Reading Test 13 - 16

Reading Practice Test 13
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on
Reading Passage 1 below.
Learning By Examples
A
Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scientist who
discovered and documented the principles governing how animals (humans
included) learn in the 1900s. two basic kinds of learning or conditioning occur,
one of which is famously known as the classical condition. Classical
conditioning happens when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus
(signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time
the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a
dog’s ability to associate the sound of a bell (something that originally has no
meaning to the dog) with the presentation of food (something that has a lot of
meaning for the dog) a few moments later. Dogs are able to learn the
association between bell and food and will salivate immediately after hearing
the bell once this connection has been made. Years of learning research have
led to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to
understand and predict how and under what circumstances most any animal
will learn, including human beings, and eventually help people figure out how
to change their behaviors.
B
Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in recent
years very interesting research has been done on learning by example in other
animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught very much in terms of
classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we
allow animals to learn and not enough on how they are equipped to learn. To
teach a course of mine I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting
and accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals, including
chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef.
C
The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a
pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central
core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent but was
directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they
managed to get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the versatile
and athletic black rat (Rattus rattus) and the technique was to bite each cone
scale off at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth
pattern of the cone.
D
Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if
housed with experiences cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers
cross-fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas infants of
stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly, the skill had
to be learned from the mother. Further elegant experiments showed that
naïve adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from
which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new
photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you
how to switch it on. In the case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from
the mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to acquire the
complete stripping skill.
E
A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let’s see the
economies. This was determined by measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping
a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate the energetic cost and comparing it
with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by the calorimeter. The cost
proved to be less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable
profit margin.
F
A paper in 1996 Animal Behavior by Bednekoff and Balda provides a different
view of the adaptiveness of social learning. It concerns the seed caching
behavior of Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga Columbiana) and the Mexican jay
(Aphelocoma ultramarine). The former is a specialist, catching 30,000 or so
seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter, the
Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the
nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker
being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups.
G
The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird can remember where it
hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed.
The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with
lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an
observer bird perched in a cage. Two days later cachers and observers are
tested for their discovery rate against an estimated random performance. In
the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay
performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as
successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observes did no better than
chance. It seems that, whereas the nutcracker is highly adapted at
remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexican jay is more
adept at remembering, and so exploiting, the caches of others.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 A comparison between rats’ learning and human learning

2 A reference to the earliest study in animal learning
3 The discovery of who stripped the pine cone
4 A description of a cost-effectiveness experiment.
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1.
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
5 The field trip to Israel was to investigate how black rats learn to trip pine
cones.
6 The pine cones were stripped from bottom to top by black rats.
7 It can be learned from other relevant experiences to use a photocopier.
8 Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.
Questions 9-13
Complete the summary below using words A-J from the box.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
While the Nutcracker

is more able to cache
seed, the Jay A less B more C solitary D
relies 9……………………… social E cacher
….. on caching food F observer G remembered H
and is thus less watched I Jay J Nutcracker
specialized in this
ability, but
more 10……………………
…. To study their
behavior of caching
and finding their
caches, an experiment
was designed and
carried out to test
these two birds for
their ability to
remember where they
hid the seeds.
In the experiment, the

cacher bird hid seeds
in the ground while
the
other 11……………………
….. As a result, the
Nutcracker and the
Mexican Jay showed
different performance
in the role
of 12………………………….
At finding the seeds—
the
observing 13………………
…………. didn’t do as
well as its
counterpart.
READING PASSAGE 2
Tasmanian Tiger
A
Although it was called tiger, it looked like a clog with black stripes on its hack
and it was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modem times. Yet,
despite its fame for being one of the most fabled animals in the world, it is one
of the least understood of Tasmania’s native animals. The scientific name for
the Tasmanian tiger is Thylacine and it is believed that they have become
extinct in the 20th century.
B
Fossils of thylacines dating from about almost 12 million years ago have been
dug up at various places in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.
They were widespread in Australia 7,000 years ago, but have probably been
extinct on the continent for 2,000 years ago. This is believed to be because of
the introduction of dingoes around 8,000 years ago. Because of disease,
thylacine numbers may have been declining in Tasmania at the time of
European settlement 200 years ago, but the decline was certainly accelerated
by the new arrivals. The last known Titsmanijin Tiger died in I lobar! Zoo in
193fi and the animal is officially classified as extinct. Technically, this means
that it has not been officially sighted in the wild or captivity for 50 years.
However, there are still unsubstantiated sightings.
C
Hans Naarding, whose study of animals had taken him around the world, was
conducting a survey of a species of endangered migratory bird. The hat he saw
that night is now regarded as the most credible sighting recorded of thylacine
that many believe has been extinct for more than 70 years.
D
“I had to work at night.” Naarding takes up the story. “I was in the habit of
intermittently shining a spotlight around. The beam fell on an animal in front of
the vehicle, less than 10m away. Instead of risking movement by grabbing for a
camera, I decided to register very carefully what I was seeing. The animal was
about the size of a small shepherd dog, a very healthy male in prime condition.
What set it apart from a dog, though, was a slightly sloping hindquarter, with a
fairly thick tail being a straight continuation of the backline of the animal. It
had 12 distinct stripes on its back, continuing onto its butt. I knew perfectly
well what I was seeing. As soon as I reached for the camera, it disappeared into
the tea-tree undergrowth and scrub.”
E
The director of Tasmania’s National Parks at the time, Peter Morrow, decided
in his wisdom to keep Naarding’s sighting of the thylacine secret for two years.
When the news finally broke, it was accompanied by pandemonium. “I was
besieged by television crews, including four to five from Japan, and others
from the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand and South America,” said
Naarding.
F
Government and private search parties combed the region, but no further
sightings were made. The tiger, as always, had escaped to its lair, a place many
insist exists only in our imagination. But since then, the thylacine has staged
something of a comeback, becoming part of Australian mythology.
G
There have been more than 4,000 claimed sightings of the beast since it
supposedly died out, and the average claims each year reported to authorities
now number 150. Associate professor of zoology at the University of Tasmania,
Randolph Rose, has said he dreams of seeing a thylacine. But Rose, who in his
35 years in Tasmanian academia has fielded countless reports of thylacine
sightings, is now convinced that his dream will go unfulfilled.
H
“The consensus among conservationists is that usually; any animal with a
population base of less than 1,000 is headed for extinction within 60 years,”
says Rose. “Sixty years ago, there was only one thylacine that we know of, and
that was in Hobart Zoo,” he says.
I
Dr. David Pemberton, curator of zoology at the Tasmanian Museum and Art
Gallery, whose PhD thesis was on the thylacine, says that despite scientific
thinking that 500 animals are required to sustain a population, the Florida
panther is down to a dozen or so animals and, while it does have some
inbreeding problems, is still ticking along. “I’ll take a punt and say that, if we
manage to find a thylacine in the scrub, it means that there are 50-plus animals
out there.”
J
After all, animals can be notoriously elusive. The strange fish is known as the
coelacanth’ with its “proto-legs”, was thought to have died out along with the
dinosaurs 700 million years ago until a specimen was dragged to the surface in
a shark net off the south-east coast of South Africa in 1938.
K
Wildlife biologist Nick Mooney has the unenviable task of investigating all
“sightings” of the tiger totaling 4,000 since the mid-1980s, and averaging about
150 a year. It was Mooney who was first consulted late last month about the
authenticity of digital photographic images purportedly taken by a German
tourist while on a recent bushwalk in the state. On face value, Mooney says,
the account of the sighting, and the two photographs submitted as the proof
amount to one of the most convincing cases for the species’ survival he has
seen.
L
And Mooney has seen it all – the mistakes, the hoaxes, the illusions and the
plausible accounts of sightings. Hoaxers aside, most people who report
sightings end up believing they have been a thylacine, and are themselves
believable to the point they could pass a lie-detector test, according to
Mooney. Others, having tabled a creditable report, then become utterly
obsessed like the Tasmanian who has registered 99 thylacine sightings to date.
Mooney has seen individuals bankrupted by the obsession, and families
destroyed. “It is a blind optimism that something is, rather than a cynicism that
something isn’t,” Mooney says. “If something crosses the road, it’s not a case
of ‘I wonder what that was?’ Rather, it is a case of ‘that’s a thylacine!’ It is a bit
like a gold prospector’s blind faith, ‘it has got to be there’.”
M
However, Mooney treats all reports on face value. “I never try to embarrass
people or make fools of them. But the fact that I don’t pack the car
immediately they ring can often be taken as ridicule. Obsessive characters get
irate that someone in my position is not out there when they think the
thylacine is there.”
N
But Hans Naarding, whose sighting of a striped animal two decades ago was
the highlight of “a life of animal spotting”, remains bemused by the time and
money people waste on tiger searches. He says resources would be better
applied to save the Tasmanian devil, and helping migratory bird populations
that are declining as a result of shrinking wetlands across Australia.
O
Could the thylacine still be out there? “Sure,” Naarding says. But he also says
any discovery of surviving thylacines would be “rather pointless”. “How do you
save a species from extinction? What could you do with it? If there are
thylacines out there, they are better off right where they are.”
Questions 14-17
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The Tasmanian
tiger, also called
thylacine, Questions 18-23
resembles the look Look at the following statements (Questions 18-23)
of a dog and and the list of people below, match each statement
with the correct person A, B, C or D.
has 14……………………
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 18-
… on its fur coat.
23 on your answer sheet.
Many fossils have NB You may use any letter more than once.
been found, 18 His report of seeing a live thylacine in the wild
showing that attracted international interest.
thylacines had
19 Many eye-witnesses’ reports are not
existed as early
trustworthy.
as 15 ……………………
20 It doesn’t require a certain number of animals
…. years ago. They
to ensure the survival of a species.
lived
21 There is no hope of finding a surviving
throughout 16………
Tasmanian tiger.
…………………. before
22 Do not disturb them if there are any Tasmanian
disappearing from
tigers still living today.
the mainland. And
23 The interpretation of evidence can be affected
soon after
the 17…………………… by people’s beliefs.
…… settlers arrived List of People
the size of thylacine A Hans Naarding
population in B Randolph Rose
Tasmania shrunk at C David Pemberton
a higher speed. D Nick Mooney
Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 Hans Naarding’s sighting has resulted in

A government and organisations’ cooperative efforts to protect thylacine
B extensive interests to find a living thylacine.
C increase in the number of reports of thylacine worldwide.
D growth of popularity of thylacine in literature.
25 The example of the coelacanth is to illustrate

A it lived in the same period with dinosaurs.
B hos dinosaurs evolved legs.
C some animals are difficult to catch in the wild.
D extinction of certain species can be mistaken.
26 Mooney believes that all sighting reports should be

A given some credit as they claim even if they are untrue.
B acted upon immediately.
C viewed as equally untrustworthy.
D questioned and carefully investigated.
READING PASSAGE 3
Music:
Language We All Speak
Section A:
Music is one of the human species’s relatively few universal abilities. Without
formal training, any individual, from Stone Age tribesman to suburban
teenager has the ability to recognize music and, in some fashion, to make it.
Why this should be so is a mystery. After all, music isn’t necessary for getting
through the day, and if it aids in reproduction, it does so only in highly indirect
ways. Language, by contrast, is also everywhere-but for reasons that are more
obvious. With language, you and the members of your tribe can organize a
migration across Africa, build reed boats and cross the seas, and communicate
at night even when you can’t see each other. Modern culture, in all its
technological extravagance, springs directly from the human talent for
manipulating symbols and syntax. Scientists have always been intrigued by the
connection between music and language. Yet over the years, words and
melody have acquired a vastly different status in the lab and the seminar
room. While language has long been considered essential to unlocking the
mechanisms of human intelligence, music is generally treated as an
evolutionary frippery – mere “auditory cheesecake,” as the Harvard cognitive
scientist Steven Pinker puts it.
Section B:
But thanks to a decade-long ware of neuroscience research, that tune is
changing. A flurry of recent publications suggests that language and music may
equally be able to tell us who we are and where we’re from – not just
emotionally, but biologically. In July, the journal Nature Neuroscience devoted
a special issue to the topic. And in an article in the August 6 issue of
the Journal of Neuroscience, David Schwartz, Catherine Howe, and Dale Purves
of Duke University argued that the sounds of music and the sounds of language
are intricately connected.
To grasp the originality of this idea, it’s necessary to realize two things about
how music has traditionally been understood. First, musicologists have long
emphasized that while each culture stamps a special identity onto its music;
the music itself has some universal qualities. For example, in virtually all
cultures sound is divided into some or all of the 12 intervals that make up the
chromatic scale – that is, the scale represented by the keys on a piano. For
centuries, observers have attributed this preference for certain combinations
of tones to the mathematical properties of sound itself. Some 2,500 years ago,
Pythagoras was the first to note a direct relationship between the
harmoniousness of a tone combination and the physical dimensions of the
object that produced it. For example, a plucked string will always play an
octave lower than a similar string half its size, and a fifth lower than a similar
string two-thirds it’s length. This link between simple ratios and harmony has
influenced music theory ever since.
Section C:
This music-is-moth idea often accompanied by the notion that music formally
speaking at least exists apart from the world in which it was created. Writing
recently in The New York Review of Books, pianist and critic Charles Rosen
discussed the long-standing notion that while painting and sculpture
reproduce at least some aspects of the natural world, and writing describes
thoughts and feelings we are all familiar with, music is entirely abstracted from
the world in which we live. Neither idea is right, according to David Schwartz
and his colleagues. Human musical preferences are fundamentally shaped not
by elegant algorithms or ration but by the messy sounds of real life, and of
speech in particular – which in turn is shaped by our evolutionary heritage.
“The explanation of music, like the explanation of any product of the mind,
must be rooted in biology, not in numbers per se,” says Schwartz.
Schwartz, Howe, and Purves analyzed a vast selection of speech sounds from a
variety of languages to reveal the underlying patterns common to all
utterances. In order to focus only on the raw sound, they discarded all theories
about speech and meaning and sliced sentences into random bites. Using a
database of over 100,000 brief segments of speech, they noted which
frequency had the greatest emphasis in each sound. The resulting set of
frequencies, they discovered, corresponded closely to the chromatic scale. In
short, the building blocks of music are to be found in speech.
Far from being abstract, music presents a strange analogue to the patterns
created by the sounds of speech. “Music, like the visual arts, is rooted in our
experience of the natural world,” says Schwartz. “It emulates our sound
environment in the way that visual arts emulate the visual environment.” In
music, we hear the echo of our basic sound-making instrument – the vocal
tract. The explanation for human music is simple; still than Pythagoras’s
mathematical equations. We like the sounds that are familiar to us-specifically,
we like sounds that remind us of us.
This brings up some chicken-or-egg evolutionary questions. It may be that
music imitates speech directly, the researchers say, in which case it would
seem that language evolved first. It’s also conceivable that music came first
and language is in effect an Imitation of the song – that in everyday speech we
hit the musical notes we especially like. Alternately, it may be that music
imitates the general products of the human sound-making system, which just
happens to be mostly speech. “We can’t know this,” says Schwartz. “What we
do know is that they both come from the same system, and it is this that
shapes our preferences.”
Section D:
Schwartz’s study also casts light on the long-running question of whether
animals understand or appreciate music. Despite the apparent abundance of
“music” in the natural world- birdsong, whalesong, wolf howls, synchronized
chimpanzee hooting previous studies have found that many laboratory animals
don’t show a great affinity for the human variety of music-making. Marc
Hauser and Josh McDermott of Harvard argued in the July issue of Nature
Neuroscience that animals don’t create or perceive music the way we do. The
act that laboratory monkeys can show recognition of human tunes is evidence,
they say, of shared general features of the auditory system, not any specific
chimpanzee musical ability. As for birds, those most musical beasts, they
generally recognize their own tunes – a narrow repertoire – but don’t generate
novel melodies as we do. There are no avian Mozarts.
But what’s been played to the animals, Schwartz notes, is human music. If
animals evolve preferences for sound as we do – based upon the soundscape
in which they live – then their “music” would be fundamentally different from
ours. In the same way, our scales derive from human utterances, a cat’s idea of
a good tune would derive from yowls and meows. To demonstrate that
animals don’t appreciate sounds the way we do, we’d need evidence that they
don’t respond to “music” constructed from their own sound environment.
Section E:
No matter how the connection between language and music is parsed, what is
apparent is that our sense of music, even our love for it, is as deeply rooted in
our biology and in our brains as language is. This is most obvious with babies,
says Sandra Trehub at the University of Toronto, who also published a paper in
the Nature Neuroscience special issue.
For babies, music and speech are on a continuum. Mothers use musical speech
to “regulate infants’ emotional states.” Trehub says. Regardless of what
language they speak, the voice all mothers use with babies is the same:
“something between speech and song.” This kind of communication “puts the
baby in a trance-like state, which may proceed to sleep or extended periods of
rapture.” So if the babies of the world could understand the latest research on
language and music, they probably wouldn’t be very surprised. The upshot,
says Trehub, is that music maybe even more of a necessity than we realize.
Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has five paragraphs A-E
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Animal sometimes make music.
ii. Recent research on music
iii. Culture embedded in music
iv. Historical theories review
v. Communication in music with animals
vi. Contrast between music and language
vii. Questions on a biological link with human and music
viii. Music is good for babies.
27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
Questions 32-38
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet.
List of Statements
A Music exists outside of the world in which it is created
B Music has a common feature though cultural influences affect
C Humans need music.
D Music priority connects to the disordered sound around.
E Discovery of mathematical musical foundation.
F Music is not treated equally well compared with the language
G Humans and monkeys have similar traits in perceiving sound.
32 Steven Pinker
33 Musicologists
34 Greek philosopher Pythagoras
35 Schwartz, Howe, and Purves
36 Marc Hauser and Josh McDermott
37 Charles Rosen
38 Sandra Trehub
Questions 39-40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
39 Why was the study of animal’s music uncertain?

A Animals don’t have the same auditory system as humans.
B Experiments on animal’s music are limited.
C tunes are impossible for the animal to make up.
D Animals don’t have the spontaneous ability for the tests.
40 what is the main subject of this passage?

A Language and psychology.
B Music formation.
C Role of music in human society.
D Music experiments for animals.
READING PASSAGE 1
Dirty river but clean water
Floods can occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river
channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause
damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of
rivers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from
rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by
rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide
easy travel and access to commerce and industry.
A
FIRE and flood are two of humanity’s worst nightmares. People have,
therefore, always sought to control them. Forest fires are snuffed out quickly.
The flow of rivers is regulated by weirs and dams. At least, that is how it used
to be. But foresters have learned that forests need fires to clear out the brush
and even to get seeds to germinate. And a similar revelation is now dawning
on hydrologists. Rivers – and the ecosystems they support – need floods. That
is why a man-made torrent has been surging down the Grand Canyon. By
Thursday, March 6th it was running at full throttle, which was expected to be
sustained for 60 hours.
B
Floods once raged through the canyon every year. Spring Snow from as far
away as Wyoming would melt and swell the Colorado river to a flow that
averaged around 1,500 cubic metres (50,000 cubic feet) a second. Every eight
years or so, that figure rose to almost 3,000 cubic metres. These floods infused
the river with sediment, carved its beaches and built its sandbars.
C
However, in the four decades since the building of the Glen Canyon dam, just
upstream of the Grand Canyon, the only sediment that it has collected has
come from tiny, undammed tributaries. Even that has not been much use as
those tributaries are not powerful enough to distribute the sediment in an
ecologically valuable way.
D
This lack of flooding has harmed local wildlife. The humpback chub, for
example, thrived in the rust-red waters of Colorado. Recently, though, its
population has crashed. At first sight, it looked as if the reason was that the
chub were being eaten by trout introduced for sport fishing in the mid-20th
century. But trout and chub co-existed until the Glen Canyon dam was built, so
something else is going on. Steve Gloss, of the United States Geological Survey
(USGS), reckons that the chub’s decline is the result of their losing their most
valuable natural defense, Colorado’s rusty sediment. The chub were well
adapted to the poor visibility created by the chick, red water which gave the
river its name and depended on it to hide from predators. Without the cloudy
water, the chub became vulnerable.
E
And the chub are not alone. In the years since the Glen Canyon dam was built,
several species have vanished altogether. These include the Colorado pike-
minnow, the razorback sucker and the roundtail chub. Meanwhile, aliens
including fathead minnows, channel catfish and common carp, which would
have been hard, put to survive in the savage waters of the undammed canyon,
have moved in.
F
So flooding is the obvious answer. Unfortunately, it is easier said than done.
Floods were sent down the Grand Canyon in 1996 and 2004 and the results
were mixed. In 1996 the flood was allowed to go on too long. To start with, all
seemed well. The floodwaters built up sandbanks and infused the river with
sediment. Eventually, however, the continued flow washed most of the
sediment out of the canyon. This problem was avoided in 2004, but
unfortunately, on that occasion, the volume of sand available behind the dam
was too low to rebuild the sandbanks. This time, the USGS is convinced that
things will be better. The amount of sediment available is three times greater
than it was in 2004. So if a flood is going to do some good, this is the time to
unleash one.
G
Even so, it may turn out to be an empty gesture. At less than 1,200 cubic
metres a second, this flood is smaller than even an average spring flood, let
alone one of the mightier deluges of the past. Those glorious inundations
moved massive quantities of sediment through the Grand Canyon, wiping the
slate dirty, and making a muddy mess of silt and muck that would make
modern river rafters cringe.
Questions 1-7
Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
1 Damage caused by a fire is worse than that caused by the flood.
2 The flood peaks at almost 1500 cubic meters every eight years.
3 Contribution of sediments delivered by tributaries has little impact.
4 The decreasing number of chubs is always caused by introducing of trout
since the mid 20th century.
5 It seemed that the artificial flood in 1996 had achieved success partly at the
very beginning.
6 In fact, the yield of artificial flood water is smaller than an average natural
flood at present.
7 Mighty floods drove fast-moving flows with clean and high-quality water.
Questions 8-13
The eco-impact of the Canyon Dam
Floods are people’s
nightmare. In the past,
the canyon was raged
by flood every year.
The snow from far
Wyoming would melt
in the season
of 8…………………………..
and caused a flood
flow peak in Colorado
river. In the four
decades after people
built the Glen Canyon
Dam, it only could
gather 9……………………
… together from tiny,
undammed
tributaries.
humpback chub
population reduced,
READING PASSAGE 2
Seed Hunting
A
With a quarter of the world’s plants set to vanish within the next 50 years,
Dough Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the
preserve the Earth’s botanical heritage. They travel the four corners of the
globe, scouring jungles, forests and savannas. But they’re not looking for
ancient artefacts, lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack
the romantic allure of archaeology or the whiff of danger that accompanies
going after a big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business.
Some seek seeds for profit-hunters in the employ of biotechnology firms,
pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species
that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve,
working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species.
B
Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Tradescant, an
English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys
abroad in the early 1600s. Later, the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks – who
was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with
Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century – was so
driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his
own expense.
C
Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have
been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the
future. This modern mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren, a
good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field – he
could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three
other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank, an 80 million [pounds
sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world’s
most endangered wild plant species.
D
The group’s headquarters are in a modern glass-and-concrete structure on a
200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within
its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all
stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5,100 species
represented are virtually all of Britain’s 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the
most complete such collection of any country’s flora.
E
Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the
world’s largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010.
The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s effort, an estimated 25 per cent of
the world’s plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50
years. We’re currently responsible for habitat destruction on an
unprecedented scale, and during the past 400 years, plant species extinction
rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological
record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years further
one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing
countries alone.
F
The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops,
plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and
building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help
regulate the climate. Yet, across the globe, plant species are being driven to
extinction before their potential benefits are discovered.
G
The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be
much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as
endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant
becomes extinct in the wild, it won’t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used
the help restore damaged or destroyed the environment or in scientific
research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local
industry- that would otherwise be lost.
H
Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the
future, explains Dr Paul Smith, another Kew seed hunter. “Seed conservation
techniques were originally developed by farmers,” he says. “Storage is the
basis what we do, conserving seeds until you can use them just as in farming,”
Smith says there’s no reason why any plant species should become extinct,
given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding,
naming and categorizing all the world’s plants. And someone has to gather
these seeds before it’s too late. “There aren’t a lot of people out there doing
this,” he says. “The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that
knowledge takes years to acquire.”
I
There are about 1,470 seedbanks scattered around the globe, with a combined
total of 5.4 million samples, of which perhaps two million are distinct non-
duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to
ensure crop diversity; others aim to conserve wild species, although only 15
per cent of all banked plants is wild.
J
Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year,
Imperial College, London, examined crop collections from 151 countries and
found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two-thirds of
the countries, the budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in
another 35 per cent. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization and the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the
Global Conservation Trust, which aims to raise the US $260 million to protect
seed banks in perpetuity.
Questions 14-19
Passage 2?

14 The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past.

15 The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank.
16 One of the major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion
into wildness.
17 The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by
farmers.
18 technological development is the only hope to save plant species.
19 The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems.
Questions 20-24
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 2,
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each
answer.
Some people collect

seeds for the purpose
of protecting certain
species
from 20………………………
; others collect seeds
for their ability to
produce 21…………………
…….. They are called
seed hunters.
The 22……………………….
Of them included both
gardeners and
botanists, such
as 23……………………..,
who financially
Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 25, 26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human?

A food
B fuels
C clothes
D energy
E commercial products
READING PASSAGE 3
The significant role of mother tongue language in education
A
One consequence of population mobility is increasing diversity within schools.
To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come
from homes where English is not a language of communication. Schools in
Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but
educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even
within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the
problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society.
They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that
diversity threatens the identity of the host society. Consequently, they
promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the “problem”
disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less
capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the
mainstream language of society.
B
The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of
national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school
children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of
the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by
discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply
unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in
providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse
children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of
children’s mother tongues in their educational development.
C
In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their
abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a
deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have
more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in
both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years
strongly support what Goethe, the famous only one language does not truly
know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also
develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information
through two different languages.
D
The level of development of children’s mother tongue is a strong predictor of
their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid
foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the
school language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g. grandparents) are
able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with
them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school
well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally.
Children’s knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother
tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way:
both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits
children to access to both languages.
E
Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching
programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority
language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent
teaching through children’s home language and 50% through the majority
language, surely children’s won’t progress as far in the letter? One of the most
strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-
implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject-matter
knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on children’s
development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in
Belgium, which develops children’s speaking and literacy abilities in three
languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the
benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000)/
F
It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through
a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too.
Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the
concept of telling time. In order to tell the time in the majority language, they
do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there
is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish
the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story and
distinguishing fact from opinion. Studies of secondary school pupils are
providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this
research.
G
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to “pick up”
conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much
longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills).
However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can
lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The
extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of
families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the
mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss
among young children will be less. However, where language communities are
not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to
communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They
may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority
language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their
parents. By the time children become an adolescent chasm. Pupils frequently
become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable
results.
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 What point is the writer making in the second paragraph?

A Some present studies on children’s mother tongues are misleading
B A culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than
others.
C bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a
country
D The law on mother tongue use at school should be strengthened.
28 Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?

A to lend weight his argument
B to contradict some research
C to introduce a new concept
D to update current thinking
29 The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their
mother tongue
A they can teach older family members what they learn at school
B they go on to do much better throughout their time at school
C they can read stories about their cultural background
D they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers.
30 Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching

programmes?
A They worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language
B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages.
C They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their
lessons
D they fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school day.
Questions 31-35
Complete the summary using the list of words A-J below
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.
Bilingual children
It was often recorded
that Bilingual Children
acquire A Teachers B school C
the 31……………………. to dislocation
converse in the D rate E time F family
majority language G communication H type I ability
remarkably quickly. J area
The fact that the
mother tongue can Questions 36-40
disappear at a Do the following statements agree with the views of
similar 32…………………… the writer in Reading Passage 3?
.. is less well In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
understood. This YES if the statement agrees with the views
phenomenon depends of the writer
to a certain extent, on NO if the statement contradicts which the
the proposition of views of the writer
people with the same NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the
linguistic background writer thinks about this
that have settled in a 36 Less than half the children who attend
particular 33……………… kindergarten in Toronto have English as their
………….; If this is Mother tongue.
limited, children are 37 Research proves that learning the host country
likely to lose the language at school can have an adverse effect on a
active use of their child’s mother tongue.
mother tongue. And 38 the foyer Program is to be accepted by the
thus no longer employ French education system.
it even 39 Bilingual children are taught to tell the time
with 34……………………… earlier than monolingual children.
, although they may 40 Bilingual children can eventually apply
still understand it. It comprehension strategies acquired in one language
follows that teenager when reading in the other.
children in these
circumstances
experience a sense
of 35……………………….
in relation to all
aspects of their lives.
READING PASSAGE 1
Bamboo, A Wonder Plant
The wonder plant with an uncertain future: more than a billion people rely on
bamboo for either their shelter or income, while many endangered species
depend on it for their survival. Despite its apparent abundance, a new report
says that species of bamboo may be under serious threat.
Section A
Every year, during the rainy season, the mountain gorillas of Central Africa
migrate to the foothills and lower slopes of the Virunga Mountains to graze on
bamboo. For the 650 or so that remain in the wild, it’s a vital food source.
Although they at almost 150 types of plant, as well as various insects and other
invertebrates, at this time of year bamboo accounts for up to 90 per cent of
their diet. Without it, says Ian Redmond, chairman of the Ape Alliance, their
chances of survival would be reduced significantly. Gorillas aren’t the only
locals keen on bamboo. For the people who live close to the Virungas, it’s a
valuable and versatile raw material used for building houses and making
household items such as mats and baskets. But in the past 100 years or so,
resources have come under increasing pressure as populations have exploded
and large areas of bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for farms
and commercial plantations.
Section B
Sadly, this isn’t an isolated story. All over the world, the ranges of many
bamboo species appear to be shrinking, endangering the people and animals
(that depend upon them). But despite bamboo’s importance, we know
surprisingly little about it. A recent report published by the UN Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
(INBAR) has revealed just how profound is our ignorance of global bamboo
resources, particularly in relation to conservation. There are almost 1,600
recognised species of bamboo, but the report concentrated on the 1,200 or so
woody varieties distinguished by the strong stems, or culms, that most people
associate with this versatile plant. Of these, only 38 ‘priority species’ identified
for their commercial value have been the subject of any real scientific
research, and this has focused mostly on matters relating to their viability as a
commodity. This problem isn’t confined to bamboo. Compared to the work
carried out on animals, the science of assessing the conservation status of
plants is still in its infancy. “People have only started looking hard at this during
the past 10-15 years, and only now are they getting a handle on how to go
about it systematically,” says Dr Valerie Kapos, one of the report’s authors and
a senior adviser in forest ecology and conservation to the UNEP.
Section C
Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height
from 30 centimetres to more than 40 metres. It is also the world’s fastest-
growing woody plant: some species can grow more than a metre in a day.
Bamboo’s ecological rote extends beyond providing food and habitat for
animals. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual
plants that grow from root systems known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome
systems, which tie in the top layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil
erosion. And there is growing evidence that bamboo plays an important part in
determining forest structure and dynamics. “Bamboo’s pattern of mass
flowering and mass death leaves behind large areas of dry biomass that attract
wildfire,” says Kapos. “When these burn, they create patches of open ground
within the forest far bigger than would be left by a fallen tree.” Patchiness
helps to preserve diversity because certain plant species do better during the
early stages of regeneration when there are gaps in the canopy.
Section D
However, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic value.
Modern processing techniques mean that it can be used in a variety of ways,
for example, as flooring and laminates. One of the fastest-growing bamboo
products is paper-25 per cent of paper produced in India is made from bamboo
fiber, and in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo is grown for its production. Of
course, bamboo’s main function has always been in domestic applications, and
as a locally traded commodity, it’s worth about US$4.5 billion annually.
Because of its versatility, flexibility and strength (its tensile strength compares
to that of some steel), it has traditionally been used in construction. Today,
more than one billion people worldwide live in bamboo houses. Bamboo is
often the only readily available raw material for people in many developing
countries, says Chris Staple-ton, a research associate at the Royal Botanic
Gardens. “Bamboo can be harvested from forest areas or grown quickly
elsewhere, and then converted simply without expensive machinery or
facilities,” he says. “In this way, it contributes substantially to poverty
alleviation and wealth creation.”
Section E
Given bamboo’s value in economic and ecological terms, the picture painted
by the UNEP report is all the more worrying. But keen horticulturists will spot
an apparent contradiction here. Those who’ve followed the recent vogue for
cultivating exotic species in their gardens will point out that if it isn’t kept in
check, bamboo can cause real problems. “In a lot of places, the people who
live with bamboo don’t perceive it as being endangered in any way,” says
Kapos. “In fact, a lot of bamboo species are actually very invasive if they’ve
been introduced.” So why are so many species endangered? There are two
separate issues here, says Ray Townsend, vice president of the British Bamboo
Society and arboretum manager at the Royal Botanic Gardens. “Some plants
are threatened because they can’t survive in the habitat – they aren’t strong
enough or there aren’t enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take care of
itself – it is strong enough to survive if left alone. What is under threat is its
habitat.” It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to bamboo, says Kapos.
“When forest goes, it is converted into something else: there isn’t any-where
for forest plants such as bamboo to grow if you create a cattle pasture.”
Section F
Around the world, bamboo species are routinely protected as part of forest
eco-systems in national parks and reserves, but there is next to nothing that
protects bamboo in the wild for its own sake. However, some small steps are
being taken to address this situation. The UNEP-INBAR report will help
conservationists to establish effective measures aimed at protecting valuable
wild bamboo species. Towns end, too, see the UNEP report as an important
step forward in promoting the cause of bamboo conservation. “Until now,
bamboo has been perceived as a second-class plant. When you talk about
places such as the Amazon, everyone always thinks about the hardwoods. Of
course, these are significant, but there is a tendency to overlook the plants
they are associated with, which are often bamboo species. In many ways, it is
the most important plant known to man. I can’t think of another plant that is
used so much and is so commercially important in so many countries.” He
believes that the most important first step is to get scientists into the field.
“We need to go out there, look at these plants and see how they survive and
then use that information to conserve them for the future.”
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has six section A-F.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once
1 The limited extent of existing research
2 Comparison of bamboo with other plant species
3 Commercial application of bamboo
4 Example of an animal which relies on bamboos for survival
5 The human activity that damaged large areas of bamboo
6 The approaches used to study bamboo
7 Bamboo helps the survival of a range of plants
Questions 8-11
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with
opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
A Ian Redmond
B Valerie Kapos
C Ray Townsend
D Chris Stapleton
8 Destroying bamboo jeopardizes to wildlife.
9 People have very confined knowledge of bamboo.
10 Some people do not think that bamboo is endangered.
11 Bamboo has loads of commercial potentials.
Questions 12-13
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet
12 What problem does the bamboo’s root system prevent?
13 Which bamboo product is experiencing market expansion?
READING PASSAGE 2
Activities for Children
A
Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks
and playing fields after school and at the weekend. Today they are usually
driven to school by parents anxious about safety and spend hours glued to
television screens or computer games. Meanwhile, community playing fields
are being sold off to property developers at an alarming rate. ‘This change in
lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,’ says Neil
Armstrong, Professor of Health and Exercise Sciences at the University of
Exeter. ‘If children continue to be this inactive, they’ll be storing up big
problems for the future.’
B
In 1985, Professor Armstrong headed a five-year research project into
children’s fitness. The results, published in 1990, were alarming. The survey,
which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds, found that 48 per cent of girls and 41
per cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set for children by
the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong adds, “heart is a muscle and need
exercise, or it loses its strength.” It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10
per cent of girls were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that
over a four-day period, half the girls and one-third of the boys did less exercise
than the equivalent of a brisk 10-minute walk. High levels of cholesterol,
excess body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary
heart disease.
C
Physical education is under pressure in the UK – most schools devote little
more than 100 minutes a week to it in curriculum time, which is less than many
other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a head
start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland – offer at least two hours in
primary and secondary schools. These findings, from the European Union of
Physical Education Associations, prompted specialists in children’s physiology
to call on European governments to give youngsters a daily PE programme. The
survey shows that the UK ranks 13th out of the 25 countries, with Ireland’s
bottom, averaging under an hour a week for PE. From age six to 18, British
children received, on average, 106 minutes of PE a week. Professor Armstrong,
who presented the findings at the meeting, noted that since the introduction
of the national curriculum there had been a marked fall in the time devoted to
PE in UK schools, with only a minority of pupils getting two hours a week.
D
As a former junior football international, Professor Armstrong is a passionate
advocate for the sport. Although the Government has poured millions into
beefing up the sport in the community, there is less commitment to it as part
of the crammed school curriculum. This means that many children never
acquire the necessary skills to thrive in team games. If they are no good at
them, they lose interest and establish an inactive pattern of behaviour. When
this is coupled with a poor diet, it will lead inevitably to weight gain. Seventy
per cent of British children gives up all sport when they leave school, compared
with only 20 per cent of French teenagers. Professor Armstrong believes that
there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school. “We need to look
at the time devoted to PE and balance it between individual and pair activities,
such as aerobics and badminton, as well as team sports. “He added that
children need to have the opportunity to take part in a wide variety of
individual, partner and team sports.
E
The good news, however, is that a few small companies and children’s activity
groups have reacted positively and creatively to the problem. ‘Take That,
shouts Gloria Thomas, striking a disco pose astride her mini-space hopper.
‘Take That, echo a flock of toddlers, adopting outrageous postures astride their
space hoppers. ‘Michael Jackson, she shouts, and they all do a spoof fan-crazed
shriek. During the wild and chaotic hopper race across the studio floor,
commands like this are issued and responded to with untrammeled glee. The
sight of 15 bouncing seven-year-olds who seem about to launch into orbit at
every bounce brings tears to the eyes. Uncoordinated, loud, excited and
emotional, children provide raw comedy.
F
Any cardiovascular exercise is a good option, and it doesn’t necessarily have to
be high intensity. It can be anything that gets your heart rate up: such as
walking the dog, swimming, running, skipping, hiking. “Even walking through
the grocery store can be exercise,” Samis-Smith said. What they don’t know is
that they’re at a Fit Kids class and that the fun is a disguise for the serious
exercise plan they’re covertly being taken through. Fit Kids trains parents to
run fitness classes for children. ‘Ninety per cent of children don’t like team
sports,’ says company director, Gillian Gale.
G
A Prevention survey found that children whose parents keep in shape are
much more likely to have healthy body weights themselves. “There’s nothing
worse than telling a child what he needs to do and not doing it yourself,” says
Elizabeth Ward, R.D., a Boston nutritional consultant and author of Healthy
Foods, Healthy Kids. “Set a good example and get your nutritional house in
order first.” In the 1930s and ‘40s, kids expended 800 calories a day just
walking, carrying water, and doing other chores, notes Fima Lifshitz, M.D., a
pediatric endocrinologist in Santa Barbara. “Now, kids in obese families are
expending only 200 calories a day in physical activity,” says Lifshitz,
“incorporate more movement in your family’s life – park farther away from the
stores at the mall, take stairs instead of the elevator, and walk to nearby
friends’ houses instead of driving.”
Questions 14-17
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 Health and living condition of children

15 Health organization monitored physical activity
16 Comparison of exercise time between the UK and other countries
17 Wrong approach for school activity
Questions 18-21
Passage 2?
18 According to the American Heart Foundation, cholesterol levels of boys are

higher than girls’.
19 British children generally do less exercise than some other European

countries.
20 Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools in the UK.
21 According to Healthy Kids, the first task is for parents to encourage their
children to keep the same healthy body weight.
Questions 22-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
22 According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern

about?
A Spending more time on TV affect the academic level
B Parents have less time to stay with their children
C Future health of British children
D Increasing speed of property’s development
23 What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B?

A We need to take a 10-minute walk every day
B We should do more activity to exercise heart
C Girls’ situation is better than boys
D Exercise can cure many diseases
24 What is the aim of First Kids’ training?

A Make profit by running several sessions
B Only concentrate on one activity for each child
C To guide parents on how to organize activities for children
D Spread the idea that team sport is better
25 What did Lifshitz suggest at the end of this passage?

A Create opportunities to exercise your body
B Taking elevator saves your time
C Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day
D We should never drive but walk
26 What is the main idea of this passage?

A health of the children who are overweight is at risk in the future
B Children in the UK need proper exercises
C Government mistaken approach for children
D Parents play the most important role in children’s activity
READING PASSAGE 3
Save Endangered Language
“Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics
go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the
disappearance of 90 percent of the very field to which it is dedicated.” –
Michael Krauss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis”.
A
Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of
linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the
world would cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists and
community leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local
languages, he warned, nine-tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind
would probably be doomed to extinction. Krauss’s prediction was little more
than an educated guess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out
similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done
fieldwork had since passed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found
that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly
by all age groups. The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American
languages spoken or remembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel
in 1992.
B
Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons.
To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in
linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully
explored. Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of
grammar and vocabulary – if any – are truly universal and probably, therefore,
hardwired into the human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient
migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise
unrelated languages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of
languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right answers.
C
Despite the near-constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over
the past 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would
think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation,”
some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should be
documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn’t any such effort organized
in the profession. It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to
work on endangered languages.” Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of
Yale University, “when I asked linguists who were raising money to deal with
these problems, I mostly got blank stares.” So Whalen and a few other linguists
founded the Endangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001, they were
able to collect only $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in
England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.
D
But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. The
Volkswagen Foundation, a German charity, just issued its second round of
grants totaling more than $2 million. It has created a multimedia archive at the
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can house
recordings, grammars, dictionaries and other data on endangered languages.
To fill the archive, the foundation has dispatched field linguists to document
Aweti (100 or so speakers in Brazil), Ega (about 300 speakers in Ivory Coast),
Waima’a (a few hundred speakers in East Timor), and a dozen or so other
languages unlikely to survive the century. The Ford Foundation has also edged
into the arena. Its contributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice
program created in 1992 by Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and Native Americans
worried about the imminent demise of about 50 indigenous languages in
California. Fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach a younger relative (who is
also paid) their native tongue through 360 hours of shared activities, spread
over six months. So far about 5 teams have completed the program, Hinton
says, transmitting a least some knowledge of 25 languages. “It’s too early to
call this language revitalization,” Hinton admits. “In California, the death rate
of elderly speakers will always be greater than the recruitment rate of young
speakers. But at least we prolong the survival of the language.” That will give
linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish.
E
But the master-apprentice approach hasn’t caught on outside the U.S., and
Hinton’s effort is a drop in the sea. At least 440 languages have been reduced
to a mere handful of elders, according to the Ethnologue, a catalogue of
languages produced by the Dallas-based group SIL International that comes
closest to global coverage. For the vast majority of these languages, there is
little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily
life. Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it
vanishes from active use is a fossil skeleton, a scattering of features that the
scientist was lucky and astute enough to capture. Linguists may be able to
sketch an outline of the forgotten language and fix its place on the
evolutionary tree, but little more. “How did people start conversations and talk
to babies? How dis husbands and wives converse?” Hinton asks. “Those are the
first things you want to learn when you want to revitalize the language.”
F
But there is as yet no discipline of “conservation linguistics,” as there is for
biology. Almost every strategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but
failed in others, and there seems to be no way to predict with certainty what
will work where. Twenty years ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up
“language nests,” in which preschoolers were immersed in the native
language. Additional Maori-only classes were added as the children progressed
through elementary and secondary school. A similar approach was tried in
Hawaii, with some success – the number of native speakers has stabilized at
1,000 or so, reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on
Oahu. Students can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through
university.
G
One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the
speakers begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language
loyalty. Once they start regarding their own language as inferior to the
majority language, people stop using it in all situations. Kids pick up on the
attitude and prefer the dominant language. In many cases, people don’t notice
until they suddenly realize that their kids never speak the language, even at
home. This is how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is still only
rarely used for daily home life in Ireland, 80 years after the republic was
founded with Irish as its first official language.
H
Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language
extinction is multilingualism. Even uneducated people can learn several
languages, as long as they start as children. Indeed, most people in the world
speak more than one tongue, and in places such as Cameroon (279 languages),
Papua New Guinea (823) and India (387) it is common to speak three of four
distinct languages and a dialect or two as well. Most Americans and Canadians,
to the west of Quebec, have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another
language in front of them is committing an immoral act. You get the same
reaction in Australia and Russia. It is no coincidence that these are the areas
where languages are disappearing the fastest. The first step in saving dying
languages is to persuade the world’s majorities to allow the minorities among
them to speak with their own voices.
Questions 27-33
The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A-H
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
i. Data consistency needed for language
ii. Consensuses on an initial recommendation for saving dying out
languages
iii. Positive gains for protection
iv. Minimum requirement for saving a language
v. Potential threat to minority language
vi. A period when there was absent of real effort made.
vii. Native language programs launched
viii. Lack of confidence in young speakers as a negative factor
ix. Practise in several developing countries
x. Value of minority language to linguists.
xi. Government participation in the language field
27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
Example: Paragraph C vi
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
33 Paragraph H
Questions 34-38
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with
opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.
A Nicholas Ostler
B Michael Krauss
C Joseph E. Grimes
D Sarah G. Thomason
E Keneth L. Hale
F Douglas H. Whalen
34 Reported language conservation practice in Hawaii
35 Predicted that many languages would disappear soon
36 The experienced process that languages die out personally
37 Raised language fund in England
38 Not enough effort on saving until recent work
Questions 39-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
39 What is the real result of a master-apprentice program sponsored by The

Ford Foundation?
A Teach children how to speak
B Revive some endangered languages in California
C postpone the dying date for some endangered languages
D Increase communication between students
40 What should the majority language speakers do according to the last

paragraph?
A They should teach their children endangered language in free lessons
B They should learn at least four languages
C They should now their loyalty to a dying language
D They should be more tolerant of minority language speaker
READING PASSAGE 1
LEISURE TIME IN AMERICA
A
As most Americans will tell you if you can stop them long enough to ask,
working people in the United States are as busy as ever. Sure, technology and
competition are boosting the economy; but nearly everyone thinks they have
increased the demands on people at home and in the workplace. But is the
overworked American a creature of myth?
B
A pair of economists have looked closely at how Americans actually spend their
time. Mark Aguiar, at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and Erik Hurst, at the
University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business constructed four different
measures of leisure. The narrowest includes only activities that nearly
everyone considers relaxing or fun; the broadest counts anything that is not
related to a paying job, housework or errands as “leisure”. No matter how the
two economists slice the data, Americans seem to have much more free time
than before.
C
Over the past four decades, depending on which of their measures one uses,
the amount of time that working-age Americans are devoting to leisure
activities has risen by 4-8 hours a week. For somebody working 40 hours a
week, that is equivalent to 5-10 weeks of extra holiday a year. Nearly every
category of American has more spare time: single or married, with or without
children, both men and women. Americans may put in longer hours at the
office than other countries, but that is because average hours in the workplace
in other rich countries have dropped sharply.
D
How then have Messrs Aguiar and Hurst uncovered a more relaxed America,
where leisure has actually increased? It is partly to do with the definition of
work, and partly to do with the data they base their research upon. Most
American labour studies rely on well-known official surveys, such as those
collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) and the Census Bureau, that
concentrate on paid work. These are good at gleaning trends in factories and
offices, but they give only a murky impression of how Americans use the rest of
their time. Messrs Aguiar and Hurst think that the hours spent at your
employer’s are too narrow a definition of work. Americans also spend lots of
time shopping, cooking, running errands and keeping house. These chores are
among the main reasons why people say they are so overstretched, especially
working women with children.
E
However, Messrs Aguiar and Hurst show that Americans actually spend much
less time doing them than they did 40 years ago. There has been a revolution
in the household economy. Appliances, home delivery, the internet, 24-hour
shopping, and more varied and affordable domestic services have increased
flexibility and freed up people’s time.
F
The data for Messrs Aguiar and Hurst’s study comes from time-use diaries that
American social scientists have been collecting methodically, once a decade,
since 1965. These diaries ask people to give detailed information on everything
they did the day before, and for how long they did it. The beauty of such
surveys, which are also collected in Australia and many European countries, is
that they cover the whole day, not just the time at work, and they also have a
built-in accuracy check, since they must always account for every hour of the
day.
G
Do the numbers add up? One thing missing in Messrs Aguiar’s and Hurst’s
work is that they have deliberately ignored the biggest leisure-gainers in the
population, the growing number of retired folk. The two economists excluded
anyone who has reached 65 years old, as well as anyone under that age who
retired early. So America’s true leisure boom is even bigger than their
estimate.
H
The biggest theoretical problem with time diaries is “multi-tasking”. Do you
measure the time you spend cleaning your house while listening to portable
music as “leisure” or “work”? This problem may be exaggerated: usually
people seem to combine two work activities, using a laptop computer on a
plane, or two leisure ones, watching television and doing something else. The
two economists counted many combinations of work and leisure, such as
reading a novel while commuting or goofing off on the internet at the office, as
time spent working.
I
Is all this leisure a good thing? Some part-time workers might well wish they
had less leisure and more income. For most Americans, however, the leisure
dividend appears to be a bonus. Using average hourly wages after tax, Steven
Davis, a colleague of Mr Hurst’s, reckons that the national value of five extra
hours of leisure per week is $570 billion, or $3,300 per worker, every year.
Questions 1-9
Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph.
i. One possible source of inaccuracies

ii. Less time doing chores
iii. A difference between perception and reality
iv. The value of extra leisure time
v. Americans are working harder
vi. Significantly more free time
vii. The effect of including retirees
viii. The need for a wider description of work
ix. An effective system for measuring time spent
x. How Americans think about their time
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
8 Paragraph H
9 Paragraph I
Questions 10-13
Choose A, B or C.
10 Americans seem to spend more time in the office than people in other rich
countries
A Because of the increase in Americans leisure time
B Because of a decrease in leisure time in the other rich countries
C Because of a decrease in office time in the other rich countries
11 One problem with data from the BLS is that

A it is unclear about out of work time
B it is limited to factories and offices
C it does not include leisure time
12 Time-use diaries
A are only available in America and Australia
B are the most accurate time use measurement tool
C provide data for 24 hours of each day
13 Aguiar and Hurst counted multi-tasking activities of leisure and work

A as free time
B as work time
C as neither free time or work time
READING PASSAGE 2
RECLAIMING THE NIGHT
A
On a summer’s day, apart from the intermittent drizzle and lowering sky, South
Street in Romford looks as close to an Englishman’s dream of a continental-
style piazza as it is possible to get. Leafy trees line the extended pavements
crowded with seats and tables as young families, pensioners, teenagers and
businessmen tuck into a variety of faux-European dishes for lunch. Local cafes
serve the full range of meaningless variations on the theme of coffee, from
cappuccino through mochaccino to doppos, all at top prices. Round the corner,
in the Market Place, it is French week. There are several stalls, complete with
real Frenchmen, selling claret and cheeses.
B
The cafes are open during the day, and the clubs stay open until two or three
in the morning most nights. In this respect, Romford is typical of contemporary
Britain. In the late 1980s, the centres of many towns and cities went into
decline as retailers, and particularly supermarkets, moved to new big, out-of-
town shopping centres. So in the early 1990s, many local councils, in league
with local businesses, re-developed their increasingly desolate town centres
into “leisure zones”. They looked to continental Europe for the inspiration to
create modern 24-hour environments, mixing cafes, bars and clubs to keep
people in the centres spending money for as long as possible.
C
By night however, South Street turns into a very different place. The street
becomes a mass of 18-26-year-olds, drinking as much as they can. For anyone
else, the place becomes almost a no-go area. Gillian Balfe, the council’s town-
centre manager and a strong supporter of the “leisuring” of South Street,
concedes that the crowds become uncontrollable, and the atmosphere quickly
turns “hostile and threatening”. Buses are now barred from going down South
Street after 9.30pm: there are too many drunken people milling about.
D
In a survey for the local council done last year, 49% of the residents of the
surrounding areas of South Street confessed that they did not want to come to
the city centre any more for fear of crime. The local police concede that they
are virtually overwhelmed. Violence is commonplace. There has only been one
consequent fatality in the area in the past couple of years, but the police say
that this is mainly thanks to the merciful proximity of the local hospital.
Romford’s dilemma is typical of what has happened in the other “leisure
zones” in towns and cities throughout the country. What were meant to be
civilised places for entertainment and shopping have too often turned into
alcoholic ghettos for the young.
E
For all the problems, however, Romford’s local authority thinks that the idea of
a 24-hourcity is already too profitable to be stopped. Local authorities think
that new repressive legislation, or even a decision not to reform the licensing
laws, would be unworkable. So instead of trying to pack everyone back off to
bed, Romford is trying to reclaim the town centre for a broader mix of people,
and so to fulfil the original ambitionsofthe24-hour-city dreamers.
F
The first part of the strategy involves security. The police accept that, with
their current resources, they will never be able to make South Street safe on
their own. So they now work closely with the 528 “door-staff “, previously
known as bouncers, to target drug-dealers in the bars and clubs. In the year
since that scheme came into effect, there have been more than 300 arrests for
drugs. In the six months before that, there had been only one. All the premises
now have a radio link to the police station for an instant response to trouble.
G
The second part of the strategy involves trying to encourage more, and
different kinds of people to use the town centre at night. New attractions are
opening next year to rival the pubs. On the site of the old Romford brewery
there will be a 16-screen cinema and a 24-hour supermarket. A new health and
leisure centre, open on some nights until 9pm, starts up soon. The hope is that
these facilities will draw in a different, more sober and ethnically diverse
crowd. The police have bravely encouraged one club to start a gay night on
Wednesdays.
H
Together with other measures such as better street lighting, Romford hopes
that it can show that the phrase “24-hour city” can be more than a euphemism
for an all-night drinkathon. As the new licensing laws delegate the job of
granting alcohol licences to local councils, cities across England will be trying to
reclaim the night.
Questions 14-18
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 why some local people stay out of the centre at night

15 howcommunication with the police has been made faster
16 reasonsbehindthegrowthininner-cityleisurevenues
17 examples of Romford’s similarity to mainland Europe
18 how illegal substances are being controlled
Questions 19-26
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage.
In an attempt to get a
wider variety
of 19……………. into
the 20……………. at
night time, the local
government and
private organisations
are going to provide
different kinds
of 21…………….. Some
examples include
a 22……………. and a 24-
hour supermarket.
They hope this will
encourage people
who are
different 23…………….,
and not drunk, to use
the city-
centre 24……………..
The local government
of Romford thinks that
with these 25…………….
in place it will be able
to 26……………. the city
centre in the
evenings.
READING PASSAGE 3
THE DRINKING OF WINE
THE birth of the cult of fine wine can be dated precisely. On April 10th 1663,
Samuel Pepys, diarist and man-about-London, noted that he had enjoyed “a
sort of French wine called Ho Bryan that hath a good and most particular taste
that I never met with”.
The owners of Ho Bryan were the Pontacs. They were the top winemaking
family of their day, and founded a fashionable restaurant, called Pontack’s
Head, in London, in 1663. John Locke, the philosopher whose theory of the
social contract inspired America’s revolutionaries, but who had worldlier
interests too, spotted the reasons for the superiority of Ho Bryan on a visit to
the vineyard in 1667. He found “a little rise of ground…white sand mixed with a
little gravel; scarce fit to bear anything.” He added that “they say the wine in
the next vineyard to it, tho’ seeming equal to me, is not so good.” Today that
vineyard is still rated just below its neighbour.
Locke had seized on the essential concept of terroir, the combination of soil,
subsoil, drainage and microclimate which provide the conditions for the
production of fine wine. Another connoisseur, the 18th-century economist
Adam Smith, noted that “the vine is more affected by the difference of soils
than any other fruit tree. From some it derives a flavour which no culture or
management can equal.”
By the early 18th century claret was getting more popular partly because it was
getting better. The craft of claret-making had developed. The wine was
designed to be kept for years not months, notably by being carefully stored in
oak casks. Better corks allowed wine to be stored longer and more safely.
Bottles were produced that could be “binned”—laid down on their sides to
mature.
In the latter part of the 18th century drinking claret helped the rich to
distinguish themselves from England’s port-sodden squirearchy. Port was not
only the more traditional drink, but also—because it attracted much lower
duties—far cheaper. John Hervey, the first Earl of Bristol, spent four times as
much on claret as on port, whereas the lusty trenchermen who gathered in the
Barbers Hall in the City of London spent a mere £2 on claret as against £850 on
port.
When Britain made peace with France in 1713, claret became more accessible
and the wine trade flourished. Claret was pricey but rich Londoners, who were
also by then big spenders on theatres, spas and music produced by fashionable
immigrants, such as Handel, consumed conspicuous quantities. Sir Robert
Walpole, Britain’s first prime minister, used navy ships to smuggle his favourite
wines from France. The most expensive one he bought was old burgundy, but
that—as now—was available only in tiny quantities. So he relied largely on
claret, buying four hogsheads of 24 dozen bottles of Margaux and one
hogshead of Lafite every three months. In a single year his wine bill amounted
to over £1,200 (£100,000 today). British consumers bought the best stuff and
paid top prices. By the time of the French revolution, the British were paying
five times as much for their claret as the wine’s other main customers, the
notoriously parsimonious Dutch, who preferred the cheaper, lower-grade stuff.
By the late 19th century claret was beginning to flow down the social
hierarchy. A free-trade treaty between Britain and France in 1860 drastically
reduced the duty on French wines, thus encouraging the British middle classes
to ape their social superiors; and in that year the chancellor of the exchequer,
William Gladstone, keen to stiffen the nation’s moral spine, cut the duty on
table wines to 40% of that on more intoxicating fortified wines such as port
and sherry.
The following year came the Single Bottle Act, allowing grocers to sell wine by
the bottle. A much-despised, enormously popular drink called “grocers’ claret”
was born, with the result that, between 1859 and 1878, sales of French wines,
largely from Bordeaux, rose sixfold to 36m bottles. The Gilbey family, one of
the most remarkable commercial dynasties of Victorian England, franchised
2,000 grocers licensed to sell wine, largely claret. Their business grew so fast
that by 1875 they were able to buy Château Loudenne in the Médoc to hold
their gigantic stocks of claret. As the middle classes turned to claret, so the
upper classes abandoned this increasingly common tipple in favour of hock and
champagne.
Then the fortunes of the claret business turned. In the late 1870s and 1880s an
attack of mildew tainted the wines: the reputation of Lafite, for instance, was
ruined when the 1884 vintage turned mouldy after only a couple of years in
bottle. At the same time, the phylloxera bug began to devastate Bordeaux’s
vineyards.
Claret came back into its own in 1960 when the splendid 1959 vintage
coincided with the arrival of big American buyers. Its popularity has risen
steadily since. London remains at the centre of the fine-wine business—home
of organisations such as the Institute of Masters of Wine,
of Decanter and World of Fine Wine magazines, and of most of the world’s
biggest wine auctions. Liv-Ex, the world’s first stockmarket for fine wine, is
based in London; and its figures show that nine-tenths of the wine trade is still
in “classed growth” (leading) clarets. Newcomers from vineyards in a dozen
countries trying to launch their finest wines on the world market come to
London first for validation. Yet though London may still have much of the
knowledge and the market, as consumers the British may be past their best.
This year, 57% of the fine wine that Sotheby’s sold globally, by value, was
bought by Asians; four-fifths of those buyers were from China and Hong Kong.
Questions 27-32
Match each name to the sentences below.
A John Hervey
B Adam Smith
C John Locke
D William Gladstone
E Robert Walpole
27 was perhaps the first person to notice why Ho Bryan tasted so good
28 imported wine illegally
29 wanted to discourage people from drinking strong wines
30 drank more claret than port
31 was a specialist in wine and economics
32 bought more claret than any other kind of wine
Questions 33-39
Sales of claret fell

considerably in the
late 19th century due Question 40
in part to two factors. Choose A, B or C.
One of these was The main purpose of the article is to
when 33…………… A Present the main reasons why claret has always
destroyed the good been popular.
name of Lafite and the B Give a brief history of claret.
other was when C Describe some of the problems claret has faced.
Bordeaux’s vineyards
were hit by
a 34……………. It took
many years for the
wine to recover. In
1960, this recovery
was helped by the
production of an
excellent claret in
1959 and
the 35…………… of
buyers from America.
Today, London is the
centre of
the 36…………… trade.
People trying to enter

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Reading Practice Test 13

1 A comparison between rats’ learning and human learning

While the Nutcracker

In the experiment, the

24 Hans Naarding’s sighting has resulted in

25 The example of the coelacanth is to illustrate

26 Mooney believes that all sighting reports should be

39 Why was the study of animal’s music uncertain?

40 what is the main subject of this passage?

TRUE if the statement is true

14 The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past.

Some people collect

Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human?

27 What point is the writer making in the second paragraph?

28 Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?

30 Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching

14 Health and living condition of children

18 According to the American Heart Foundation, cholesterol levels of boys are

19 British children generally do less exercise than some other European

20 Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools in the UK.

22 According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern

23 What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B?

24 What is the aim of First Kids’ training?

25 What did Lifshitz suggest at the end of this passage?

26 What is the main idea of this passage?

39 What is the real result of a master-apprentice program sponsored by The

40 What should the majority language speakers do according to the last

i. One possible source of inaccuracies

11 One problem with data from the BLS is that

13 Aguiar and Hurst counted multi-tasking activities of leisure and work

14 why some local people stay out of the centre at night

Sales of claret fell

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