The system

Unit 5: Load Assessment

• Main contents
– Various loads
– Strategy of over all cooling load assessment
– Analysis heat gains
– Understand dynamic feature of these gains
– Three methods of cooling loads calculation
• Jones’ simplified
• Modified Jones’ method
• CIBSE
– Determine air supply

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Objectives
Heat Influences • Be aware the basic strategy of cooling assessment
– Zoning the building - node
– Identifying worse condition to assess peak loads
• Be able to calculate the main indoor heat sources,
☼ – casual gains (sensible/latent)
– heat transfer through building envelope
absorption – solar penetration through transparent building elements
Direct solar convection
radiation
– Heat exchange at the external surface of an opaque building
Shading &
sheltering Surrounding elements
conduction building – infiltration
reduced wind Infiltration
Long wave • Understand dynamic feature of these gains: the cyclic
radiation
– Assess the magnitude of each of the heat gains.
Ground radiation Conduction to – Assess the time delay of the thermal impact of outdoor on the
ground indoor heat gains

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 Various loads Various loads

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Various loads
Basic strategy of heat gain assessment

• Objective of heat gain assessment is to size

11.7
W/m2 the plant
17.1
– Location of the building (outside weather
W/m2 conditions)
– Main use of the building (indoor thermal
comfort criteria)
– Thermal characteristics of the building

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Methods of heat gains assessment A List of Heat Sources
• External
• Empirical (rules of thumb; design guides) • Internal Heat Gains
– solar through transparent
– occupants sensible
• Steady state (approx, env. tem.; simple elements (heat gain)
– occupants latent
CIBSE method) • transmission
• conduction – lighting
• Dynamic (simply cyclic admittance) – solar on opaque surface – equipment
– CIBSE method before 2006 (Jones’) (Incident)
• thick (thermal capacity)
– CIBSE method after 2006 • thin (negligible capacity)
• Others – infiltration sensible gain
– infiltration latent gains
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Cyclic simplification Decrement & Time Lag

Ao
• 24 hours cycle: Ai
– sol-air temperature: teo = tem + ~ teo
– air temperature: t ao = t am + ~
tao
• Heat through a structure
~
– Mean + Fluctuation: Q = Qu + Qu
f = Ai /Ao

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 Solar Gain Through Glazing Solar Gain through Windows 1

Cooling load due heat gain through glass

• Solar position-Incidence intensity
: area of the window
• Reduction due to Shading Effect Qs = Aw Fb Fc qs : correction factor
: air point control factor
: specific cooling load

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 Surface Absorption of Opaque Sol-air Temperature
Elements
α (I d + I s − Il )
teo = t ao +
hso
• Solar Absorption
• Convection with air • Outdoor air temperature
• Radiation with surrounding surfaces • external surface absorptivity
– sky, clouds, buildings, ground surfaces – colour, finishing, et
• heat exchange coefficient
• Direct and diffusive irradiances

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Gains Through Thin Panels

WP Jones’ Method
(no absorption)
• CIBSE method, up to 2008 • Thermal Capacity Ignored
• Simple • For opaque panels: Qθ = AU (teo − t r )
• Physically clear
• For glass: Qg = AgU g (t ao − t r )
• Quick in assessment
– as zero absorption assumed

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 Absorption effect of glazing panel Typical U-values
• Energy balance equation:
• Absorption of glass:
Qsol = a( Aact I d + Awindow ( I s + I l ) )

• Exchanges at the two sides: to

tg
Qlosses = Awindow hsi (t g − t r ) + Awindow hso (t g − to ) tr

• Into the room:

Qroom = Awindow hsi (t g − t r )

-CIBSE Guide A
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Structure responses to a cyclic influence External Heat Gains

• Solar (windows): Qs = Aw Fb Fc qs
• Glass panel: Qg = AgU g (tao − t r )
• Thin Walls: Qθ = AU (teo − tr )
• Thick Walls: Qθ +ϕ = AU (tem − tr ) + AU (teo − tem ) f dec
• Sensible: Qshg = 0.33 NV (tao − t r )
• Latent: QLhg = 0.79 NV ( g ao − g r )

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 Modified Jones’ & CIBSE Methods Y-value and time lead
• Thermal admittance, Y-value (Wm-2K-1):
• Cyclic model – “This is the rate of flow of heat between the internal surface of the
structure and the environmental temperature in the space, for each
– A/C control over degree of deviation of the space temperature about its mean value.”

• the operative temperature

• the air temperature
– Two components for each external influence
• Mean
• And swing
– Introduction of structural heat admittance

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Modified Jones’ method Modified Jones’ method

~ 4.5ΣA
Qθ +ϕ = Qm + Qθ +ϕ Fau = • For opaque light wall: Qun = Fau AU (t em − t r ) + Fay AU ~
teo
4.5ΣA + ΣAU – No delay, no mass
= Fau AU (t em − t r ) + Fay AUf (t eo − t em ) f = 1;ϕ = 0
4.5ΣA
= F AU (t − t ) + F AUf ~
au em r ay t eo Fay =
4.5ΣA + ΣAY ~
where: • For glass panel Qug = Fau AU (t am − t r ) + Fay AUf dec tao
Qθ+ϕ = heat flow into room, in W; ~ – no delay, no mass,
A = area of wall or roof, in m2; tao = t ao − t am
– no surface absorption
Quk = Fau AU (tem − tr ) + Fay AUf dec ~
U = thermal transmittance of the wall or roof, in Wm-
• For opaque wall/roof teo
2K-1; ~
teo = teo − tem
tem = mean sol-air temperature over 24 hours, in ˚C; • Infiltration: Qv = 0.33VN (t ao − t r )
tr = room air temperature, in ˚C;
teo = sol-air temperature, in ˚C; QLhg = 0.79 NV ( g ao − g r )
f = decrement factor;
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 CIBSE method: CIBSE method
Room factors and heat transfer conductive heat gains from the structure
18ΣA • Mean heat:
• Transmittance factor: Fu = F • For opaque light wall: Fu Fy ~
18ΣA + ΣAU Qu = u AU (t em − t c ) Qun = AU (tem − t c ) + AU teo
Fv – No delay, no mass Fv Fv
18ΣA • Cyclic variant:
• Admittance factor Fy =
18ΣA + ΣAY f = 1; ϕ = 0
~ Fy
6ΣA Qu = AUf ~
teo
Fv = Fv • For glass panel Fu Fy ~
• Ventilation factor: 6ΣA + 0.33NV Qug = AU (t am − tc ) + AUf dec tao
– no delay, no mass, Fv Fv
• Instantaneous: – no surface absorption
Fu Fy
• Ventilation loss factor: F2 = 1 +
Fu Σ( AU ) ~ • For opaque wall/roof Quk = AU (tem − tc ) + AUf dec ~
teo
Q = Qu + Qu Fv Fv
6ΣA
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CIBSE method CIBSE method

Ventilation/infiltration heat gain/loss Summary of external heat gains
• Solar (windows): Qs = Aw Fb Fc qs
• At the time: Qv = 0.33F2VN (t ao − tc ) Fu F
• Glass panel: Qug = AU (t em − t c ) + y AU ~
teo
Fv Fv
Fu Σ( AU ) Fu F
F2 = 1 + Qun = AU (tam − tc ) + y AUf dec ~
tao
6Σ A • Thin Walls: Fv Fv
• or
Fu Fy
F2 =
6ΣA + Fu Σ( AU ) Quk = AU (t em − tc ) + AUf dec~
teo
6ΣA • Thick Walls: Fv Fv

• Sensible: Qv = 0.33F2VN (t ao − tc )

• Latent: QLhg = 0.79 NV ( g ao − g r )

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 Internal (Casual) Gains
Total Gains
• Time dependent feature • Lighting • Time dependent
– two values for a day – type of lighting
• Constant
• External • Internal
• Occupants sources
– Solar Incident – Occupants
– Sensible + Latent – power (illuminance)
– Through Opaque Element – Lighting
– density or total number • Equipment • roofs, walls
– Add together – Equipment
– activity level – Solar Penetration
• shading effect

Diversity Factors for Internal Heat Gain Estimation

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Design supply air Heating/cooling by the supply air

Supplied air from AHU
• Determine the supply air from AHU Sensible: Q =C shg pair mair (t s1 − t R )
– Flow rate
– Air temperature Cpair=1.012kWkg-1K-1
– Vapour content ρair=1.191kg m-3

vapour
QLhg = C pvapor (mvap,ao − mvap, rm ) = C pvapor mair ( g R − g s1 )

Cpvapor=2500kW kg-1

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 Room ratio line: RRL
Summary
• Sensible/Total Heat Ratio
• Dynamic features: • Room cooling loads
– Mean components calculation
– Varying components – Simple method
R gR (Sinuous with a 24 hours – Jones’ method
cyclic and phase) – CIBSE method
S1
gS1 • Time dependent heat gain • Remove heat by air
S2 calculation – Specifying the air
gS2 – Decrement in amplitude – State
– Time delay – Quantity
• External thermal – Psychrometric chart
influence
– Solar exposure
tR – Convection heat exchange
tS2 tS1
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