The History of Chess
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ScribdTranslationsThe History of Chess
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ScribdTranslationsTHE HISTORY OF CHESS
Chess has its origin in India, in the Indus Valley. He was
born more than 1,500 years ago. In the Arab world it had
great development. Chess arrived in Europe about 1,200
years ago, when the Muslims conquered the Iberian
Peninsula. During the Middle Ages, the Iberian and Italian
peninsulas were the areas where it was most practiced. It
was played according to Arab rules, which were
described, among others, by a Castilian king: Alfonso X
the Wise.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, chess underwent
important changes in some of its rules. At that time,
when it was already the favorite game of the nobility and
aristocracy, its practice spread to many more people. The
first chess tournaments emerged at the end of the 16th
century. Did you know that one of the great champions of
that time was a Spaniard? His name was Ruy López de
Segura. Another important name in the history of chess is
that of the Frenchman Philidor, who revolutionized the
game in the 18th century.
MAIN CHESS PLAYERS IN PERU
I. Deysi Cori
II. Paul Morphy
III. Emanuel Lasker
IV. Emilio Córdova Daza
V. Wilhelm Steinitz
VI. Mikhail Botvinnik
VII. Robert James Fischer
VIII. Anatoly Karpov
IX. Julio Granda
X. Jorge Cori
DEFINITION OF CHESS
Chess is a game that is played on a board and pits two
people against each other. Each player has sixteen
pieces that they can move, respecting certain rules, on
the board that is divided into sixty-four squares, known
as squares. These pieces are a king, a queen, two rooks,
two knights, two bishops and eight pawns. The
objective is to overthrow the rival's king, for which it is
possible to capture the various pieces of the opponent.
Chess
The board alternates two colors on its squares, usually
black and white. The pieces are also distinguished by
color: one player starts the game with sixteen black
pieces and the other with sixteen white pieces. The
way in which each piece can advance around the board
is defined by the regulations, and much of the essence
of the game is found in the characteristics of its
possible movements.
If a player manages to get one of his pieces to the
square where his opponent's piece is, he can capture it.
In this way, the opponent loses one of his pieces. The
game is defined when a player ensures that the rival
king cannot avoid a capture maneuver: this move is
known as checkmate.
Although historically chess pitted one person against
another, in recent decades technology has allowed the
emergence of computer programs that, through
various calculations, “play” chess, determining the
movement of the pieces. In this way, a person can play
against a computer, or it is even possible for two
computer systems to compete against each other.
VALUE AND MOVEMENT OF CHESS PIECES
Pawn
On the chess board, there is no weaker and more
numerous piece than the pawn. Its most frequent
movement is towards the front, one square at a time;
However, the player who starts the game can take two
steps at a time. One of its peculiarities is that it cannot
capture other pieces in the same way it moves, unlike
all the others, but must do so diagonally.
Bishop
Its movement is diagonal and there is no limit on the
number of squares: as long as it finds empty spaces, it
can continue advancing to the edge of the board.
Something that follows from this rule is that the bishop
can never step on a square of the opposite color to the
initial one. As each player has a bishop on a black
square and another on a white square, it is common to
take advantage of this to name them, although they
can also be identified according to their proximity to
the king or queen.
Tower
It could be said that the rook is like the bishop but in a
straight horizontal or vertical line. In addition to the
orientation of its movement, a difference it has with
the latter is that it can be positioned on any square on
the board, something that makes it very powerful.
Horse
This is the piece that stands out the most in the group,
since it is the only one capable of jumping over other
pieces. Its movement consists of moving two squares in
a straight horizontal or vertical line, and then moving
one more square at a right angle, as if writing a letter L
as it passes.
Queen
It is the most powerful piece in the game, since it
combines the possibilities of the bishop and the rook.
King
Despite its importance, it is one of the least powerful
pieces on the board. Its movements are limited to any
of its adjacent squares, so it cannot advance more than
one step at a time.
CHESS OPENINGS
In chess, the initial phase of the game is called opening,
in which the pieces are developed from their initial
positions. The three phases of a chess game are:
opening, middlegame and endgame. The recognized
opening move sequences are known as openings or
defenses and have been given names such as: the
Spanish Opening, the Sicilian Defense and the Queen's
Gambit. There are dozens of different openings that
can vary widely from a character point of view, from
positional play (e.g. the Reti Opening and some lines of
the Queen's Gambit) to wild tactics lines (such as the
Latvian Gambit and the Defense of the two horses).
The opening is a fundamental element in chess. A solid
opening will allow us to consolidate advantageous
positions; On the contrary, the weakness in the
opening can hardly be compensated in the subsequent
course of the game.
Currently the opening is widely studied (in some cases
up to move 20 or more), to the point that in many
games the first moves are made automatically in
accordance with established opening theory. Opening
move sequences that are considered standard (often
cataloged in a reference work such as the Encyclopedia
of Chess Openings) are known as "book moves." These
reference works often present these sequences in
simple opening trees in algebraic notation or theory
tables. A new move in the opening is known as a
"theoretical novelty." When a game begins to deviate
from the known opening theory, players are said to "go
off the book." In some opening lines, the moves
considered best for both sides have been calculated for
twenty or twenty-five moves or more. Professional
players spend years studying openings and continue to
do so throughout their careers, as opening theory
continues to evolve.
THE CORONATION OF CHESS
Pawns may be the weakest pieces on the board, but they
have the potential to become much stronger. If a pawn
makes it all the way to the other end of the board, the
pawn must be promoted and become any piece its owner
desires, except a king. Most of the time, a pawn will be
crowned queen, however, it can also become a rook,
knight, or bishop. Promotion to any piece other than the
queen is known as a minor coronation.
The diagram above shows a pawn from each side
preparing for the coronation.
SHORT AND LONG CASTLING
short castling in chess
Submitted by Ajedrez Utea on Tue, 01/29/2013 - 16:17
Short castling (OO) is the one carried out with the king
and the king's rook, being called short because it is the
rook closest to the king in its initial position. Short castling
is done in this way: the king moves two squares in the
direction of the king's rook, and immediately, in the same
move, the rook passes to the other side of the king, as if
jumping over him, occupying the adjacent square.
(diagrams A and B).
short castling in chess
Diagram A
Position of the king and each of the rooks before short
castling
short castling in chess
Diagram B
Position of the king and king rook after short castling. The
queen rook did not intervene in the move.
Long castling in chess
Submitted by Ajedrez Utea on Tue, 01/29/2013 - 16:21
In long castling (OOO) the king and the queen's rook
intervene, which has to travel a longer path than its
partner the king's rook in the corresponding castling.
Long castling is performed in a similar way: the king
moves two squares in the direction of the queen's rook,
and immediately, in the same move, the rook passes to
the other side of the king, as if jumping over him,
occupying the adjacent square. (diagrams A and B).
short castling in chess
Diagram A
Position of the king and each of the rooks before castling
Long castling in chess
Diagram B
Position of the king and queen rook after long castling.
The king's rook has remained in place, note that, in each
of the castlings, the king finally occupies one or another
of the squares of the same color closest to the initial one
located on the same f
HISTORY OF SPORTS GYMNASTICS
Sports or artistic gymnastics is a combination of exercises
that require exceptional physical conditions from the
gymnast. These exercises are performed with the help of
devices. In official competitions, six free exercises are
required in the men's category and four in the women's
category.
Men's category: the devices used are: fixed bar, parallel
bars, rack (jumping exercise), pommel horse, rings and
floor exercises.
Women's category: floor exercises, cross (jump), balance
beam and uneven bars.
The official competitions
The most important official competition of all is, without
a doubt, the Olympic Games. Winning the Olympic Games
is the great dream of any elite gymnast. Immediately after
come the World Championships. In Europe, the European
Championships are obviously the next thing to win. The
equivalent for other continents (Asian Games, Pan
American Games, etc.)
There are also many international exhibition competitions
that gymnasts often use as preparation, which are highly
regarded. Some examples are the ”American Cup” in the
United States or the ”Chunichi Cup” in Japan.
The competitions usually have three modalities:
– individual competition
– team competition
– individual competition for devices.
HOW GYMNASTICS IS DIVIDED
GENERAL GYMNASTICS
General gymnastics is a discipline in which people of all
ages participate in groups from 6 to 150 gymnasts who
perform or do choreography in a synchronized manner.
Groups can be single-sex or mixed.
ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS
Artistic gymnastics consists of performing a
choreographic composition, combining body movements
simultaneously and at high speed. It is made up of
different modalities according to the male and female
categories.
RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Rhythmic gymnastics is a discipline that combines
elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance and the use of
various devices such as rope, hoop, ball, masses and
ribbon. In this sport, both competitions and exhibitions
are held, in which the gymnast is accompanied by music
to maintain a rhythm in her movements. Two modalities
can be distinguished: individual and group. When scoring,
it is based on a maximum of thirty points.
Modern rhythmic gymnastics was developed in the late
1950s. In 1963, the first International Rhythmic
Gymnastics Tournament was organized in Budapest. A
year later this Budapest International Tournament was
officially declared the first World Rhythmic Gymnastics
Championship. At the Los Angeles Olympic Games, held in
1984, it became an Olympic discipline, although only the
individual modality was accepted then. In the 1996
Atlanta Olympic Games, the group modality is also
admitted.
AEROBIC GYMNASTICS
Aerobic gymnastics, formerly known as sports aerobics, is
a gymnastics discipline in which a routine of between 100
and 110 seconds is performed with high-intensity
movements derived from traditional aerobics in addition
to a series of difficulty elements. This routine must
demonstrate continuous movements, flexibility, strength
and perfect execution in the difficult elements.
ACROBATIC GYMNASTICS
Acrobatic gymnastics, also known as acro-sport or
acrosport, is a group discipline in which there are male
couples, female couples, mixed couples, female trios and
male quartets. Collective gymnastic demonstrations are
carried out where the body acts as a motor, support and
driving device for other bodies performing jumps, figures
and human pyramids.
TRAMPOLINE GYMNASTICS
Trampoline gymnastics is a discipline that consists of
performing a series of exercises performed on various
elastic devices, where acrobatics is the main protagonist.
There are mainly three specialties: tumbling, double mini-
tramp and trampoline, the last of which has been Olympic
since Sydney 2000.
TURLS OR BEARINGS
