CYBER SPACE

MODULE 1

Bharath M
Assistant Professor
Seshadripuram Institute of Management Studies
Bengaluru-64
[email protected]
9964736500
 BASICS

• Internet
• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
• DNS (Domain Name System)
• IP Address
• Web Browsers
• Search Engines
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-does-the-internet-work/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3c1ih2NJEg&list=PPSV
 BASIC SERVICES OF INTERNET
• Communication Services
• Information Retrieval Services
• File Transfer
• World Wide Web Services
• Web Services https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/int
ernet-and-its-services/
• Directory Services
• Automatic Network Address Configuration
• Network Management Services
• Time Services
• News Group
• Ecommerce
 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET)

Interface Message Processors (IMPs)

National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)

Stanford University Network (LAN)

Mosaic Web Browser

University of Illinois

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EMAIL
https://medium.com/building-mailmodo/how-does-email-work-a-dummies-guide-bd1ef894797e
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYa3npp8oLI&list=PPSV
 HISTORY

• 1971 – V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai/Ray Tomlinson

• 1976 – Queen Elizabeth Sent Email using Username “HME2”, 1st Statesmen
• 1978 – Email Ads Started
• 1985 – Govt. Military Employees, Students and Academicians were commen
• 1991 – WWW was born
• 1996 – Hotmail was born
• 1998 – SPAM
• 2003 – Email in Mobile (Blackberry 850 & 857)
• 2005 – Email Solicitation System
 FTP

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 TELNET

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

• Structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to each other.
• There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology.
• Physical topology indicates arrangement of different elements of a network. It reflects
physical layout of devices and cables to a form a connected network.
• Logical Topology reflects arrangement of devices and their communication. It is the
transmission of data over physical topology. Concerned with Quality and Speed of
data transfers.

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 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

• Hypertext-based information system

• Leading information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide computer network)
• Access to a vast array of content—via the deep web, the dark web, and the commonly
accessible surface web
• Collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local
computers through the internet.
• Development of the World Wide Web was begun in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee
• Their text-based Web browser was made available for general release in January 1992.
• Development of Mosaic Web Browser – 1993.

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 COMPONENTS OF WWW

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL):

Serves as a system for resources on the web.
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
Specifies communication of browser and server.
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):
Defines the structure, organisation and content of a webpage.

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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/components-of-a-url/
 HTML

• Hyper Text simply means "Text within Text." A text has a link within it, is a hypertext.
• A markup language is a computer language that is used to apply layout and
formatting conventions to a text document. Markup language makes text more
interactive and dynamic. It can turn text into images, tables, links, etc.

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 DNS

• Directory service that provides a mapping between the name of a host on the
network and its numerical address.
Generic Domains
Country Domain
Inverse Domain (mapping an address to a name)

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 DNS COMPONENTS

• Name Space

• Name Server

• Zone
 NAME SPACE

• Domain Name Space (Level 0 – 127)

• Label
• Domain name
 NAME SPACE

Level 0 - 127 Label

 DOMAIN NAME

• It is the sequence of labels. In domain name the sequence of labels are separated by dot (.)
• Domain can consists of Alphabets a through z, and the digits 0 through 9.
• Hyphens are allowed, but hyphens can not be used as first character of a domain name.
• Spaces are not allowed
• Special symbols (such as !, $, &, _ and so on) are not permitted.
• Domain names have the minimum length of 2, and the maximum length of 63 characters. The
entire name may be at most 253 characters long.
• Domain names are not case-sensitive. (It may be upper, lower or mixing of both case letters)
NAME SERVER
ZONE
 DOMAIN NAME RESOLUTION

Process of converting a domain name into an IP address. One domain name

corresponds to one IP address, and one IP address can correspond to multiple domain
names; therefore, multiple domain names can be resolved to one IP address at the
same time.
 DNS LOOKUP

A DNS lookup, or DNS record lookup, is the process through which human-readable
domain names (www.digicert.com) are translated into a computer-readable IP address
(216.168. 246.55).
 RECURSIVE AND ITERATIVE QUERIES

• A recursive DNS lookup is where one DNS server communicates with several other
DNS servers to hunt down an IP address and return it to the client.

• This is in contrast to an iterative DNS query, where the client communicates directly
with each DNS server involved in the lookup.

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dns/#:~:text=A%20recursive%20DNS%20lookup%20is,server%20involved%20in%20the%20lookup.
 CACHING
• Process of storing data in a cache, which is a temporary storage area that facilitates
faster access to data with the goal of improving application and system performance.

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 1.160.10.240
(Decimal Representation)
or
00000001.10100000.00001010.11110000
(Binary Representation)
 IP ADDRESS

• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local

network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the
format of data sent via the internet or local network.
• IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on
a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible for
communication.
• They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is a non-profit organization that was established in the
United States in 1998 to help maintain the security of the internet and allow it to be
usable by all. Each time anyone registers a domain on the internet, they go through a
domain name registrar, who pays a small fee to ICANN to register the domain.

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https://www.avast.com/c-static-vs-dynamic-ip-
addresses#topic-4
https://mycomputernotes.com/what-is-ip-address-and-its-classes/
https://www.networkacademy.io/ccna/ipv6/what-is-ipv6
 HTTP OR HTTPS

• The communications protocol used to connect to Web servers on the Internet or on a

local network (intranet).
• The primary function of HTTP is to establish a connection with the server and send
HTML pages back to the user's browser.
• It is also used to download data from the server either to the browser or to any
requesting application that uses HTTP.
 BASIC FEATURES

• Connectionless
• Media independent (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions – MIME Type)
• Stateless
https://www.pcmag.
com/encyclopedia/t
erm/http
HTTP TRANSACTIONS
 HTTP REQUEST METHODS

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 HTTP RESPONSE

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 LINKS

• https://fcit.usf.edu/internet/chap1/chap1.htm#WHAT