INTRODUCTION

To protect the Fishing Resources available to the Country and their

rational use for the benefit of collective well-being, the National Government
creates and organizes administrative structures aimed at achieving the
conservation of Fishing Resources, through legal regulations. The legal framework
that existed with the Fisheries Law of 1944 had its problems and limitations since
when it was enacted the general characteristics of the country and the fishing
subsector in particular were completely different from the current ones and over
time it became a very general framework of reference with evident obsolescence,
making it necessary to resort to sub-legal regulations to try to keep in tune with the
dynamism of fishing activity and aquaculture. It was necessary to draft a new law
to replace the 1944 law since it is no longer a more appropriate legal instrument
that responds to the needs of the sector and the demands of the new criteria of
responsible fishing and sustainable performance, which must be taken into account
in all exploitation. of renewable aquatic resources
FISHING NURSERY.

It is the administrative police action that is carried out to protect aquatic

fauna and flora, through the surveillance and protection of fishing resources.

The administration of fishing resources is carried out by the Ministry of

Agriculture and Land (MAT) through the National Institute of Fisheries and
Aquaculture (INAPESCA).

The fishing resolution that regulates the exploitation of the lobster resource,
marked MAC-113, dates from April 20, 1990, and contemplates the following
aspects:

 Closed season (May 1 to October 31).

 Fishing permits are annual and non-transferable (since 1994, permits have
not been granted to new fishermen).

 Permits are granted in the name of the fishing skipper and the boat: the
fishing season, fishing area and gear used are established (1 type per
skipper).

 200 pots were allowed per skipper (1972-1993), but since 1994 only 100
pots. (For the Los Roques Archipelago, up to 200 pots/pattern are currently
allowed).

 Minimum catch size allowed 120 mm LCF since 1994 (100 mm LCF until
1993).

 Minimum capture weight 1 kg total/specimen.

 The capture of ovate females is prohibited.

  Capture with lures is prohibited.

 Capture registration is required in resource collection centers (government

officials).

 Marking of pots allowed for fishing is required (at the beginning of the fishing
season and at the end of it).

 The transportation of lobster is controlled (certified mobilization guides) to

authorized transporters.

ABRAES

AREAS UNDER SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION REGIME

They are the areas of the national territory that are subject to a special
regime that have a series of important ecological characteristics and potential and
have been decreed by the national Executive to carry out productive, protective
and recreational functions. In accordance with special laws and the Organic Law
for Territorial Planning. (Art. 15)

"We have qualified this complex and important activity as the Regime of Areas or
Spaces subject to special administration, since it is a set of rules, norms and legal
institutions whose purpose is to define criteria to manage certain spaces in a
special way, “whose ecological conditions and limitations, or whose composition in
terms of renewable natural resources and their economic potential for collective
well-being, require different management than the rest of the national territory and
its natural resources.” The Procedure for the Declaration of Special Administration
Areas. MARNR, 1982
 Venezuela has one of the most varied and extensive sets of protected areas
in Latin America, developed for the conservation of its natural heritage and for the
enjoyment of present and future generations.

The Areas Under Special Administration Regime (ABRAE) cover an area of

62,995,581.15 hectares, corresponding to 46% of the territory, which includes the
existing overlap between various areas.

Since the 1961 constitution, Venezuelan legal regulations have contemplated a

framework for environmental conservation. However, since 1908, there were
already some legal provisions that dealt with environmental matters, such as the
Forest and Forest Law.

The 1999 constitution also raises environmental protection as a national

priority. Establishes the duty to protect and maintain the environment for the benefit
of itself and the future world and the right to enjoy a life and a healthy, safe and
ecologically balanced environment, therefore the State has the task of protecting
the environment, biological and genetic diversity, ecological processes and
protected areas.

In 1976 the Organic Law of the Environment was promulgated and in 1986
the Organic Law of the Central Administration, through the latter the Ministry of the
Environment and Renewable Natural Resources was created, the only
organization of this nature within the countries of the Andrés Agreement. Beautiful.

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND TREATY

 The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has an extensive legal framework,
which, based on constitutional postulates, has led to the signing and ratification of
many international agreements aimed at the conservation of the environment and
biological diversity, as well as the creation and modernization of a national legal
body that ranges from organic laws and decrees that cover the protection and
management of ecosystems or habitats (such as Areas under Special
Administration Regime) to the specific protection of species threatened with
extinction.

The international treaties and agreements, ratified by the Legislative Branch

under the figure of Approval Law, constitute elements of mandatory compliance by
the Venezuelan State. These international commitments have a hierarchy similar to
constitutional mandates and must be compatible with what is established in the
Constitution and National Laws. In the event that one or more articles of a given
agreement are not compatible with the provisions of national laws, the relevant
reservations will be established for subsequent ratification by the Presidency of the
Republic.

(Date of ratification by Approving Law in parentheses)

 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora (CITES) (1977)
 Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment
of the Wider Caribbean Region (1986) from which the Protocol Relating to
Specially Protected Areas, Flora and Fauna (SPAW) is derived.
 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance; currently called
“RAMSAR Convention for Wetlands” (1988)
  Convention on Biological Diversity (1994) from which Decision 391 of the
Board of the Cartagena Agreement on the Common Regime for Access to
Genetic Resources is derived.

CITES is legally binding for the Parties, which are obliged to apply the Convention
in all its articles, as well as to comply with the Resolutions and Decisions.

CITES does not supplant national legislation, but must serve as a framework to be
respected by each Party, which must enact its own national legislation to ensure
that CITES is applied at national level.

CITES, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora, is an international agreement concluded between States whose purpose
is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does
not constitute a threat to their survival.

Compliance with the commitments of this convention is materialized in the

adaptation of national legislation and in the scientific and administrative actions
necessary to comply with the provisions of the text and spirit of the convention.

To this end, the Parties will adopt appropriate measures to ensure

compliance with their provisions and to prohibit trade in specimens in violation
thereof.

These measures include:

  Comply with the Resolutions and Decisions issued by the Conference of the
Parties.
 Sanction the trade or possession of such specimens, or both.
 Provide for the confiscation or return to the State of export of said
specimens.
 Issue CITES permits and ensure that the formalities required for trade in
specimens are fulfilled, with a minimum of delay and with maximum
administrative efficiency.
 Verify that every live specimen, during any period of transit, stay or dispatch,
is adequately cared for, in order to minimize the risk to its physical integrity.
 Form the Scientific Authority (CONAFASI) in order to decide cases related
to the Convention.
 Establishment of a rescue center, either by the state itself or through an
institution designated by a Management Authority, to care for the well-being
of confiscated live specimens.
 Maintain records of trade in specimens of species included in Appendices I,
II and III
 Prepare and transmit to the Secretariat periodic reports (annual and
biennial) on the implementation of the provisions of this Convention.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICE :
 It is the specific function of "Ensuring compliance with the provisions that
tend to conserve the environment, ecosystems, hydraulic and forestry resources,
as well as hunting wealth and any other nature related to nature", function which,
because it is exclusive to the national guard, will be exercised throughout the
national territory.

DECREE 3015

The functions of the environmental police are clearly defined in decree 3015 art. 3
referred:

 Collaborate with the corresponding authorities and organizations to plan and

execute an effective policy in this matter.
 Carry out preventive work aimed at avoiding the consummation of crimes
against the environment.
 Check the state of conservation of hydraulic (continental and maritime),
geological and forest resources to prevent any type of contamination,
aggression or abusive use.
 Prevention and investigation of forest fires.
 Control the circulation and mobilization of hazardous substances, materials
and waste, requiring documentation in accordance with special regulations.
 Carry out the necessary inspections of all activities that may degrade the
environment.
 Protect the atmospheric environment by carrying out prevention operations
on mobile sources (automotive), making their degree of pollution known.
 Carry out actions aimed at promoting the normal development of flora and
fauna (continental and maritime) and particularly protected species.
 Contribute to the correct use of forestry and hunting resources.
  Facilitate the proper enjoyment of the natural space by preventing activities
that could degrade it.

MAIN FISHERIES REGULATIONS BY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The Fishing Law in Venezuela dates back to 1944 and is today considered
to constitute an insufficient legal framework, since it is not adapted to the
increasingly complex requirements that the subsector must face today.

ARTISANAL FISHING

With respect to the legal regulations that govern artisanal fishing, it contemplates
conservation measures that have as their fundamental objective the preservation
of species and aquatic environments, as well as the prevention of pollution.

 Resolution MAC-128 of 09/21/49 prohibits at the national level the use of

pots whose mesh opening is less than five (5) cm wide.

 Resolution MAC-459/MARNR-66 of 09/29/88 establishes that to carry out

purse seine fishing on the coasts of the national territory or outside territorial
waters with national flag vessels, a permit issued is required. by the MAC.

 Resolution MAC-42 of 03/23/95 authorizes SARPA to enter into contracts

for the paid administration of fishing collection centers with the participation
of artisanal fishermen.

 Resolution MAC-230 of 07.11.95, establishes the obligation of every natural

or legal person dedicated to the capture, cultivation, transportation,
processing and marketing of fishery and aquaculture products and by-
 products to obtain registration as such before the SARPA and to provide this
of the information regarding the activity.

 Regulations of the Fisheries Law: Partial Regulation No. 1 dated 1.04.75,

through which the area, the systems and gear to be authorized are
established, as well as the species to be captured in artisanal commercial
fishing permits. They must also contain the identification of the vessel and
the person under whose responsibility the fishing will be carried out, and it is
also established when said capture is illegitimate.

 There are also specific Resolutions that regulate trawling (MAC-46/MARNR-

103; MAC-391), through which the distance in relation to the coast from
which trawling can be carried out is defined. , automatically defines a
coastal strip in which only artisanal fishing can be carried out. Generally,
the width of this strip is 3 miles in relation to the coast.

TRAWLING

 MAC Resolution No. 360 of 11/08/78, which pursues the unification of the
meshes of the trawl nets used by the fleet and allows the use of the shirt
and chain weighing no more than 150 kg.

 Joint resolution MAC/MARNR, MAC/DGSPA 46 AND MARNR/DAA-103

OF 02.02.80, which extends the fishing areas reserved for the artisanal
fleet, thus avoiding interference between the two fisheries, establishing
trawling controls.
 No.
 Joint resolution MAC/Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC)
MAC/DGSPA 183/MTC/DGSTM-479 of 05.05.80, relating to the signaling
parameters that trawlers are required to carry, which are derived from the
previous resolution.

 Resolution MAC/DGSPA-122 and MTC/DGSTA-102 of 04/04/86, which

establishes the operational conditions that vessels must maintain, for which
purpose they are required to be equipped with radar, echo sounder,
signaling buoy and life raft.

 Resolution MAC/DGSPA-125 of 10/16/91, by which it is considered

mandatory that shrimp fishing vessels for commercial purposes deliver to
the MAC samples of the accompanying fauna, in order to carry out research
for use by the industrial sector.

 Resolution MAC-67 published in the Official Gazette No. 35,159, of

02/25/93, regarding the obligation to install the sea turtle exclusion device
(TED) on trawling vessels. Through administrative ruling No. 1 in G:O: No.
35,678, of 03/23/95, the measures relating to the installation and mandatory
use of TEDs are issued.

 To exercise surveillance and guarantee compliance with the resolutions of

the National Executive, Instruction MAC-1967Ministry of Defense, MD-
2838/MTC-206 of 08/06/90 was sanctioned, with the purpose of achieving
greater efficiency in surveillance tasks. , fishing control and protection.

TUNA FISHING

The regulations applied to the tuna fleet are aimed at its strengthening and
consolidation, those of greatest importance are the following:
 Joint resolution MAC/DGSPA-360 and MARNR/DM-233 of 10/06/89, which
regulates tuna purse seine fishing on the marine coasts of national territory
and international waters in which Venezuelan owned or leased vessels
operate.

 Resolution MAC-464-MARNR 331, dated 10/23/81, by which fishing for

yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares ) and bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus )
with a unit weight of less than 3.2 kg is prohibited, thus adopting criteria of
conservation and management of the exploitation of these species as
recommended by ICCAT.

 Resolution MAC-459-MARNR 66, dated 09/30/88, which establishes the

requirements that tuna vessels must meet to carry out purse seine fishing
both in territorial waters and outside of them.

 Resolution MAC-380-MARNR 123, dated 10/09/89, by which and as a

scope of the previous provision, the fishing of tuna with purse seines in
national and extraterritorial waters by vessels with Venezuelan or foreign
flag is regulated under the lease with option to purchase figure.

 Presidential Decree 1,306, dated 12/04/90, which establishes the general

conditions and the procedure to follow for the issuance of fishing licenses in
Venezuelan waters to foreign flag vessels.

 Resolution MAC-245, dated 08/15/91, which establishes the evaluation of

the fishing potential of the species swordfish, billfish, marlin, sailfish and
palagar as a criterion for granting fishing permits.

 Resolution MAC-248, dated 08/15/91, which approves and authorizes the

use of labels referring to the practices carried out by the national tuna fleet
for the rescue and rescue of dolphins.
Congress and the National Government have signed international agreements and
conventions to guarantee fishing by the Venezuelan tuna fleet in the waters of the
Caribbean and the eastern Pacific Ocean. The aforementioned agreements are the
following:

 The International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, held in

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on 05/14/66.

 The amending protocol of the International Convention for the Conservation

of Atlantic Tuna, through which articles xiv, xv and xvi of the Convention of
the same name were modified, which was signed in Paris, France, on
06/10/84.

 The Convention for the Establishment of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna

Commission (IATTC), through which the analysis of tuna fisheries in the
eastern Pacific and their impact on marine mammal populations is carried
out.

SNAPPER-GROUP FISHING

To date, no government agreement has been established with French Guiana,

however in practice there is a unilateral regime for granting fishing permits that
allow the Venezuelan fleet to operate in the jurisdictional waters of that country.

PROPERTY REGIME IN FAUNA

Article 7 . General protection regime.

1. Wild species, especially threatened ones and their habitats, will be protected in
accordance with the limitations and prohibitions established in this Law and the
regulations that develop it, against any type of actions or attacks that may alter
their ecological dynamics.

2. It is prohibited, within the framework of the objectives of this Law and without
prejudice to the provisions contained in Title II with respect to hunting, fishing and
other uses, as well as in the specific regulations on forestry and maritime fishing. in
inland waters, shellfish farming and marine aquaculture:

a. Intentionally killing, capturing, damaging, persecuting, disturbing or

disturbing wild animals regardless of the method used, in particular during
the period of reproduction, breeding, hibernation and migration, collecting
their larvae or young, altering or destroying their habitat, as well as their
reproduction and resting places.
b. Destroying, damaging or intentionally removing nests or their eggs,
spawning grounds and spawning areas, as well as collecting or retaining
eggs, even when empty.
c. Destroy, collect, cut, fell or uproot, in part or in whole, natural specimens of
wild flora, as well as destroy their habitats.
d. The possession, retention, naturalization, sale, transportation for sale,
retention for sale and, in general, the trafficking, trade and exchange of
live or dead specimens of wild species or their propagules or remains,
including the import, export , putting it up for sale, offering it for the
purposes of sale or exchange, as well as public exhibition.
e. Release, introduce and proliferate specimens of non-native, hybrid or
transgenic species, subspecies or wild breeds in the Andalusian natural
environment, with the exception of declared game and fish species.

3. Any agent of the authority may order the cessation of any unauthorized activity
that seriously infringes the provisions of this article, immediately communicating it
to the Ministry responsible for the environment for the purposes of initiating the
corresponding sanctioning file.

FRESHWATER FISHES IN DANGER OF EXTINCTION IN VENEZUELA

The fish are listed in alphabetical order by their scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON LOCATION CLASSIFICATIO

NAME N:
GUY:
Atherinella
Tinicalo Valencia Lake Basin C.R.
venezuelae
Chaetostoma Corroncho Tuy River EP
guairense
Moenkhausia pittieri Diamond Valencia Lake Basin VU
Tetra
Pimelodella tapatapae Tapa Tapa Valencia Lake VU
Catfish Basin
Poecilla wingei Guppy Endler Cumaná, Edo. Sucre EP
Pseudoplatystoma Striped WIDE P.M
metaense Catfish
Pterophyllum altum Climbing, Edo. Amazon M.R.
Angelfish

Legend:

Extinct (EX)

Extinct in Wildlife (ES)

Critically Endangered (CR)

In Danger (EP)

Vulnerable (VU)

Lower Risk (MR)

Near Threatened (ca)

Conservation Clerk (dc)

Least Concern (pm)

Insufficiently Known (IC)

Out of Danger (FP)

Not Evaluated (NE)

FRESHWATER SNAPPER (THE LARGE LUTJANIDAE FAMILY)

Snappers belong to the large family Lutjanidae and this in turn is made up of
more than 350 species, divided into practically 17 genera, the most representative
of which is Lutjanus worldwide.

This species is distributed in the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans from
southern California, where it is known as Red Snapper, to Corozal, Colombia. La
Pesca del Pargo exists unconfirmed catch records up to the northern part of Peru.

The fossil records of the Snappers indicate that this species dates back to
the Tertiary, Eocene, so it is a fact that this population has managed to evolve to
the point of becoming a species fully adapted to the conditions present in the
Tropics and Subtropics of the planet, where temperatures range between 25°C and
37°C.

Its distribution covers practically all of the marine biotopes existing in the
coastal zone, including mangroves, reefs, coastal lagoons, estuaries and areas
with fresh water with salinities of up to 50 ppm (parts per million).

In all these areas, we can find them from 30 centimeters deep to 125 meters
or more.

The Lutjanidae family can be divided into four large subfamilies, namely: ·

1. The Subfamily Etilanae, which in turn encompasses five genera: Aphareuis,

Apricon, Etilis, Pritipomoides and Randallichthys.
All of them are characterized by being elongated fish with a strongly forked
caudal fin and with the rays of the posterior dorsal fin and anal fin being
noticeably more elongated. ·
 2. Subfamily Apsilinae, composed of four genera that are: Apsilus,
Lipocheiluus, Paracaesio and Parapristipomoides, all of them being less
elongated than the previous ones and with the last ray of the dorsal and
anal altea shorter. ·
3. The Paradicichthyinae subfamily is made up of two genera: Symphorus and
Symphorichthys.
The most relevant characteristics of this family is that they have a tall body
with the tail fin marginalized and very little forked. The scales at the base of
the dorsal and anal fin are embedded in the skin. They are characterized by
not having vomerine teeth and also in certain soft dorsal and anal fins there
are filamentous extensions. ·
4. The subfamily Lutjaninae is made up of six genera, namely Hoplopagrus,
Macolor, Ocyurus, Pinjalo, Rhomboplites and Lutjanus.
Their body is elongated, with its caudal fin truncated and strongly forked. It
has scales at the base of the dorsal fin and on the caudal fin embedded in
the skin and all have their characteristic vomerid teeth.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Since it is a family, the characteristics do not vary much from one species to
another, except for their colors or shades, so to generalize we could say that:

Generally the head and body height will always be 2.5 to 3 times the total
length of your body; the dorsal fin has 10 spines with 12 rays; the anal fin with
three spines and 8 rays; between 47 and 52 scales in a horizontal series under the
lateral line.

Its body will always be elongated and compressed, which allows it to be a

powerful swimmer whether when it comes to heading towards its prey or when it
feels the steel of the hooks stuck in its oral cavity. Its snout is pointed, with a large,
elongated mouth in a horizontal position with a lower jaw slightly projected forward.

Its snout is hard and resistant, its upper jaw has an interior line with canine-
type teeth and four larger teeth protrude from the upper jaw.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION BY GENDER

As noted previously, the Lutjanidae family is spread throughout the world,

but for the purposes of this writing, priority will be given to the 11 specimens of the
genus Lutjanus that are present in America, taking the United States of America as
the starting point. America and ending in Brazil.

It has already been said that the common name of the Lutjanus is the
Snapper, however by country and depending on the genus you will get different
names always composed with the word Snapper (Red Snapper, Goldfinch
Snapper, Yellow Snapper, etc., etc.) and given the spread of the species
throughout America, names for different genera are repeated between countries.
Due to the above and to avoid creating confusion, in this writing we will omit to talk
about the typical names of each country, leaving explicit only the scientific name of
each corresponding to the genus and species of each of the specimens.

FEEDING

Given the voracity of Snappers, the food spectrum is characterized by being

broad in every sense of the word, crustaceans, fish, mollusks, echinoderms and
annelids. Snappers are considered carnivores, feeding preferably on crustaceans
and shrimp throughout the year. During their juvenile stage, up to 20 centimeters
in length, they feed almost exclusively on shrimp and because during this stage
they like to take shelter in mangroves and coastal lagoons. Then in their mature
stage, when they migrate to deeper waters and therefore more activity, they begin
to consume practically everything that is put in front of them, fish, crabs, mollusks,
etc. With respect to crabs, it is worth indicating that their consumption will depend
on the gender, since for example, the dentition of the Lutjanus Guttatus is not the
most suitable for consuming this type of animal, so it will prefer to consume only
fish and shrimp.

SPOWING TIME AND REPRODUCTIVE ASPECTS

According to limited studies carried out, it has been determined that the
Lutjanus have a very high fecundity, presenting reproductive activity all year round,
with maximums in April and October. Due to the above, snappers in general have
become one of the largest sources of consumption in all of America, whether
domestic consumption or for export. As an interesting aspect, it should be noted
that in tropical seas, temperature variations range between 4 and 6 °C, luminosity
does not vary substantially throughout the year and many of the species have
fractional spawning throughout the year, hence that the periods of growth and
reproduction of tropical species are related to periods of rain and drought.

Snapper fishing

The Snapper is a fish that we could call cosmopolitan, since we can

practically find it in a wide variety of species on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
It is a beautiful and powerful specimen, whose physiological and morphological
characteristics are almost identical among the wide range of species and the
difference lies basically in the tone and color of each one. Before starting this
chapter, the reader must be clear about the fact that Snappers are tireless
predators and will attack, either out of hunger or territory, anything that is put in
front of them.
DEEP FISHING

As pointed out in the previous Chapter, Snappers are a species that likes
the depths, being found up to 100 or 125 meters, so if the fisherman decides to go
in search of them and has detected a shallow or marine precipice, either through
sonar or past experiences, in which a school or shoal of Snapper thrives, it will be
necessary to dedicate a good part of the time to so-called deep-sea fishing. When
making the decision to fish at depth, the fisherman must be clear that he will be
able to capture large and powerful Snappers, so at all times he must be prepared
for violent hooking and to ensure this he must count with sufficient line in capacity
and quantity, first to place the bait at depths ranging from 80 to 100 meters if you
want and second so that it will not be burst at the moment of the bite. You must
also consider the technique to use, without using a rod or hand line. In the first
case, experience tells me that it is quite difficult, especially when hooking and if it is
a medium-sized species, the truth is that it will be difficult to feel the bite. On the
other hand, if you fish with a rope and hand reel, the bite will be almost predictable
but violent for the hand, so you must necessarily use leather gloves (cowhide) or,
failing that, you must make a leather thimble to place on the index finger and thus
prevent it from being burned or cut by the rope; Now, if getting the thimble is
difficult or has been forgotten at home, we can have two more practical
alternatives, the first is to cover the finger with 3M electrical insulating tape or what
I have seen local fishermen use, a piece of tire # 16 for a bicycle, whose diameter
is just that of an index finger. The line, whose capacity must not be less than thirty
pounds, must have sufficient plumb line so that when falling over the quasi-
precipice it is not transported by the currents to other places and also so that the
fall is constant and vertical. Definitely due to its characteristics, deep fishing
will bring great catches by the fisherman who practices it and who has knowledge
of the ideal spots to practice it.
FISHING WITH ARTIFICIALS

When you decide to go in search of Snapper, and given its characteristic of

a species that likes the depths, the above must be considered, for the use of lures
or artificial ones capable of working at a depth of at least 1.5 meters.

 Casting the Snapper

One of the best-known techniques for fishing for Snapper is casting, either
from the shore or from the boat. For the first case, it will be advisable for the
fisherman to choose the fishing location, since Snappers can be found growing
along the shores of beaches, river mouths and rocky shores. This choice should be
based on experiences from the past, experiences of other sport fishermen and
something that should never be overlooked, are the references of local artisanal
fishermen since at the end of the day, they are definitely the ones who know best
what no one the spots where predators thrive. Also to go in search of Snapper, you
must remember that the mature and therefore larger Snapper likes to be located in
the depths and if these are accompanied by sunken logs or boats, the probability of
capture will increase terribly, both due to the fact that The Snapper looks for these
shelters to ambush its prey and also because these sites serve as a nursery for
countless marine species, including grass fish, shrimp, crabs and more. Regarding
juvenile Snappers, we will have to look for them in the mangroves, where they take
refuge from their predators and also find there a rich source of food. Taking the
above into account, one should then think about the use of artificial ones that can
be worked at depths greater than 1.5 meters.

 Artificials and Casting Techniques Jig Heads, Feather Dusters or Jigs

One of the most effective artificials for snapper fishing is the ¾ or 1 ounce
hair duster or jig and depending on the depth, 2 or 3 ounces can also be used
perfectly. Now if a vinyl tail is incorporated into it, the capture of beautiful
specimens will be devastating. In addition to the above, it is effective for several
other reasons that I will explain below: It is an economical artificial, its cost is
around 25% of the cost of an artificial in the shape of a fish or others. Without
exception, the dusters are always built with very high quality hooks, a quality
necessary to fish for Snapper, since this species has great power in its jaws. This
type of lure can easily have its vinyl tails changed, so with a suitable feather duster,
you can explore areas with different colors or tones and thus determine the most
suitable color for that day's fishing. Its weight will make it easier for the fisherman
to make systematic and repetitive casts for several hours without feeling extreme
fatigue. Furthermore, its aerodynamic shape will allow him to place it efficiently at
the points where this predator is suspected of thriving. Due to the existence of anti-
weed dusters, you can easily cast in mangroves, rocky outcroppings or where, due
to the characteristics of the vegetation, it would be practically impossible to anchor
artificially. Resistance to the violent bites or hooks of Snappers, especially
resistance to the sharp front fangs that characterize them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Legislative trends in wildlife management.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna

http://homestudy.ihea.com
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http://www.google.com/images

www.guardia.mil.ve

www.ambientum.com/.../Policia-ambiental-en-Venezuela.asp