SOIL LABORATORY TEST II

DUTCH TYPE DYNAMIC CONE

1. INTRODUCTION:

It is a piece of ground exploration equipment using the impact penetration of a hammer

falling from an extendable string of drilling rods connected to a steel tip.

This equipment is preferred for use when fine soils, that is, silt and clay, are found; it is not
recommended for granular soils.

This Dutch Dynamic Cone Penetrometer is very similar to the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
(DCP) that is used for evaluations on roads and highways already built.

2.-OBJECTIVES

2.1.-GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Obtain an admissible resistance that the soil has when it is affected by external forces,
such as penetration and simple compression through specific sampling and penetration
equipment provided by the soil laboratory.

2.2.-SECONDARY OBJECTIVES

 Verify that the soil layer meets the characteristics of fine soils that the land or place has.
 Classify the type of soil studied by evaluating tests prior to this practice.
 Apply the knowledge acquired in the practices carried out in the soil laboratory I such as
liquid limit and plastic limit.
 Learn to use the equipment necessary to carry out the practice and provide a basis for
subsequent similar practices such as the (SPT) test to be carried out in this laboratory.
 Corroborate results with those given in different bibliographies to discuss whether these
are adequate or correct.
 Understand the importance of obtaining soil resistance in this practice for the study of fine
soils such as those found on the university campus.

3.-THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
The vast majority of civil works , such as the construction of a building, the construction of a road,
hydraulic works, construction of dams, dikes and many others, are closely related to the soil, since
all of them are based on it. These works, then as a result of the above, the doubt arises as to the
amount of load that the ground on which the work will be carried out can support, since not
knowing this information could lead to the imprudence of overloading the ground, causing failures
in the same and become, consequently, as engineers, directly responsible for major failures and
even structural catastrophes.

It is from the above that we must give great importance to knowing what the load
capacity that the soil will resist before a possible failure, in order to take the necessary
precautions.

Field tests become very important in soils that are highly susceptible to disturbance and when
ground conditions vary horizontally and vertically. The most widely used in situ testing method is
penetration testing. The penetrators used to study the terrain are driven or forced to penetrate
the ground under pressure, measuring the resistance to penetration.

The most widely used tests are those of the Dutch Cone, which consists of the introduction, by
means of hydraulic pressure, of a cone of standardized dimensions arranged in such a way that it
can alternatively record the tip resistance and the friction resistance.

There is also the “standard penetration” (or normal) that consists of driving the sampler, dropping
a 140-pound (63.5 kg) hammer from a height of 30 inches (76 cm.). Penetration resistance is
expressed by the number of blows required to drive the sampler to a depth of 1 foot (30 cm).

The Dutch Cone test is based on determining the bearing capacity of a soil. It is an instrument
finished in the shape of a point like that of a pin, it consists of a hammer with which it is dropped
from a height of 65 cm so that it impacts the metal fastener and thus the instrument can
penetrate to a depth of 30 cm to do so. In the test, the number of blows necessary to introduce
the instrument to said depth is recorded; and then with a generated formula the resistance of the
soil can be found.

The cone penetration test (CPT), originally known as the Dutch cone penetration test, is a versatile
probing method used to determine the materials in a soil profile and estimate their engineering
properties. It is also called a static penetration test and no holes are necessary to carry it out. In
the original version, a 60° cone with a base area of 10 cm2 was pushed into the ground at a
constant rate of approximately 20 mm/s and the resistance to penetration (called the tip
resistance) was measured.

FIGURE 2.27 OCR profiles measured at six sites in odometer tests (individual points) and profiles
estimated from field vane test data (dotted lines) (after Mayne and Mitchell, 1988)

Current cone penetrometers measure (a) the cone resistance (qj to penetration developed by the
cone, which is equal to the vertical force applied to the cone divided by its projected horizontal
area and (b) the frictional resistance (t ), which is the resistance measured by a sleeve located
above the cone with the local soil surrounding it. Frictional resistance is equal to the vertical force
applied to the sleeve divided by its surface area, actually the sum of friction and adhesion.

Generally, two types of penetrometers are used to measure qc, and fc:

to. Mechanical friction cone penetrameter (figure 2.28). In this case, the tip of the instrument is
connected to a set of internal bars. The tip is first pushed approximately 40 mm, giving the cone
resistance. With additional thrust, the tip actuates the sleeve friction. As the inner bar advances,
the force on the bar is equal to the sum of the vertical force on the cone and the sleeve.
Subtracting the force on the cone gives the lateral resistance].

b. Electric friction cone penetrameter (figure 2.29). In this instrument the tip is attached to a group
of steel bars. The tip is pushed into the ground at a rate of 20 mm/s. The transducer wires are
passed through the center of the rods and continuously give the cone and lateral resistances.

FIGURE 2.28 Mechanical Friction Cone Penetrometer (after ASTM, 1992)

Figure 2.30 shows the results of penetrometer tests on a soil profile with friction measurement by
means of a mechanical and an electrical friction cone penetrometer.

Several correlations useful for estimating soil properties encountered during an exploration
program have been developed for the tip resistance (qe) and friction ratio (Fr) obtained in cone
penetration tests. The friction ratio, Fr, is defined as

FIGURE 2.29 Electrical friction cibi penetrometer.

 FIGURE 2.30 Penetrometer tests with friction measurements.

FIGURE 2.32 Variation of qc, σ'vy and Cr for normally consolidated quartz sand
 FIGURE 2.33 Variation of qc, σ'vy and Ø for normally consolidated quartz sand

FIGURE 2.34 correlation between qcr Fn and soil type according to Robertson and Campanella.
 FIGURE 2.35 General range of variation of qc/N F for various soil types.

Source: Soil mechanics volume ll - Juarez Badillo

HEAVY DYNAMIC PENETROMETER (DPH).

This penetrometer is especially indicated for granular soils.

Its use allows determining the resistance to dynamic penetration of a terrain, evaluating
the compactness of a granular soil. When the soil contains particles larger than 6 mm that
may hinder the penetration of the cone into the ground, the test result may not be
representative. Also investigate the homogeneity or anomalies of a soil layer and carefully
check the situation of a layer whose existence is known.
Description.

The penetration cone has an angle of 90º, this can be either recoverable or lost. It is attached to
the linkage on which the impact head is, which is the one that receives the blow from a mace of
approximately 50 kg.

Types of tips: recoverable and loss of dynamic.

Being described by the standards, it has dimensions already stipulated for this type of
penetrometers, they are the following:

PUSSY LINKAGE

Nominal area: 15 cm2 Diameter d 33mm + 2mm

Diameter D: 43.7mm + 0.3

Conical part length L1 21.9mm +0.1 mm Mass (maximum) 6 Kg/m

Cylindrical part length L2 43.7 mm +1mm

Length of frustoconical part L3 <43.7mm Max deflection ) 0.2mm

The striking device consists of a 50 Kg + 0.5 Kg weight club that falls from a drop height of
50 cm. In general, the entire striking device must not exceed 59 Kg. Apart from these
characteristics, it must to meet the following conditions:

Ratio of height Lm to diameter Dm in the hub is: 1 < (Lm/Dm) <2

Impact head Diameter dc: 10 cm < dc < 0.5 Dm

The free length of linkage between the guide support and the connection and the striking
device does not exceed 1.2 m.

In this case, the torque meter will not have a measurement capacity of less than 200 Nm
with a graduation of 5 Nm.

Apart from what was previously explained regarding the completion of the test, there are a
series of specifications for this penetrometer:

The number of blows necessary for a penetration of 10 cm will be called N10 and when
three consecutive values of are equal to or greater than 75 blows, the test will be
terminated. It will also be considered concluded when for 100 blows only 10cm have been
advanced and in case the friction value of the torque exceeds 100 Nm

SUPER HEAVY DYNAMIC PENETROMETER (DPSH).

Basically it is the same as the heavy one, only changing the sizes, hammer used and other
parameters that will be discussed here.

N20 will be the number of blows necessary for a 20 cm deep penetration.

PUSSY LINKAGE

Nominal area: 20 cm2 Diameter d: 33mm + 2mm

Diameter D: 50.5mm + 0.5

Conical part length L125mm +0.2 mm Mass (max. 8kg/m

Cylindrical part length L2 50 mm

+0.5mm
Deflection (max. ). 0.2mm
Truncated part length L3 <50mm
The striking device consists of a 63.5 Kg + 0.5 Kg weight club that falls from a drop height of 76 cm.
In general, the entire striking device must not exceed 115 Kg, apart from these characteristics
must meet the following conditions:

Ratio of height Lm to diameter Dm in the hub is: 1 < (Lm/Dm) <2

Impact head Diameter dc: 10 cm < dc < 0.5 Dm

In this case, the torque meter will have a measurement capacity greater than 200 Nm with a
graduation of 10 Nm.

Apart from what was previously explained regarding the completion of the test, there are a series
of specifications for this penetrometer:

The number of blows necessary for a penetration of 20 cm will be called N20 and when three
consecutive values of are equal to or greater than 75 blows, the test will be terminated. It will also
be considered concluded when for 100 blows only 20cm have been advanced and in case the
friction value of the torque exceeds 200 Nm

In both penetrometers, a series of already standardized forms will be filled out and a record will
be recorded of all stops longer than 5 minutes, the loss of verticality of 5% of penetrations without
hitting, temporary obstructions, type of cone used, lengths of the rods and must also be Note that
each meter of penetration must be measured and the torque necessary to rotate the linkage train
one and a half turns must be noted, the friction is not very significant below 10N.m

In the figure shown below you can see the shape of the instrument.

The formula set out below helps us calculate the bearing capacity of the analyzed soil.
Where:

S = bearing capacity

W = weight of the hammer which is equal to 7.845 kg

h = Height of fall of the hammer which is equal to 65 cm

m = Coefficient that is equal to 0.1

N = Number of blows at a certain depth

s = Penetration depth (15-30) cm.

Np = Coefficient that is equal to 7.5

A = Area of the cone that is equal to 10.2 cm²

Cone Penetration Test (ASTM D-3441)

The cone used to carry out this test has an angle of 60 o and a contact surface of 10 cm 2 (3.57 cm
in diameter). This cone or penetrometer is attached to bars that push it into the subsoil using a
hydraulic jack and the resistance to penetration is continuously recorded. This method allows
rapid and economical exploration of large elo deposits with low to moderately high resistance
without being able to obtain material samples.
There are more sophisticated variants of this test that allow the measurement of the resistance to
penetration into the subsoil of both the lower part of the cone and the walls of a cylindrical
extension to it.
Laboratory tests
In the laboratory we seek, first, to identify the type of material with which we are dealing; then,
establish the soil parameters (resistance) required to carry out subsequent analyses.
Classification tests
The first thing to do in the laboratory is to visually identify the soil samples obtained from the
drillings and pits, to have a good idea about the type and number of tests to be carried out later.
Some of the most frequently performed tests to classify soil are listed below along with a brief
description of them:
Sieving granulometry: It consists of passing a soil sample through sieves with different opening
areas, to determine the proportion of the different sizes of particles that make up said sample.
Atterberg limits: Arbitrarily defined, they are the moisture contents that correspond to the
boundary states of soil behavior. The liquid limit separates the plastic behavior of the soil from the
liquid; The plastic limit separates the plastic behavior of the soil from the semi-solid and the
shrinkage limit
4.-EQUIPMENT USED IN PRACTICE

 Dutch Dynamic Cone

 9 tare for humidity
 Flexometer
 Minor tools
 Hammer of known weight
 Sample extraction trays
 Shovel and pillory
 Casa Grande Cup
 glass base

5.-DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICE

To carry out this practice, the following procedure was followed:

 First we met in groups and looked for the area to carry out the practice, which in this case
was next to the agronomy block.
 We did a small cleaning of the area and excavated 10 cm before positioning the
equipment to avoid impurities and organic matter from the vegetation and others.

 Once the place was located, the test proceeded. We proceeded to assemble the Dutch
Cone equipment where we placed vertically and
 We began to record the blows given by the hammer from a height of approximately 65
cm.

 Then we carry out measurements and counting of the N ° of blows for the corresponding
heights.
 First we count how many blows a given height sinks, like first at 15 cm how many blows it
takes for the tip of the cone to sink into the ground.
 Then we determine how many blows it takes to sink 30 cm of soil depth.
 Once the counting and measurement of data was finished, we proceeded to lift the
equipment, first we began to dig around the equipment so that we could free it more
easily.

 Then we proceeded to extract a sample from the bottom of the soil hole to carry out
subsequent tests to determine the classification of the soil type.

 Once the equipment was delivered, each group with its sample taken from the practice
site proceeded to carry out the respective moisture content, granulometry and Atterberg
limits tests.
 For the moisture content, we use the sample previously flattened with a roller to release
the small particles of the fine material.

 The granulometry was done by the washing method since the majority of the material
passes through the No. 200 sieve.

 The samples from the different tests used were dried in the oven.
6.-DATA OBTAINED IN PRACTICE

The following data was obtained from the test

N° BLOWS STRATUM HEIGHT (cm)

25 15
50 30

For moisture content:

Rehearsal 1 2 3
Weight of wet sample 46.8 51.5 64.6
+ mold (gr)
dry sample weight + 42.0 46.1 57.8
mold (g)

Mold weight (g) 11.2 11.7 14.1

FOR GRANULOMETRY

Sample weight =500 gr

Sieve No. 200 Retained weight (g)

0.075mm 41.9

FOR LIQUID LIMIT

Sample 1 2 3
No. of blows 13 26 20
tare weight 13.7 12.2 17.3
Tare weight + wet 25.4 23.5 28.7
sample (gr)
Tare weight + dry 21.9 20.3 25,4
sample (gr)

FOR PLASTIC LIMIT

 Sample 1 2 3
tare weight 17.69 18.3 18.5
Tare weight + wet 20.2 21.9 22.4
sample (gr)
Tare weight + dry 19.8 21.2 21.5
sample (gr)

7.- PRACTICE CALCULATIONS

Calculation of moisture content

For the test, the following corresponding table was made:

peso humedo− peso seco

%W = ∗100
peso seco

Rehearsal 1 2 3
Weight of wet sample 46.8 51.5 64.6
+ mold (gr)
dry sample weight + 42.0 46.1 57.8
mold (g)

Mold weight (g) 11.2 11.7 14.1

wet weight - dry 4.8 5.4 6.8
weight (gr)
%W 15.58 15.69 15.56

FOR THE GRANULOTRY, WE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE ABOVE

Sample weight =500 gr

Sieve No. 200 Retained Cumulative % % happens
weight (g) weight (g) detained

0.075mm 41.9 41 8.2 91.8

FOR THE LIQUID LIMIT

Also in this case we complete the following table:

 Sample 1 2 3
No. of blows 13 26 20
tare weight 13.7 12.2 17.3
Tare weight + wet 25.4 23.5 28.7
sample (gr)
Tare weight + dry 21.9 20.3 25,4
sample (gr)
water weight 3.5 3.2 3.3

%W 42.68 39.50 40.74

Calculating the liquid limit using regression

Y =−4.749∗ln ( x )+ 54.4

Giving values to 25 strokes

Y =¿=39.11

FOR THE PLASTIC LIMIT

We complete the following table:

Sample 1 2 3
tare weight 17.69 18.3 18.5
Tare weight + wet 20.2 21.9 22.4
sample (gr)
Tare weight + dry 19.8 21.2 21.5
sample (gr)
water weight 0.4 0.5 0.9

%W 18.95 17.24 30

18.95+17.24
Discarding value N°3 LP= =18.095
2

Calculations of the plasticity index

IP=¿−LP
 IP=39.11−18.095=21.015

SOIL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO

PASS N°200 91.8

LIQUID LIMIT 39.11

PLASTIC LIMIT 18.095
PLASTIC INDEX 21.015

SUCS

The soil corresponds to: CL (light clay)

AASHTO

The soil corresponds to: A-6 ( clayey soil)

CALCULATION OF THE LOADING CAPACITY:

For a 25 strokes:

W ∗h∗m∗N
S=
s∗Np∗A

7.845∗65∗0.1∗25
S=
15∗7.5∗10.2
2
S=1.110 Kg/cm
FOR 50 BLOWS:

W ∗h∗m∗N
S=
s∗Np∗A

7.845∗65∗0.1∗50
S=
30∗7.5∗10.2
2
S=1.111 Kg /cm

8.-RESULTS OF PRACTICE

We can express the following results as:

No. of blows Height (cm) Resistance (kg/cm 2

)
25 15 1.110

50 30 1.111

9.-CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

9.1.-CONCLUSIONS

The practice was carried out correctly with a procedure which outlines the theory and soil
mechanics laboratory guide II.

The student was able to familiarize himself with the equipment to be used in the SPT test, which is
very similar to the present test.

We can affirm that the method used to determine the admissible resistance of the soil (Dutch
Cone method) is a quick and simple method that allows us to know the bearing capacity of a soil.

This test is limited because it only works for clay or colluvial soils or other soils capable of
penetrating the Dutch cone. since for other soils the SPT is used.

The resistance of a soil is very important, since thanks to these values the stabilization of
the soil can be improved. Since these in natural conditions are not usually very suitable for
the stability of civil constructions.

We saw that there is a variety of equipment that can be used for soil penetration and
open-air sampling.
In conclusion, it was possible to calculate the bearing capacity of the soil by applying the
knowledge from previous practices as a measure of student performance evaluation.

9.2.- RECOMMENDATIONS:

 This practice requires knowledge of practices such as Atterberg limits,

granulometry and classification, so it is necessary to review before being able to do
the practice so as not to waste time remembering and delay the class time.
 First, take out the material only for the cone test and not everything necessary,
since these become difficult to take to the field and may be lost on some
occasions, so it is better to leave the other tests for last.

10.- BIBLIOGRAPHY:

_SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY GUIDE ll -ING.MOISES DIAZ

_ SOIL MECHANICS VOLUME ll - JUAREZ BADILLO

_WWW.monografias.com.bo

_www.civilgeeks.com -SPT ESSAYS