Types of Signals in Control Systems
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ScribdTranslationsTYPES OF SIGNALS IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
CLEONLDE AVENDAÑO SILVA
ING: CAMILO CACERES COLINA
DEVELOPMENT
TECHNICAL INSTITUTE EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CASANARE
OIL OPERATIONS AND SERVICES
INSTRUMENTATIONS AND CONTROL
OROCUÉ
2021
INTRODUCTION
The concepts of Signals and systems seem to be a very wide variety of field. The ideas and
techniques associated with these concepts play an important role in areas as diverse in
science and technology as Communications They are one of the most used resources in the
industrial sector, all production led by engineering requires this process to achieve certain
objectives. The function of this system is to manage or regulate the way in which another
system behaves in order to avoid failures. These systems are characterized by having a
sensor that is responsible for sending signals that allow maintaining or measuring the state
of the system and controlling it precisely.
TYPES OF SIGNALS IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
What is a control system
Control systems can be classified as open loop control systems or closed loop control
systems.
❖ Open loop control systems are those whose output signal does not influence the input
signal. That is, the output signal does not affect the process.
❖ Closed loop control systems are those in which the output signal influences the input
signal.
Control systems are one of the most used resources in the industrial sector; all production led by
engineering requires this process to achieve certain objectives. The function of this system is to
manage or regulate the way another system behaves in order to avoid failures. Control systems are
one of the most used resources in the industrial sector; all production led by engineering requires
this process to achieve certain objectives. The function of this system is to manage or regulate the
way in which another system behaves in order to avoid failures.
These control systems operate through signals, which are produced in the controller to modify the
controlled variable in such a way that the error is reduced or eliminated. These systems are
characterized by having a sensor that is responsible for sending signals that allow maintaining or
measuring the state of the system and controlling it precisely.
There are two basic types of signals, continuous time and discrete time.
➢ In the case of continuous time signals, the independent variable is continuous and then
these signals are defined for a continuous succession of values of the independent
variable. On the other hand, discrete-time signals are only defined at discrete times and
consequently for these signals, the independent variable takes only a set of discrete
values.
In this matter, measurement engineering, the signals captured by sensors that assist control in a
certain process must be highlighted. Therefore, the signals that are acquired are based on
electrical measurements without differentiating whether they are continuous or discrete; they are
considered analog signals. In order to be processed by computers, analog signals require
conversion to digital signals.
Types of control signals
The signals of a control system can be of two types: •
Analog signals: are signals that have a decimal variation within a range of values and are usually
electrical. This range is 4 to 20 mA.
a) • Digital signals: they are signals that can only indicate two values (0 or 1). Therefore, they are
binary. This type of signal indicates to the user if the variable is activated or deactivated with
signals from 0 to 5V. 3.4.2. Pneumatic signal : as its name indicates, a pneumatic signal uses air
as the output of the measuring instrument. Standard pressure is in the range of 3 to 15 psi.
b) Hart signal : Hart signals, is a communication protocol that works with digital data that is
transmitted over a 4 to 20 mA analog signal without interfering with the analog signal. In
addition, it allows bidirectional communication, it has the digital mode that allows up to 15
instruments to be connected to a single cable; This signal allows up to 256 variables to be
managed in each field device.
c) Signal transmitter : transmitters are used to capture the process variable (through a sensor or
primary element) and transmit it remotely to a receiving instrument, indicator, recorder,
controller or a combination of these. Transmitters can be pneumatic or electronic, depending
on it, the signal will be 3 to 15 psi or 4 to 20 mA. The primary element may or may not be part
of the transmitter.
d) Remote terminal unit : these are units whose function is to collect all the information from the
instruments installed in the field and transmit the data to the master terminal unit (MTU)
located in the rooms external to the station. Remote stations transmit information from field
equipment through normal process interface units, using analog currents, digital loop signals or
any digital communication network as a communication platform.
e) Logic and processing unit (PLC) : The PLC system consists of a central unit that collects all the
logic input signals of the plant processes, it has a central processor system, which is made up of
one or more microprocessors that give it signal performance and helps the operator direct all
the processes that are linked to the system.
Instrumentation of a control system
The instruments that can be found in a basic control system are the following:
➢ Sensor: instrument that measures the physical or chemical variables of the system such as
the controlled variable, the manipulated variable and disturbances.
➢ Transmitter or transducer: is responsible for translating the physical variable into a digital
or analog language.
➢ Controller: instrument that receives the signal of the measured variable and calculates the
control action.
➢ Final element: instrument that acts on the manipulated variable. Controllers, when
calculating the control action, select different actions:
➢ Action P: is a proportional action that will be performed if acceptable errors can be
assimilated or if the process is a pure integrator.
➢ PI Action: Proportional and integrative action is a fast response and the response speed is
maintained despite the integral action.
➢ PID action: used when the speed of the response must be increased. It is recommended in
temperature and composition controls.
