LIMA DEPARTMENTAL COUNCIL

CHAPTER OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL

MECHANICS

COURSE:
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS AND EXTRACTION OF
CARBON MONOXIDE
STAIR PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION

Eng. Cip Alfredo Escárate Cobeñas

REG. NO. CIP 66645
Lima August 16, 2018
 INDEX

1 .- Ventilation Calculation Based on Heat

2 .- Classification of Stairs according to the RNE .

3 .- Structural Considerations for the Design of Stairs .

4 .- Mechanical Design Considerations .

5 .- Example of Calculations .

6 .- Field System Balance.

7 .- Conclusions .

8 .- Bibliography .
1.- VENTILATION CALCULATION BASED ON HEAT

Given:
Q = Thermal load of a room to be ventilated (kcal/h) p = Air density
(1.2 kg/m 3 )
Cp = Specific Heat of air. (0.24 Kcal/ kg-°C)
Tamb= Outside Temperature.(°C)
Ts = Indoor or room temperature.(°C)
V = Volumetric air flow. (m 3 /h)

Thermal Load = Heat carried away by the air + Heat by conduction

Being conservative we can omit from the conduction loss, then:

Thermal Load = Heat carried away by the air

Thermal Load =px V x Cp x AT

Thermal Load =px V x Cp x (Ts-Tamb) Let's analyze this Equation.

 2.- CLASSIFICATION OF THE STAIRS ACCORDING TO THE RNE.
(Standard A.10 – General Design Considerations – Chap. VI - Art.26-27-28)

Article 26.
A) Integrated Article 27. The number and width
B) . Evacuation of the stairs will be determined
81: Ventilated Previous Lobby according to the travel distance of
82: Non-Ventilated Previous Lobby the evacuator, measured from the
83: PRESSURIZED room furthest from the stairs, and
84: open the floor with the greatest
85: Closed capacity.
86: Mixed.

Article 28.- Regardless of its use, every education must have at least 2 evacuation
stairs......
 (Standard A.10 – General Design Considerations – Chap. VI - Art.26)
VERTICAL CIRCULATION, OPENINGS TO THE
EXTERIOR, VANOS AND EVACUATION DOORS
Article 26.- There are 2 types of stairs:
A. INTEGRATED
They are those that are not isolated from horizontal circulation and whose objective is to
satisfy the transit needs of people between floors in a fluid and visible manner. These stairs
can be considered for calculation and support as means of evacuation, if the travel distance
allows it. They are not mandatory construction, since they depend on the architectural solution
and characteristics of the building.
B. EVACUATION
They are fire and smoke proof, they serve for the evacuation of people and access for
emergency response personnel. These stairs must meet the following requirements:

With Ventilated Front Lobby (Application in residential buildings, Designed

according to NFPA 101)

PRESSURIZED Its characteristics are the following:

• They will have a mechanical air injection system, according to
standard A.130.
• They must be closed to the outside.
• They are not allowed in residential buildings.
3.- STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EVACUATION STAIRS (Standard A.10 –
General Design Considerations – Chap. VI - Art.26)
Among other factors we have the following:
1. Every evacuation staircase must be located in such a way that it allows
users, in case of emergency, to exit the building quickly and safely.
2. They must be continuous from the 1st to the last floor.
3. They must be delivered directly to the sidewalk, at ground level or on a wide and
safe public road outside, or failing that, to a compartmentalized firebreak space that
leads to the public road.
4. It will not be continuous at a level below the first floor, unless it is equipped with an
approved barrier on the first floor, which makes it impossible for persons evacuating
the building to continue accidentally descending to the basement.
5. The VPV must have a minimum area that allows access and maneuver of an
evacuation stretcher...
6. The useful width of the doors must be calculated according to standard A.130 and
in no case less than 1m.
7. The doors must open in the direction of the evacuation flow of people.
8. Have a minimum width of 1.2m.
9. Have handrails on both sides.
10. They must be constructed of non-combustible material.
11. There should be no obstacles, combustible materials, ducts or openings inside the
box.
12. Passages from the inside of the box to the outside must have fire protection
(sealant) no less than the fire resistance of the box.
13. Inside Of the evacuation stairs, only those are allowed.
installations of fire protection systems.
14. Have stairwell enclosures with a fire resistance of 1 hour (up to 15m in height), 2
hours (up to 72m in height or more).
15. Have door frames and fire-rated accessories with a resistance of no less than 75%
of the stairwell and must be smoke-proof.
16. The space under the stairs cannot be used for any use if it is located inside the
stairwell.
17. Access to ducts and/or uprights is not permitted through the evacuation staircase,
except through the SCI.
18. They must have a fire hose pass….
19. The evacuation staircase must not have openings other than the exit doors.
access.
20. The stairs cannot be of the spiral type, unless they communicate a maximum of 2
levels, serving no more than 5 people.
STANDARD A.130
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Yo SUB-CHAPTER IV REQUIREMENTS FOR STAIR

PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS
 Article 29.- The fan and the air intake point must be located in
an area free of risk of contamination. tion by smoke, preferably
outside or on the roof of the building.
Article 30.- The installation of the ventilator is not
permitted. lator in basements or closed places, where an adjacent
fire could put air extraction at risk, loading the staircase with
smoke. The system must have air injection for each floor. The
minimum design pressure difference between the inside and
outside of the stairwell should be 0.05 inches water column and
the maximum 0.45 inches water column. water column for
buildings protected 100% with ro ciators.
STANDARD A.130
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Article 31.- The calculation for the design of the staircase

must be carried out taking into account at least the exit door on
the evacuation level and additional doors depending on the
number of floors, number of people evacuating, or other condition
 that requires consideration. a door open for a long time. The
maximum strength za required to open each of the stairwell
doors must not exceed 30 Ibf.
STANDARD A.130
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Article 32.- The suction and discharge of air from the ceiling
lights or fans must be equipped with smoke detectors
interconnected with the building's detection and alarm system in
such a way that it stops automatically. automatically in case smoke
enters through the impeller. The fan must be activated
automatically when any device in the ventilation system is
activated. tection and alarm. At least it must be activated by me
There were smoke detectors located at each access to the escape
stairs at no less than 3.0 m from the escape doors.
 PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS
| STANDARD A. 130 |
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Article 33.- The interconnection with the wing system mas
and detection (cables) must have cor protection tafuego for at
least 2 hours.
Article 34.- The energy supply for the mo The fan motors
must have two independent sources. teeth, automatic transfer.
The routes of these supplies must be independent and protected
with fire for 2 hours. Ali source transfer primary to secondary
mention must be made within 30 seconds after the primary
source failure. The control key must be separated from the
motorcycle pressurization switches so that the general contactor
does not act on this power supply. All sumi cables electric nitro
from the power panel to the fan motor inlet must have a pro Fire
protection for at least 2 hours.
STANDARD A.130
Article 35.- The fan must comply with the si following requirements:

a) Listed or equivalent.
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS
b) Preferably the radial centrifugal type.
c) In the event that the fan is driven by means of belts, the number of
these must be when I us 1.5 times the number of strips required for the
service design idea.
d) Every fan driven by means of belts must have at least two belts.
e) Calculations for selection and factory curve singing must be part of the
documents delivered.
f) Under no circumstances will the motor operate above the nameplate
power. The working power of determi It will be done by means of a field
measurement with three doors open.
g) The drive motor must have at least one fac 1.15 service tor
h) The fan must have protective guards for the belts.
i) The fan must have a base to isolate vibrations.
 PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS
| STANDARD A. 130 |
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Article 36.- Dampers and ducts must comply comply with the
following requirements:

a) Dampers must be listed according to UL 555S.

b) The damper bearings must be self-lubricated or bronze.
c) The sheets must be galvanized
d) The ducts can be made of iron, steel, aluminum, copper,
concrete, tiles or masonry as the case may be.
e) When the ducts are exposed inside the building, they must
have a 2- hour fireproof enclosure. ’
CALCULAT
CALCULAT
IONS
Stair
Geometric
Data :
1. Floor
Area =
17.61m².

2. Height =
3.2m.

3. Perimete
r = 18m .

4. Door=
1.0mx 2.15m

5. Levels =
18
Building Geometric
Data :
1. Perimeter =
103.01m .
 Table 1 Typical leakage areas for walls and floors of
commercial buildings

5.1.- GENERAL DATA.

Construction Element Tightness Area Ratio"

Exterior building walls Tight 1 ' 0.50x10-1

(includes construction Average 6 0.17 x 103
cracks and cracks around Loose 6 0.35 x 103
windows and doors) Very loose 6 0.12 x 102
1. Number of Levels: N = 18. Stairwell walls (includes Tight' 0.14 x 101
construction cracks but Averages 0.11 x 103
2. Number of Doors Open to the Outside = 1. not cracks around Loose' 0.35 x 1 03
windows and doors)
3. Number of Open Interior Doors = 3.

4. Stairs Floor Area = 17.61m² = 189.55 ft²

5. Height of stairs H = 3.2m = 10,499 ft.
6. Door : Width=1.0m, Height=2.15m;
Perimeter=6.3m=20.67ft², Area = 2.15 m² = 23.14ft²
7. Lateral Area of Building = 103.01mx 3.2m = 329.63 m² = 3548.13 ft². (by level)
8. Stair Side Area = 18m x 3.2m = 57.60m² = 620 ft² .(per level )
9. Leakage area around closed door = 6.3mx( 4 /1000)m=0.0252m²= 0.271ft²
10. Outdoor Design Temperature = 30°C = 546°R
11. Interior Design Temperature = 35°C = 555°R.
12. Typical leakage areas of building walls (table 1) = 0.17x10^(-3)=0.00017
13. Typical leakage areas of Stair walls (table 1) = 0.11x10^(-3)=0.00011
14. - Total force for opening the door = 30 Lb-f (NFPA 101 and RNE)
15. - Force to overcome the door closing mechanism = 10 Lb-f
16. - Minimum Differential Pressure = 0.05 in.wc (see table 2).

Table 2 Minimum Design Pressure Differences Across FORCE APPLIED TO A DOOR FOR SMOKE CONTROL
SYSTEM
Smoke Barriers. (NFPA 92A – 2009 Edition).

building Ceiling Design

Type Height Pressure
Difference
INDEX...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS.......................................................................................................................................................................11
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS.......................................................................................................................................................................13
CALCULATIONS..................................................................................................................................................................................................15
5.1.- GENERAL DATA..................................................................................................................................................................................17
5.2. - CALCULATIONS.............................................................................................................................................................................21
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER..........................................................................................................................................................31
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS..........................................................................................................................................................................43
THANK YOU SO MUCH..........................................................................................................................................................................................47

5.20WA\p
F — F for
+ 2(Wd}

AS: With sprinklers.

NS: No Sprinklers.
The maximum allowable pressure is defined by a characteristic force that a person is capable of exerting on a
door. NFPA 101 [7] specifies an empirical value of 132 N (30 Ibf). The ASHRAE handbook [1] provides the
following expression for the force resulting from balancing moments around the door hinge:
Where
F Maximum allowable force (30 Ibf)
Fdc Force required to overcome the self-closing mechanism (10 Ibf)
W Door width (2.95 ft)
TO Door area (21 ft2)
AP Pressure differential across the door
d Distance from the hinge to the edge of the door (0.25 ft)
 Table 1 Typical Leakage Areas for Walls and Floors Table 2 Minimum Design Pressure Differences
of Commercial Buildings Across Smoke Barriers. (NFPA 92A – 2009 Edition).
building Ceiling Height Design
Construction Element Tightness Area Ratio a
Type Pressure Difference

Exterior building walls Tight 1 ' 0.50X 104

(includes construction Averageb 0.17x 10-9 ACE Any 0.05
cracks and cracks around loose b 0.35x 10-3 N.S. 9ft 0.10
windows and doors) Come loose 6 0.12x 10-2 N.S. 15ft 0.14
Stairwell walls (includes Tighe 0.14x 10-4 N.S. 21ft 0.18
construction cracks, but "Average" 0.11x 103
0.35X 10-3 AS: With sprinklers.
not cracks around Loose C
windows and doors)
NS: No Sprinklers.

FORMULA TO CALCULATE THE AIR FLOW WITH ALL DOORS CLOSED

where
Q= volumetric flow rate, cfm
Q= \1^NA sh
N= number of floors
^Pshl ~ ^PM )
△ p sbt = pressure difference from stairwell to building at stairwell top, in. of water

FORMULA TO CALCULATE THE AIR FLOW FOR OPEN DOORS

For smoke control analysis, the orifice equation can be used to estimate the flow through building flow paths:

0=776CA./2Ap/p
where

Q= volumetric airflow rate, cfm

C = flow coefficient
A = flow area (leakage area), ft 2
Ap= pressure difference across flow path, in. of water
p = density of air entering flow path, Ibm/ft3

The flow coefficient depends on the geometry of the flow path, as well as on turbulence and friction. In the present context, the flow coefficient is generally
0.6 to 0.7. For p = 0.075 Ibm/ft3 and C = 0.65, can be expressed as

Q = 2610A /Ap
 5.2. - CALCULATIONS.
1. Flow area between the Building and the Exterior: Abo =
3548.13x0.00017=0.603 ft² Abo = Building Lateral Area *Typical leak areas.

2. Flow area between Staircase and Building : Asb = 620x0.00011 + 0.271 =0.34 ft² Asb =
Staircase Lateral Area * Typical leakage areas Staircases + Leakage area around closed door.

3. Temperature Factor: B =7.64x(1/Text – 1/Tint) = 7.64x(1/555 – 1/546)=0.000227

4. Differential pressure at the bottom of the Staircase : DPsbb =0.08 in.wc (this to provide a
degree of protection above the chosen minimum, in this case greater than 0.05 in.wc)

5. Distance above the bottom of the Ladder Y =NxH = 18x10.50 = 188.98 ft.

N= number of levels; H= Height.

6. Maximum Design Pressure when all doors are closed .

DPmax =(F-Fdc)x2x(Wd)/(5.2xWxA)
W= Door width =1.0m = 3.281ft; d= 0.25ft.
A=door area = 1.0 x 2.15 = 2.15m² = 23.142ft².
Dpmax =(30-10)x2x(3.281- 0.25)/(5.2x3.281x23.142) = 0.31 in.wc
(see the formula for the force applied to a door).
7. Differential pressure at the top of the ladder: D Psbt, we apply the pressure
equation based on the height "y".
D Psbt = 0.08 + 0.000227x188.98 / [1 + (0.34/0.603)²] = 0.11 in.wc

Differential Pressure at the bottom of the staircase D Psbb= 0.8 Temperature Fact B=0.000227.
Distance above the bottom of the ladder Y=188.98ft.
Flow area Staircase – Building = 0.34ft².
Flow area Staircase – Exterior =0.603ft².
 5.2.1. - AIR FLOW WITH ALL DOORS
Q = 1740 x 18 x 0.34 x [ 0.113^3/2 - 0.08^3/2] / [0.113 – 0.08]: Q1 = 4942.47 CFM .

Additional Data Q/door = 3952 / 18 = 274.58 CFM.

5.2.2. - Air flow INTERNAL DOORS OPEN = G x N x A sboe

Flow Factor «G» = 1740 x ( D Psbt^3/2 - D Psbb^3/2) / ( D Psbt - D Psbb)

Flow Factor G = 1740 x (0.113^3/2 – 0.08^3/2) / (0.113– 0.08) = 808.90

Effective Area Asboe = (A gate ² x Abo ² ) / [ (A gate ² + Abo²)^0.5 ]

Asboe = (23.14 ² x 0.603 ² ) / [ (23.14 ² + 0.603 ² )^0.5 ] = 0.60 ft²

Q2 = 808.90 x 2 x0.60 = 975.50 CFM

5.2.3. - AIR FLOW EXTERIOR DOOR OPEN

Q3 = 2610 x 23.14 x(0.05)^0.5 = 13,506.23 CFM

5.2.4. - TOTAL AIR FLOW OF THE INJECTOR .

Q4 = 274.58 x 15 + 975.50 + 13,506.23 = 18,600.43 CFM

5.2.5. - FLOW TO SIZE THE DAMPER .

Q5 = 18601 - 4943 = 13,658 CFM

Air speed at Relief damper = 2000 FPM

Area = 13,658/2,000 = 6.83 ft² 01 2.61'x2.61' relief damper = 32”X32”

 6.- BALANCE OF THE SYSTEM IN THE FIELD

Behind closed doors .

• Turn on the equipment in manual mode, regulate the air flow with the
frequency inverter such that with all the doors closed a pressure of 0.05”ac is achieved in
each of them, record the frequency of the inverter (Minimum Frequency).

• Measure the flow in each of the grids, record this individual and total flow, we will call the
total flow Minimum Flow.

• Maintaining the Minimum Frequency, with an inclined column differential manometer or

differential pressure gauge (independent of the differential sensor installed on the staircase)
measure the pressure achieved in each of the doors, record these pressures, which must be
0.05”ca or slightly higher.

• Record what pressure is being achieved in the Differential Pressure Sensor installed on the
ladder (Dwyer).

• Measure the phase currents in the electric motor, and record them.
With 3 Open Doors.
• Open the 1st Floor door to 90° (Mandatory) and 2 interior doors (any,
contiguous or non-contiguous).

• Turn on the equipment in manual mode, regulate the air flow with the frequency
inverter such that in all the doors that are closed a pressure of 0.05”ac is
achieved in each of them, record the frequency of the inverter (Maximum
Frequency), the Maximum Frequency is less than or equal to 60Hz.
• Measure the flow in each of the grids, record this individual and total flow, we
will call the total flow Maximum Flow.

• Maintaining the Maximum Frequency, with an inclined column differential

manometer or differential pressure gauge (independent of the differential sensor
installed on the staircase) measure the pressure achieved in each of the closed
doors, record these pressures, which must be 0.05” AC or slightly higher.
• Record what pressure is being achieved in the Differential Pressure Sensor
installed on the ladder (Dwyer).
• Measure the phase currents in the electric motor, and record them.
 Gravity Damper Balance.
Main Condition : With all the doors closed and the injector equipment
with its
maximum flow rate (manually set the drive to 60Hz).
• Regulate the location of the damper weights such that, once the main condition is
met, a pressure of 0.05” is achieved on each of the stair doors.
• Measure the pressures in each of the doors and record them.
Centrifugal Fans
 Barometric Gravity Damper

A barometric relief damper is a backdraft damper with an adjustable start-open pressure. It is used for
gravity ventilation and low velocity systems. Counterbalance weights provide the ability to fine tune start-to-open and
full-open operation.
BR series dampers are constructed with a galvanized steel frame and aluminum
blades. The SEBR series is constructed of 316 stainless steel for severe or
corrosive environments. Vinyl blade seals are used on both series of dampers.
They are rated for velocities up to 2000 ft/min. (10.2 m/s) and back pressure up to
2 in. wg (0.5 kPa). The start-open pressure is selectable from .05 to .13 in. wg
(0.01 kPa to .03 kPa).
BR and SEBR series dampers can be used in applications for:
• Gravity hood intake and exhaust
• Stairwell pressurization
• Room pressurization
• Ductwork outlets

Options available are:

BR-30 Series
• Flanges 1 % in. (38mm)
• EPDM jamb seals
• 304 stainless steel or aluminum frame (BR series)
• 304 stainless steel axles or linkage (BR series)
• 316 stainless steel ball bearings with acetal races (BR series,
standard on SEBR series)
 Barometric Gravity Damper

Barometric Relief (BR and SEBR Series) Quick Selection Guide

Material
Maximum Start-Open
Mounting Airflow Maximum Back
model flange Velocity ft/min. Pressure* in. wg
Blade Position Direction
Frame (m/s) Pressure in. (kPa)
wg (kPa)

BR-10 h Vertical Up ND 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)

BR-11 h Vertical Up Download 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
Bn-12 h Vertical Up Intake 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
BR-30 V h No 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
Galvanized
Bn-31 Aluminum V h Download 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
Steel
BR-32 V h Intake 2000(10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
BR-40 h Vertical Down No 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)

nn -41 h Vertical Down Download 2000(10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)

BR-42 h Vertical Down Intake 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
SEBR- h Vertical Up No 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
10SEBR-1
h Vertical Up Download 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
1
SEBR-12 h Vertical Up Intake 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
SEBR- 316 316 V h No 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
30SEBR-
Stainless Steel Stainless V h Download 2000(10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
31SEBR-32 Steel V h Intake 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)

SEBR- h Vertical Down No 2000(10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)

40SEBR-
h Vertical Down Download 2000 (10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
41SEBR-
h Vertical Down Intake 2000(10.2) 2 (0.5) 0.05 (0.01)
H = Horizontal;42
Go to Vertical
' Note that start-open Is the pressur at which dam pair blades just begin to open. The blades are rat fully open nt this point Damper size arid bearing selection may cause start-open
pressure to vary from Ui Is value.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
Same Size as Standard Magnehelic® Differential Pressure Gage

DM-2000-LCD DM-2100-LCD
 Differential Pressure Transmitter

The Dwyer SERIES DM -2000 Differential Pressure Transmitter senses the pressure of air and
compatible gases and sends a standard 4-20 mA output signal. The DM-2000 housing is specifically
designed to mount in the same diameter cutout as a standard Magnehelic® gage. A wide range of
models are available factory calibrated to specific ranges.
Pressure connections are inherent to the glass filled plastic molded housing making installation quick
and easy. Digital push-button zero and span simplify calibration over typical turn-potentiometers. An
optional 3.5 digit LCD shows process and engineering units. A single push button allows field selection
of 4 to 6 engineering units depending on range.
 Differential Pressure Transmitter

FEATURES/BENEFITS
* Zero and span controls provide easy calibration checks and shorter installation time to get device
running and monitoring
* Quick response to pressure changes means no delay in signaling and alerting to critical situations
* Easy to read LCD display provides immediate local alerts allowing corrective action to be taken
quicker to eliminate the problem from becoming popular
* Same size as Magnehelic simplifies field upgrade to digital pressure gage by reducing install steps
* Tamper proof button configuration to prevent accidental changes to the settings

APPLICATIONS
* Differential pressure across filters
* Fan control
* Static pressures in ducts or buildings
Differential Pressure Transmitter
 Differential Pressure Transmitter

MODEL CHART
model Range (in Da mm toilet mBar kPa psi
DM-2O01-LCD toilet)
Oto .100 0 24.9 2.54 .249
DM-2O02-LCD to .250 0 to .500 62.2 6.35 .622
DM-20O3-LCD Other 1,000 124.3 12.70 1.243
DM-2O04-LCD 0 to 2.00 0 to 249 25.4 2.49 .124
DM-20O5-LCD 3.00 497 50.8 4.97 .249
.108
DM-20O6-LCD 76.2 .497
0 to 5.00 0 to 746 7.46 .180
DM-20O7-LCD 127-0 .746
DM-2012-LCD ±.250 1243 0 to ±62.2 0 to ±6.35 12.43 0 to 1.243
DM-2013-LCD Oto ±.500 Oto ±124.3 Oto ±12.70 ±.622
DM-2019-LCD 0 to ±.200 49.8 5.08 Oto
±1.243 .498
Note: For white overlay change -20 to -21. Example: DM-2102-LCD
Schemes
□pressure relief
ampere 0.2" H,0
Gakanized sheet metal duct from
the fan to the entrance of the
Transfer board in NEMA 4
staircase (referential according
type cabinet. Provide
to architecture)
electrical power point.

Variable frequency
drive, or the acronym
AFD
Smoke detector
connected to the
detection and alarm
system.

Air injection grille

Fan Aluminum bad filter

Filter for air intake.

Sensor Pressure
diferencial
 Recommendations:

1) THE POSITIVE STAIR PRESSURE SYSTEM IS OPERATED FROM THE ALARM

AND SECURITY SYSTEM.

2) THE SYSTEM MAINTAINS A POSITIVE PRESSURE TO THE STAIRCASE TO SERVE AS

AN ESCAPE ROUTE.

3) THE SYSTEM:
- YOU MUST ALWAYS MAINTAIN THE PRESSURE OF 0.25" CA INSIDE THE
STAIRCASE.

- DOORS CLOSED: THE FLOW IS MINIMUM AND THIS IS ACHIEVED BY

OPERATING THE FAN AT MINIMUM rpm.
- OPEN DOORS: THE PRESSURE DECAYS SO THE FLOW INCREASES.

- THE PRESSURE SENSOR SP GOVERNS THE VFREQUENCY VARIATOR AND

THEREFORE CONTROLS THE FLOW.

- THE FAN STOPS WHEN SMOKE IS DETECTED IN SECTION (SMOKE

SENSOR)
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BASED ON STANDARD A.130 OF THE RNE

SUBCHAPTER IV TYPICAL
STAIRCASE
 7.- CONCLUSIONS.
1. As we know, PRESSURIZED STAIRS, as well as the ventilated previous vestibules, are classified by
the NFPA as LIFE SAFETY, in this sense there are lives at stake, which forces us to apply all our
technical and ethical knowledge when designing, building and/or or install stair pressurization
systems.
2. The air flow rates to achieve adequate pressurization are relatively high flow rates, take into
consideration the open door on the 1st level. In this sense, the ducts or uprights will also be large.
3. Engineers and Architects are responsible for coordinating and providing adequate spacing for the
correct functioning of the system (Spaces for Equipment, Size and location of studs).

4. - OUR ACTION AS PROFESSIONALS

1st Ethical, 2nd Technical, 3rd Legal (The legal is not always correct, but the ethical is
above the technical and legal.)
ACT OF THE PROFESSIONAL ri i ETHICAL TECHNICAL LEGAL
 8.- BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. National Building Regulations 2016.

2. ASHRAE Handbook 2015 – HVAC APPLICATIONS.

3. NFPA 92A – 2009

4. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

5. Principles of Smoke Management (John H. klote; James A. Milke)

6. Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering (John H. klote; James A.

Milke)

7. Author's Experience.
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS

By John H. Klote
& James A-Milke
 STAIRS

Ministry of
Housing. —r
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS
Underwriters
L)
Laboratories
PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRS

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