QUANTUM

COMPUTING
 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011

QUANTUM COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION

The deep and strong scientific research aimed at discovering and developing new methods
to improve and optimize the processes that today
know, they open a new window where we can discover the notions, interpretations and progress
becomes in a task indispensable for him
exploitation and understanding of the current technological world.

The quantum computing paradigm is a vast and emerging topic that introduces us to multiple fields on
which it is based for its constant development, ranging from classical information theory to particle
physics, including computer science and mathematical theory. of information processing.

The constant search to advance processing speed and capacity of storage of

The computers, has led to use the
concepts and more knowledge current in the field of physics and
mathematics to implement them to the point where they allow it and obtain a new way of processing
information using quantum systems, Due to its characteristics,Well, they comply with
the Need to
perform the functions of a traditional computing machine in less time and with results
more efficient.All this search goes hand in hand
with the approach to miniaturization that today's world presents and the limitations it shows the
Transistor to become smaller, presenting to the
world the conception of Computing Quantum its advantages and the projection
that it brings to the progress of technology and the notable change that is being experienced.

QUANTUM COMPUTING

To talk about quantum computing, it is necessary to have some notions of concepts

related to quantum theory. The quantum theory “ is a
set of new ideas that explain processes incomprehensible to the physics of objects” (Mario
Toboso), is based purely on probabilities, determining the state and moment of

1 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
the happening of an event. Its application lies in
atomic, subatomic and nuclear levels, with the contributions of this pillar explanations have been
given to phenomena that classical physics could not explain. Using quantum mechanics, as the most
current branch of physics, it is possible to explain the behavior of matter and energy, through the
study of atoms and elementary particles.

The computers used to this day are based on a linear system, the basic information unit is known as
the bit which is measured by electrical voltage impulses, which can take two states 0 or 1. From this
concept comes the entire computer theory, the basis of information storage, algorithms, programming
languages and the hardware used to implement computational models.

When quantum computing is considered, we must refer to a new basic unit of information: the Qubit,
which has more complexity than the bit.

QUBIT

The Qubit is the elementary unit of quantum information, found at subatomic levels, smaller than or
equal to the nanoscale. To understand the states that a Qubit can take, we must know that subatomic
particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, adopting an open state, a closed state, or both at
the same time.

The two basic states of a qubit are |0> (ket zero) and |1> (ket one), which correspond to the 0 and 1
of the classical bit. But in addition, the qubit can be in a state of quantum superposition, a

combination of these two states ( α | 0 > +β| 1 > ), which makes the big
difference
with respect to the bit.

QUANTUM COMPUTING 1
INTRODUCTION 1
QUANTUM COMPUTING 1
QUBIT 2
TURING MACHINE 3
□□□□□□□□□ 4
QUANTUM GATES 4
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 4
CONCLUSIONS 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

2 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
information:

A three-bit register can store one of eight possible values: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111. In
contrast, a register of three Qubits can store the eight given values in a given state simultaneously.

Figure 1. Qubit Representation

It can be described as a vector of unit modulus in a two-dimensional complex vector space.

TURING MACHINE

It is an automaton or abstract mathematical machine that moves on a linear sequence of data. The
model consists of each moment the machine reads a single piece of data from the sequence
(generally a character) and performs certain actions based on a table that takes into account its
current (internal) "state" and the last data read. Among the actions is the possibility of writing new
data to the stream; traverse the sequence in both directions and change "state" within a finite set of
possible states.

3 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011

□□□□□□□□
□
QuBits Cursor

0000000000

Figure 2. Quantum Turing Machine

A classical computer is based on the Turing machine model, by proposing a machine turing
quantum it does possible the idea of a
quantum computer. In 1985 Deutsch, presented design from the first
Quantum Machine. The quantum model differs by storing data in Qubits instead of bits, similarly
has the themselvescomponents that
the classic model: a processor finite and a cursor like HE shows in the
figure 2.

QUANTUM GATES

Recreating new logic gates for Qubits opens a range of possibilities for the generation of new
algorithms, quantum gates are the basic operations that can be done in Qubits, they have a particular
characteristic and that is reversibility.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Scientists in the 20th century explored methods where physical resources (matter, force and energy)
were the protagonists of the scientific scene. However, a new agent enters the resource game, which
can be manipulated and is governed by proven physical laws, called information. Inherent in this

4 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
agent is the invention of the computer capable of processing information in a logical and fast way
compared to the human mind. But what happens with the processes that require greater resources
and more processing speed than a traditional computer can offer? It is at that moment that the
concept of Quantum Computing and the revolution that it has generated since its conception appears.

By 1981, the essential ideas of quantum computing emerged in Paul Benioff 's mind. Benioff worked
at the Argone National Laboratory in Illinois and theorized a traditional computer (Turing machine)
operating with some principles of quantum mechanics. Similarly, physicist Richard Feynman
established in 1981 that theoretically any physical system could be simulated on a quantum
computer. A quantum computer would supposedly be able to process several pieces of data at the
same time and stated that given its nature, some highly complex calculations would be performed
more quickly on a quantum computer with impressive processing. In 1982 Feynman worked on the
simulation of quantum mechanical objects on other quantum systems, but the true power of the new
computing began to be seen when physicist David Deutsch of the University of Oxford, England
published a crucial theoretical work in 1985 in which described the quantum computer.

During the 90's, the proposed theories began the path of practice with quantum algorithms and
applications and the nascent machines capable of executing quantum calculations. By 1993 , Dan
Simon from the Microsoft research department, a theoretical problem arose that demonstrated the
practical advantage that a quantum computer would have over a traditional one. He compared the
classical probability model with the quantum model and his ideas served as the basis for the
development of some future algorithms (such as Shor's Algorithm). In this same year, Charles Benett
, a worker at the IBM research center in New York, discovered quantum teleportation, opening a new
avenue of research towards the development of quantum communications.

In 1994 - 1995, Peter Shor, an American scientist at AT&T Bell Laboratories, defined the algorithm
that bears his name and that allows calculating the prime factors of numbers at a much faster speed
than on any traditional computer. Furthermore, its algorithm would allow breaking many of the
cryptography systems currently used. His algorithm served to demonstrate to a large part of the
scientific community that was incredulous at the possibilities of quantum computing, that it was a field
of research with great potential. Furthermore, a year later, he proposed a system for correcting errors
in quantum computing.

During 1996 Lov Grover invented the data search algorithm that bears his name. Although the
acceleration achieved is not as drastic as in factorial calculations or physical simulations, its range of
applications is much greater. Like the rest of quantum algorithms, it is a probabilistic algorithm with a
high success rate. In 1997, the first practical experiments began and the doors were opened to begin
implementing all those calculations and experiments that
they had been described
theoretically until then. The first secure communication experiment using quantum cryptography

5 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
is done successfully to a distance of 23km
In addition, the first quantum teleportation of a photon is carried out.

Between 1998 - 1999 researchers from Los Alamos and the Technological Institute
from Massachusetts manage to propagate the first Qbit through a solution of amino acids. It was the
first step to analyze the information carried by a Qbit. During that same year, the first 2-Qbit machine
was born, which was presented at the University of Berkeley, California. A year later, in 1999, in the
IBM-Almaden laboratories, the first 3-Qbit machine was created and was also capable of executing
Grover's search algorithm for the first time.

In the 21st century, progress continues to grow; in 2000, IBM, led by I saac Chuang , created a 5-
Qbit quantum computer capable of executing an order search algorithm, which is part of the Shor
Algorithm. This algorithm was executed in a simple step when on a traditional computer it would
require numerous iterations. That same year, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory
announced the development of a 7-Qbit quantum computer. Using a nuclear magnetic resonator,
electromagnetic pulses are applied and it allows the bit coding of traditional computers to be
emulated.

In 2001, IBM and Stanford University managed to execute Shor's algorithm for the first time on the
first 7-Qbit quantum computer developed in Los Alamos. In the experiment, the prime factors of 15
were calculated, giving the correct result of 3 and 5 using 1018 molecules, each with 7 atoms. During
2005 the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the University of Innsbruck
(Austria) announced that its scientists had created the first Qbyte, a series of 8 Qbits using ion traps.
By 2006 the Scientists at Waterloo and Massachusetts design methods
to improve the control of how much
and they manage to develop a 12-Qbit system. Control of how much is done each time more
complex as the number of Qbits
used by computers.

The Canadian company D-Wave Systems had supposedly presented on February 13, 2007 in Silicon
Valley, a first commercial general-purpose 16-qubit quantum computer, then the same company
admitted that such a machine, called Orion, is not really a computer. quantum, but a kind of general-
purpose machine that uses some quantum mechanics to solve problems. In that same year, by
September, two American research teams, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) in Boulder and
Yale University in New Haven, managed to unite quantum components through superconductors. In
this way, the first quantum bus appears, and this device can also be used as a quantum memory,
retaining the quantum information for a short period of time before being transferred to the next
device.

By 2008, the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States, a team of scientists managed

6 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
to store by first time a Qubit in he
inside the core an atom ofmatch, and they were able do what the
information remained intact during 1.75 seconds. This period can
be expandable through correction methods of errors, for which is a
great advance in information storage. The American team of researchers led by Professor Robert
Schoelkopf, from Yale University, who had already developed the Quantum Bus in 2007, created in
2009 the first solid-state quantum processor, a mechanism that works similar to a conventional
microprocessor, although with the capacity to perform only a few very simple tasks, such as
arithmetic operations or data searches. For communication in the device, this is done through
photons that move on the quantum bus, an electronic circuit that stores and measures microwave
photons, artificially increasing the size of an atom.

It is found that by 2010, researchers at the Quantum Computing Technology Center (CQTC) at the
University of New South Wales have managed to create a transistor made up of seven phosphorus
atoms. Scientists have I have replace individual atoms of
A crystal silicon by
phosphorus atoms, forming a transistor that occupies only 4 nanometers. The same way, A
team of researchers of Council Superior of
Scientific Research (CSIC), together with the Ikerbasque Foundation and the Walter-Meissner
Institute in Munich (Germany), has developed a quantum circuit that interacts with electromagnetic
waves more strongly than any conventional material, in a phenomenon known as "coupling."
ultrastrong" this circuit is manufactured with aluminum, a material that at very low temperatures is a
superconductor", cable clarify that there are two types of quantum circuits, one is very small elements
that behave like atoms and the second is long superconducting cables capable of transporting
microwaves.

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

One of the great contributions that have been obtained from Quantum Computing
has been Cryptography Quantum proposed in the 1970s but in
In 1984, its first protocol was published. Generate a new area within of the
cryptography complying with the standards of protection and security of the
information, providing new representations in encryption data,
more reliable and sensitive to third parties within the communication process.

One of the principles of quantum physics dictates that when measuring a quantum system its content
is altered, that is, at the moment when trying to measure it it is being altered in some way, this
characteristic being the support of Quantum Cryptography because If an external communication
agent tries to access without permission, the information is automatically destroyed.

7 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
“The security of quantum cryptography rests on the foundations of quantum mechanics, unlike
traditional public key cryptography which rests on assumptions of computational complexity not
demonstrated by certain mathematical functions. “Quantum cryptography is at the forefront of mass
production, using lasers to emit information into the constituent element of light, the photon, and
conducting this information through optical fibers.”

8 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
CONCLUSIONS

Quantum computing, based on a wide range of fields, is a fairly vast topic that requires a strong
theoretical foundation to be treated from any point of view.

The current applications, models and prototypes that are developed under the pattern of quantum
computing are growing, but we are approaching a possible new era of humanity.

The significance of quantum computing lies in its approach to developing infinite storage capacities.

The complexity of working with nanoscales and Qubit units also presents problems for an optimal
implementation of a quantum computer, although it solves others.

Quantum computing is one of the most promising current topics for the development of technology
and with a large number of applicable areas, which could make the behavior of the universe more
understandable.

The contributions that quantum computing has made to the field of technology and knowledge have

contributed significantly to the development of new concepts such as Quantum Cryptography and

Quantum Communication, showing the world two improved concepts with great potential to exploit.

One of the great advantages that Quantum Computing offers us is an increase in the speed of
information processing, since having more information capacity and extraordinary execution power of
a number broad of sentences evidence the limitations of computing
classic in it development of tasks that previously only existed in the

imagination of scientists.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Quantum Computing, Sergi Baila Martinez. Last consulted on March 26, 2011 at:
http://fitxers.sargue.net/fitxers/quantum-es.pdf

Quantum computing, Nasser Darwish Miranda. University of La Laguna.

Last consulted on March 26, 2011 at:
http://www.fceia.unr.edu.ar/~diazcara/QC/Tutorials/Computacion%20Cuantica.pdf

9 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle

 University of the Llanos
Systems Engineering – Research
Seminar
Quantum Computing
2011
Quantum computing research group, Last consulted on March 26, 2011 at:
http://www.fceia.unr.edu.ar/~diazcara/QC/Tutorials/Grupos%20de%20investigacio n%20en
%20Computacion%20Cuantica.pdf

SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: The Unsurpassed Computer, David Deutsch.

Last consulted on March 26, 2011 at: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/deutsch1/Spanish

Google (2011). History of Quantum Computing. Last consulted on March 27, 2011 at:
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-
8&q=quantum#q=history+of+quantum+computing%C3%B3n+quantum&hl=es&sa=X&tbs=tl:
1,tl_num:50&prmd=ivns&ei=d6ePTeLAOcK5tgeEkriICQ&ved=0CJADEMsBKAM&fp=1
dc03753f060b83e

Wikipedia (2011). Quantum Computing. Last consulted on March 27, 2011 at:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_cu%C3%A1ntica

Scientific Texts (2011). Quantum Cryptography. Last consulted on March 27, 2011 at:
http://www.textoscientificos.com/criptografia/quantica

10 Leydi Rocío Camargo Quintero & Laura Constanza Osorio Ovalle