ 4. †¯úb

O) Uª‡cvi †NvlYvcÎ ‡K iPbv K‡ib ?

1.†b‡cvwjqb 2. Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb
3. Kvmjwi 4.  †gUviwbK |

P) †Kvb m‡¤§j‡b Bsj¨vÛ kw³ mgevq Z¨vM K‡i ?

1. G-jv-k¨vc‡j m‡¤§j‡b 2.  †f‡ivbvi m‡¤§j‡b
3. Uª‡cvi m‡¤§j‡b 4. jyBe¨v‡Ki m‡¤§j‡b |

2| msw¶ß cÖkœ
K. BD‡ivwcq kw³ mgevq ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
L. cweÎ Pzw³ wK?
M. PZztkw³ mwÜ †Kb ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj?
N. cweÎ Pzw³i j¶¨ wK wQj?
O. Uª‡cvi †NvlYvcÎ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?

3| iPbyvg~jK cÖkœ
K) BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? kw³ mgev‡qi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Kiæb|
L) BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq wK? Gi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
M) BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgev‡qi e¨_©Zvi KviY mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
N) cweÎ Pzw³ ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? Gi j¶¨ I Av`k© e¨vL¨v Kiæb? Bnv †Kb e¨_© n‡qwQj?
O) PZztkw³mwÜi cUf~wg eY©bv Kiæb| Bnvi mvdj¨ wK wQj?

cvV - 3
AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 65
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

†gUviwbK e¨e¯’v
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 †gUviwb‡Ki e¨e¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †gUviwb‡Ki i¶Ykxj bxwZ I cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ZrKvjxb BD‡iv‡ci †gUviwb‡Ki cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†gUviwbK e¨e¯’v
1815 †_‡K 1848 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z wQ‡jb Aw÷ªqvi cÖavbgš¿x wcÖÝ
†gUviwbK| †KD †KD GB hyM‡K Ô‡gUviwb‡Ki hyMÕ (Era of Metternich) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
hw` e¨w³i Øviv BwZnv‡mi MwZ cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K Z‡e wbtm‡›`‡n †gUviwbK wQ‡jb †mB e¨w³
whwb Zuvi mg‡q BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡K wKQyUv n‡jI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| ÔwcÖÝ
†gUviwbK wQ‡jb Aw÷ªqvi n¨vcmevM© mvgªv‡R¨i cÖavbgš¿x ev P¨v‡Ýji| Zuvi cÖfy wQ‡jb Aw÷ªqvi
mgªvU cÖ_g d«vwÝm Ges cÖ_g dvw`©bv›`| wZwb ivBbj¨v‡Ûi AwfRvZ eskxq †jvK wQ‡jb| wZwb
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K…wZ QvÎ wQ‡jb| AvBb I fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Zuvi cvi`wk©Zv wQj| Zuvi evKaviv wQj
eyw×`xß| wZwb RwUj ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v¸wj‡K PgrKvi fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wf‡qbv
m‡¤§j‡b wZwb wQ‡jb mfvcwZ|

†gUviwbK Lye gvwR©Z iæwPi †jvK n‡jI Zuvi Pwi‡Î GKwU ¯^fvewm× PvZzh© wQj| wZwb cÖwZc¶‡K
Rã Ki‡Z bxP KvR Ki‡Z KzÚv †eva Ki‡Zb bv| Rvi cÖ_g Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g‡Z †gUviwbK
wQ‡jb Ôwg_¨vev`xÕ| Kvmjwi Zuv‡K ÔivR‰bwZK fuvoÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| †b‡cvwjq‡bi g‡Z
Ô‡gUviwbK wQ‡jb GKRb PµvšÍKvix| wZwb ivRbxwZÁ wQ‡jb bvÕ (An Intriguer not a
statesman)| wZwb Avm‡j wQ‡jb GKRb fqvbK AvZ¥¤¢ix I `vw¤¢K cÖK…wZi †jvK| 1848 wLªt
†deªæqvwi wecø‡ei mgq wZwb ¯^‡`k †_‡K cvwj‡q Bsj¨v‡Û Avkªq †bb| Zey wZwb wbR fyj ¯^xKvi
bv K‡i e‡jb †h, ÔGB c„w_ex‡Z nq Avwg A‡bK Av‡M A_ev A‡bK c‡i G‡mwQÕ (I have come
in this world either too early or too late)|

Aw÷ªqvi cÖavbgš¿x wcÖÝ †gUviwbK Zuvi i¶Ykxj gZev‡`i Rb¨ weL¨vZ| †gUviwb‡Ki †Kv‡bv
system ev evavaiv cÖ_v wQj bv e‡j A‡bK HwZnvwmK gšÍe¨ K‡ib| †gUviwb‡Ki KZK¸wj
we‡kl ivR‰bwZK wek¦vm ev gZvgZ wQj| †mB gZvgZ¸wj‡K Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ wZwb wewfbœ
e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi bxwZ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z †h †`‡k †hiKg bxwZ MÖnY Kiv `iKvi Zv wZwb
Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ wZwb Zuvi G ivR‰bwZK gZev`‡K Ggbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡ib †h Zvi bxwZ †gUviwbK
ZË¡ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ nq|

wecøe `gb bxwZ

Pig cÖwZwµqvkxj nevi Kvi‡Y †gUviwbK cÖMwZkxj Av‡›`vjb‡K mybR‡e †`‡Lbwb| divwm
wecø‡ei Av`k©‡K wZwb N„Yv Ki‡Zb| wZwb Rvb‡Zb †h, wecøex Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j
cÖwZwµqvkxj‡`i cZb Aem¤¢vex| wZwb GI Rvb‡Zb †h, wecøex Av‡›`vjb †Kv‡bv GK †`‡k
GKevi Qwo‡q co‡j Zv mviv BD‡ivc‡K MÖvm Ki‡e| ZvB AwfRvZ ¯^v_©-msi¶‡Y ga¨hyMxq mvgšÍ
cÖ_v‡K mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb wecøe hv‡Z bv N‡U Ges wecøe NU‡j Zv K‡Vvi nv‡Z `gb

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 66
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kivi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| Concert of Europe †K wZwb `viæYfv‡e e¨envi K‡ib| we‡`ªvn `gb
Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Uªv‡cvi †NvlYvcÎ cÖPvi K‡ib| G‡Z ejv nq -
1| hw` BD‡iv‡ci †Kv‡bv †`‡k wecøe N‡U Ges djkÖæwZ‡Z ivRv Zvi b¨vh¨ AwaKvi ev wmsnvmb
ewÂZ nb Z‡e, †mB †`k‡K BD‡ivcxq kw³ mgevq †_‡K ewn¯‹vi Kiv n‡e|
2| hw` wecø‡ei d‡j cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki kvwšÍ webó nevi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q Zvn‡j kw³ mgevq
†mB wecøe‡K ejc~e©K `gb K‡i kw³ I w¯’wZ Ae¯’v wdwi‡q Avb‡e| A_©vr kw³ mgevqB n‡e
mKj iv‡R¨i Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Ae¯’vi wbqšZv| †Kv‡bv †`‡k wecøe msNwVZ n‡j Zv‡K †mB
†`‡ki Af¨šÍixY welq wn‡m‡e bv †`‡L AvšÍR©vwZK welq wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb,
†h‡nZz wecøe GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o ZvB Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK welq‡K Avjv`v
K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e bq| G †NvlYvc‡Î AviI ejv nq †h, wecø‡ei Øviv miKvi cwieZ©b Ges msweavb
¯’vcb †e-AvBwb| †gUviwbK Zuvi G bxwZi Øviv †bcjm, wcWgÛ I †¯ú‡bi wecøe `gb K‡ib|

we‡`ªvn `g‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ we‡`ªvn hv‡Z bv NU‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wZwb wbR †`k Aw÷ªqvq wecøe
cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| G e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ wQj mKj cÖKvi ms¯‹vi I cÖMwZkxj fveaviv
wbwl× Kiv| wkw¶Z- A_©vr QvÎ wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡Z wecøe A¼zwiZ n‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ QvÎ
Ges Aa¨vcK‡`i MwZwewai Dci bRi ivLvi Rb¨ ¸ßPi wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Qv·`i we‡`k Mgb
Ges we‡`kx Qv·`i Aw÷ªqvi AvMgb wbwl× Kiv nq| BwZnvm I ivóªweÁvb cvV wbwl× Kiv nq
hv‡Z K‡i Qv·`i gv‡S ¯^vaxb I hyw³ev`x wPšÍvi weKvk bv N‡U| Ges m‡e©vcwi wk¶v e¨e¯’v
cÖwZwµqvkxj K¨v_wjK wMR©vi Aax‡b Avvbv nq Ges cy¯K
Í wbqš¿Y cwil` MwVZ nq|

MYZ‡š¿i weiæ×vPviY
†gUviwbK ivRZš¿‡K †hgb cQ›` Ki‡Zb MYZš¿‡K †Zgwb N„Yv Ki‡Zb| KviY divwm wecø‡ei
d‡j ga¨weË †kªYxi m„wó nq hviv ivRvi ¶gZv ev ivRZš¿, ‰¯^ikvmb, AwfRvZ I cy‡ivwnZ
Aemvb NwU‡q MYZš¿, e¨w³- ¯^vaxbZv, †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ PvKzix, Aeva evwYR¨, RvZxq ivóª
BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvi cÖ‡Póv K‡i hv GKRb cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmK †Kv‡bv fv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibv|
†gUviwbK g‡b Ki‡Zb GB aviv mf¨Zvwe‡ivax I Aïf Ges ga¨we‡Ëi AvKvO¶v nj ivRvi
¶gZv `Lj Kiv| GB Aïf aviv¸‡jv hv‡Z BD‡iv‡c AkvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ wZwb
ga¨weË †kªYxi fveaviv‡K ÔivR‰bwZK gnvgvixÕ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i ivRv‡K mKj ¶gZvi g~j e‡j
†NvlYv K‡ib|

†gUviwbK g‡b Ki‡Zb ivRv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa, Zuvi (Ck¦‡ii) Av‡`kB ivRv eskvbyµwgKfv‡e
ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡eb| G Kvi‡Y cÖRv ivRvi AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z eva¨ Ges ivóª cwiPvjbvi
e¨vcv‡i Third State Gi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| ivRv I AwfRvZiv Zvi g‡Z wQj
mgvR e¨e¯’vi aviK| GKgvÎ Zv‡`i gva¨‡gB ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e, mvaviY RbMY Øviv bq|
ZvB RvwZ ej‡Z ivResk Ges ivóª ej‡Z ivRv‡KB eySv‡e| ivRZš¿‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨
Uªv‡cvi †NvlYv c‡Î wZwb e‡jb-ivRv †¯^”Qvq I webv cÖ‡ivPbvq †h msweavb `vb Ki‡eb, GKgvÎ
†mB msweavb ˆea e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

†gUviwb‡Ki GB bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ wQj g~jZ D`vicš’x Av‡›`vjb‡K `gb K‡i ivRZš¿‡K kw³kvjx
Kiv Ges ¶gZvPz¨Z ivResk‡K ¶gZvq cyb cÖwZôv Kiv| wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g eyi‡euv
ivRes‡ki cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq| wZwb Aw÷ªqvi n¨vcmevM© es‡ki ¶gZv‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci
cÖwZôv K‡ib| ZvQvov b¨vh¨ AwaKvi bxwZi AvIZvq nj¨v‡Ûi A‡iÄ ivResk, †cv‡ci ivR¨,

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 67

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

mvw`©wbqv wcWg›U; m¨vfq ivResk †¯úb I BZwji †bcjm& I wmwmwj eyiu‡ev es‡ki `vwe`vi‡K
cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

Rvg©vb bxwZ
†gUviwbK Rvg©vwb‡Z Zuvi i¶Ykxj gZev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ we‡kl hZœ †bb| Rvg©vwb wQj Aw÷ªqvi
cÖwZ‡ekx I A½ivR¨| †gUviwbK Zuvi i¶Ykxj w¯’Zve¯’v bxwZ Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨
we‡kl e¨e¯’v †bb| GRb¨ wf‡qbv Ks‡MÖ‡m Rvg©vb H‡K¨i cwiKíbv †ck Ki‡j †gUviwbK Zv
bvKP K‡i †`b| ZuviB D‡Ï¨‡M Rvg©vwb‡K 39wU A½iv‡R¨ wef³ K‡i GKwU †dWv‡ikb MVb
Kiv nq| Aw÷ªqv G †dWv‡ik‡bi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e Rvg©vwb‡Z RvZxqZvev`x I D`vi‰bwZK
fveaviv‡K `wg‡q iv‡Lbv| cÖvwkqvi ivRv Z…Zxq †dWvwiK DBwjqvg hv‡Z cÖvwkqvq D`vi‰bwZK
msweavb Pvjy bv K‡ib GRb¨ wZwb cÖvwkqvi ivRvi Dci Pvc m„wó K‡ib| e¨vfvwiqv, D‡UgevM©
cÖf„wZ ivR¨‡KI wZwb D`vicš’v †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡ib| Rvg©vwbi QvÎ I eyw×Rxexiv RvZxqZvev`x I
D`vicš’x msweav‡bi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb K‡i| †gUviwbK GB fveavivi cÖwZ Zxeª N„Yv cÖKvk K‡ib|
Z_vKw_Z G ˆbivR¨ev`x kw³‡K `g‡bi Rb¨ wZwb `gbg~jK Kj©mevW wWwµ Rvg©vwb‡Z Pvjy
K‡ib| GB wWwµi e‡j Rvg©vwbi D`vicš’x QvÎ, Aa¨vcK‡`i wbMÖn Kiv nq| GgbwK D`vicš’x,
†`k‡cÖwgK QvÎ msMVb wbwl× Kiv nq I msev`c‡Îi KÚ‡iva Kiv nq| ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl×
Kiv nq| Rvg©vb QvÎiv hv‡Z Rvg©vb RvZxqZvev` Øviv cÖfvweZ bv nq GRb¨ me©cÖKvi †Póv Kiv
nq| `gbbxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †gBbR kn‡i GK we‡kl `ßi ¯’vwcZ nq| 1830-Gi RyjvB
wecø‡ei ci `gbg~jK Kj©mevW wWwµ‡Z AviI K‡qKwU aviv hy³ Kiv nq|

BZvwj bxwZ
wf‡qbv Pzw³i Øviv Rvg©vwb‡Z AšÍZ GKwU wkw_j hy³ivóª Mov nq| BZvwji RvZxqZvev`‡K AMÖvn¨
K‡i wf‡qbv Pzw³‡Z †gUviwbK BZvwj‡Z G iKg †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v Movi my‡hvM †`bwb| wZwb
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e BZvwji HK¨ wPšÍvi cwimgvwß NUvb| cÖavb cuvPwU fv‡M I K‡qKwU ¶z`ªfv‡M
wef³ BZvwji Dci wZwb cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e Zuvi i¶Ykxj bxwZ Pvwc‡q †`b| ga¨ BZvwji
n¨vcmevM© kvmKiv wQj Zuvi µxobK| †gUviwb‡Ki ¸ß cywjk evwnbx Aw÷ªqv kvwmZ j¤^vwW© I
†fwbwmqv Ges n¨vcmevM© kvwmZ A‡j AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Zv| Aw÷ªqv kvwmZ BZvwj‡Z Rvg©vb
Kg©KZ©v B”Qvc~e©K wb‡qvM Kiv nZ| BZvwji RvZxqZvev`x‡`i `gb Kivi Rb¨ †b‡cvwjq‡bi
Avg‡j †KvW †b‡cvwjqb I †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ PvKzix‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v †gUviwbK †jvc K‡ib|
†hvM¨, `¶ BZvwjq eyw×Rxweiv Ae‡nwjZ nq| †b‡cvwjq‡bi Avg‡j †h †cŠi e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq,
†gUviwb‡Ki mg_©bcy÷ i¶Ykxj kvmKiv Zv we‡jvc K‡ib| K‡Vvi wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g HK¨ wPšÍv
`gb K‡i AvÂwjKZv‡K Drmvn †`qv nq|

Awֻqv bxwZ
Aw÷ªqvi mvgªvR¨ wQj †gUviwb‡Ki nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| myZivs, Zuvi i¶Ykxj bxwZi m¤ú~Y© cÖKvk
n¨vcmevM© mvgªv‡R¨ †`Lv hvq| Aw÷ªqvi mKj cÖKvi ms¯‹vi I cÖMwZkxj fveaviv wbwl× Kiv nq|
Qv·`i I Aa¨vcK‡`i MwZwewai Ici bRi ivLvi Rb¨ †Mv‡q›`v wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Qv·`i
we‡`‡k Aa¨qb Ges we‡`kx Aa¨vcK‡`i Aw÷ªqvq Aa¨vcbv wbwl× Kiv nq| Aw÷ªqvi †fZi
Ôw¯’Zve¯’vÕ (Status quo) eRvq ivLvB wQj †gUviwb‡Ki GKgvÎ j¶¨ | BwZnvm I ivóªweÁv‡bi
cVb-cvVb wbwl× Kiv nq|

n¨vcmevM© mvgªv‡R¨ cÖRv we‡`ªvn `g‡bi Rb¨ †gUviwbK wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ we‡f` bxwZ
cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| †PK cywjk Øviv Aw÷ªq‡`i, Rvg©vb cywjk Øviv †PK‡`i, nv‡½ixq cywjk Øviv

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 68
Gm Gm Gm GBP Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BZvwjq‡`i wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| Kvj© gvK©m Aw÷ªqvi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© wj‡L‡Qb ÒmKj cÖKvi Kv‡qgx
¯^v_©‡K †gUviwbK mg_©b Ki‡ZbÓ| wewfbœ RvwZ†Mvôx Øviv MwVZ n¨vcmevM© mvgªv‡R¨ HK¨ I
cyivZb e¨e¯’v i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Zb| ZvQvov †gUviwbK Aw÷ªqvi mvgvwRK
I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b hv‡Z †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b bv nq †mRb¨ m‡Pó nb| Aw÷ªqv hv‡Z GKwU K…wl
A_©bxwZi AbMÖmi mvgšÍZvwš¿K †`k wn‡m‡e _v‡K, †mRb¨ wZwb †Póv Pvjvb| Aw÷ªqv‡Z wZwb wkí
wecø‡e evav †`b| KviY, wZwb Avk¼v Ki‡Zb †h, wkí wecøe n‡j ga¨weË †kªYxi D™¢e n‡e Ges
w¯’wZkxj mgvR e¨e¯’v †f‡½ co‡e|

ejKvb bxwZ
Aw÷ªqv wMÖ‡mi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| wMÖ‡m AwaKvsk wLª÷vb nIqv‡Z ivwkqv
†P‡qwQj Ab¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i nvZ †_‡K wLª÷vb‡`i i¶v Ki‡Z| ZvB †m hy‡× AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
PvB‡j †gUviwbK ivwkqv‡K wbe„Z K‡ib| KviY, wZwb wMÖ‡mi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb‡K b¨vqm½Z
kvm‡bi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Av‡iv g‡b Ki‡Zb H GjvKvh ivwkqvi cÖvavb¨
cÖwZwôZ n‡j Aw÷ªqvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡Z cv‡i|

†gUviwb‡Ki e¨e¯’v 1815-1848 mvj ch©šÍ †gvUvgywUfv‡e P‡j| Ae‡k‡l 1848 wLª÷ wecø‡ei
AvNv‡Z Gi cZb N‡U| Aw÷ªqvi ivRavbx wf‡qbv‡Z 1848 mv‡j †h QvÎ I kªwgK we‡`ªvn N‡U
µ‡g Zv cÖ‡`k¸wj‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| †gUviwbK Bsj¨v‡Û cjvqb Ki‡j Zvi iwPZ Av`‡k©i cZb
N‡U|

†gUviwb‡Ki e¨e¯’vi e¨_©Zv

‡gUviwbK BwZnv‡mi wecix‡Z Pj‡Z wM‡q e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| wZwb ivRv‡`i civgk© w`‡Zb ÒivRZ¡
Kiæb wKš‘ ms¯‹vi Ki‡eb bvÓ| †gUviwb‡Ki GB bxwZ wQj Abyc‡hvMx| HwZnvwmK Kvj©Ub
†nB‡Ri g‡Z, Ò†gUviwbK hw`I †k·cxqv‡ii bvUK, we‡Uv‡dv‡bi m½xZ I M¨v‡Ui Kve¨MÖš’
co‡Zb ZeyI wZwb Zuvi mgKvjxb hy‡Mi fveaviv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ibwbÓ| wØZxqZ, Zvi gZev‡`i
†Kv‡bv MVbg~jK w`K wQjbv| ms¯‹vi wegyLZvi Kvi‡Y bZzb I cyivZb Av`‡k©i mgš^q mvab
Kivi †Póv K‡ibwb| Z„ZxqZ, mKj ivRvi mg_©b cvbwb| Bsj¨vÛ cÖ_g †_‡KB Zuvi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i| Rvg©vwb‡Z i¶YkxjZvi weiæ‡× RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb `vbv eva‡Z _v‡K| d«vÝ I
†ejwRqv‡g †gUviwb‡Ki e¨e¯’v †f‡½ c‡o| d«vÝ Bsj¨v‡Ûi m‡½ †hvM †`q| RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j
Zuvi bxwZ boe‡o n‡q c‡o Ges 1848 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei gva¨‡g Zuvi bxwZi Aemvb
N‡U|

mvims‡¶c
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi ga¨gwb, BD‡iv‡c i¶Ykxj bxwZi aviK I evnK †gUviwbK MYZš¿ I
RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡ki c_ iæ× Ges wecøe `gb K‡i ag©, AwfRvZZš¿, ivResk GB wZ‡bi
cybcÖwZôv Ki‡Z †h bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib ZvB †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v bv‡g cwiwPZ| i¶Ykxj BD‡ivc
cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î †gUviwbK mdj n‡qwQ‡jb| 1815-1848 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ‡gUviwb‡Ki AvwacZ¨
Kg‡ewk eRvq _v‡K; wKš‘ wZwb cÖMwZkxj Av‡›`vjb mvgwqKfv‡e `gv‡Z cvi‡jI wbg~©j Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| d‡j cÖRv we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q GgbwK Zuvi wbR †`‡kI we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| Ae‡k‡l
1848 wLª÷v‡ãi wecø‡ei AvNv‡Z †gUviwb‡Ki cZb N‡U| GKB m‡½ Zuvi cÖwZwôZ i¶Ykxj
BD‡ivcI aŸ‡m c‡o|
cv†VvËi g~j¨vqb

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 69

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Gm Gm GBP Gj

1| mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý `vI|

K. †gUviwbK †K wQ‡jb?
(1) Bsj¨v‡Û cÖavbgš¿x (2) ivwkqvi cÖavbgš¿x
(3)  Aw÷ªqvi cÖavbgš¿x (4) cÖvwkqvi cÖavbgš¿x

L. 1948 wLª÷v‡ã †gUviwbK †Kv_vq cvwj‡q hvb?

(1) Bsj¨v‡Û (2) d«v‡Ý
(3) ivwkqvq (4) cÖvwkqvq

M. wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g d«v‡Ý †Kv‡bv ivRes‡ki cyb cÖwZôv nq?

(1) n¨vcmevM© (2) A‡iÄ
(3)  eyi‡euv (4) n¨v‡bvfvi

N. Kvj©mevW© wWwµ wK?

(1) D`vicš’x Av‡›`vjb `gb AvBb (2) cÖwZwµqvkxj Av‡›`vjb `gb AvBb
(3) i¶Ykxj gZev` `gb bxwZ (4) Bsj¨vÛ miKvi‡K †KvYVvmv Kivi bxwZ

O. †gUviwbK †Kvb †`‡k ivóªweÁvb I BwZnvm cVb-cvVb wbwl× K‡ib?

(1) d«v‡Ý (2)  Aw÷ªqvq
(3) cÖæwkqvq (4) ivwkqvq

2| †QvU cÖkœ
K. †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v wK?
L. †gUviwb‡Ki ejKvb bxwZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v e¨_© n‡qwQj?
N. wecøe `g‡bi Rb¨ †gUviwbK wK wK e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb?

3| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
K. †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Aw÷ªqv I BD‡iv‡c G e¨e¯’v KZLvwb djcÖm~ n‡qwQj?
L. †gUviwbK e¨e¯’v wK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mi MwZ iæ× K‡iwQj?
M. †gUviwb‡Ki i¶Ykxj bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| wK Kvi‡Y G bxwZ e¨_© nq?
N. Ebwesk kZvãxi i¶Ykxj `‡ji †bZv wn‡m‡e †gUviwb‡Ki f~wgKv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU - 2 c„ôv - 70