Pak Study (Complete)

!
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمرواحیناورداینوی(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمرواحیناورداینوی(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
One Paper Pak Study

Cource Content:
1. Three Personalities.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
2. Early history( Muhammad bin Qasim to Dehli dynasty)
3. Mughal dynasty to East India Company
4. East India Company to War Of independence 1857
5. 1857 to 1947
6. 1947 to current date
Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Period of life 25-12-1876 to 11-09-1948 (71 years)
Birth place wazeer mention karachi
Father Jinnahbhai Poonja (A prosperous merchant)
Mother Mithibai
Cast Khoja Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier
and who were followers of the Aga khan.
Siblings 07 (04 br0thers & 03 sisters)
Number in Siblings Eldest
Wives  Emibai Jinnah was the first cousin and the first wife of
Jinnah from 1892 until her death in 1893,
 Rattan Bai (In 1918, Jinnah married his second
wife Rattanbai 24 years his junior. She was daughter of his
friend, and was part of an elite Parsi family of Bombay)
Children Dina wadia Jinnah frm rattan bhai born in 1919
Last days Ziarat
Mazar e Quaid Karachi
Education  After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent in 1887 to
the Sind Madrasa tul Islam in Karachi.
 Later he attended the Christian Missionary Society High
School in Karachi, where at the age of 16 he passed the
matriculation examination.
 Mohammed Ali Jinnah was sent to England by his father to
acquire business experience, but he was interested in
becoming a barrister He travelled to England in 1892 and
studied law for 4 years at Lincoln's Inn,
 becoming the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in

England at the age of just 19.
Titles of Jinnah 1. Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader):
- Conferred by: Maulana Mazharuddin Shaheed
- Date: 1938
Later on confirmed by parliament of pakistan after partition first
session.
2. Father of the Nation:

- Conferred by: People of Pakistan
- Date: Widely used after the creation of Pakistan in 1947
3. Governor-General of Pakistan:
- Conferred by: Pakistan Government
- Date: August 15, 1947
4. Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE)

:
- Conferred by: British Government
- Date: 1916
5. Member of the Imperial Legislative Council:

- Conferred by: British Government
- Date: 1910
7. President of the Indian National Congress:

- Conferred by: Indian National Congress
- Date: 1916
8. Nishan-e-Pakistan (Order of Pakistan):

- Conferred by: Pakistan Government (posthumously)
- Date: 1963
Career When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his

father’s business had suffered losses.He decided to start his
legal practice in Bombay but it took him years of work to
establish himself as a lawyer. A man without hobbies, he
divided his interest between law and politics. His interest in
women was also limited, to Rattenbai but the marriage proved
an unhappy one, and Jinnah and Rutti soon separated. It was
nearly 10 years later that he turned actively toward politics.
Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906
session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party)
held at Calcutta. Jinnah’s endeavours to bring about the
political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of
“the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity,” Jinnah left
both the league and the Congress Party in 1920. For a few
years he kept himself aloof from the main political
movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-
Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement

of political ends. After his withdrawal from Congress, he used
the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views.
But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah,
had been overshadowed by Congress and the religiously
oriented Muslim Khilafat movement.When the failure of the
noncooperation movement and the emergence of Hindu
revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between
Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League began to lose
strength and cohesion, and provincial Muslim leaders formed
their own parties to serve their needs. Thus, Jinnah’s problem
during the following years was to convert the Muslim League
into an enlightened, unified political body prepared to
cooperate with other organizations working for the good of
India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress Party, as a
prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling
the Hindu-Muslim conflict.To bring about such a
rapprochement was Jinnah’s chief purpose during the late
1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the
legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conference in
London (1930–32), and through his “14 points,” which
included proposals for a federal form of government, greater
rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in
the central legislature, separation of the predominantly
Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province,
and introduction of reforms in the North-West Frontier
Province. His failure to bring about even
minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928)
over the question of separate electorates and reservation of
seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found
himself in a peculiar position at that time
many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his
policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands,
while the Congress Party would not even meet the moderate
Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a
house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim
League repudiated Jinnah’s leadership and organized itself
separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England.
From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself
to practice before the Privy Council. But when constitutional
changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home
to head a reconstituted Muslim LeagueJinnah had originally
been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that
the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal had
propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930, but
before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on
the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding
Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not
religious persecution that he feared so much as the future
exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement
within India, as soon as power became vested in the close-
knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against

that danger, he carried out a nationwide campaign to warn his
coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted
the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the
Muslims into a nation.
Dr. Allama Muhammad IQBAL
Period of life: 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938

Father: Sheikh Noor Muhammad
Mother: Imam Bibi
Caste: Sheikh Kashmiri
Siblings: Two brothers: Shaikh Ata Muhamma & Iqbal,
Four sisters: Taleb Bibi, Karim Bibi, Fatima Bibi, Zainab Bibi
Wives: 03 Karim Bibi, Mukhtar Begum ,Sardar begum.
Children: Miraj Iqbal, Aftab Iqbal, . Javed Iqbal, Munazza
Teacher Molana Rumi
Titles:
1- Poet of the East “‫”شاعر مشرق‬
2- Muffakir-e-Pakistan “‫”مفکر پاکستان‬
3- Hakeem-ul-Ummat “‫”حکیم االمت‬
4- Iqbāl-e Lāhorī “‫( ”اقبال الهوری‬Iqbal is famous in Iran with this name)
5- King George V gave him the honor tittle of “SIR” in 1922
Mazar eIqbal:
Mazaar-e-Iqbal (Urdu: ‫ )مزار اقبال‬is a mausoleum located within the Hazuri Bagh of
the Courtyard of the Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore,It is said that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sent
earth collected from Maulana Rumi's tomb to be sprinkled on this grave
Early education:
 Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the
Qur'an He learned the Arabic language from his teacher,Syed Mir Hassan, the head of
the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission School in Sialkot, where he
matriculated in 1893.
 He received an Intermediate level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895 from Marrey
Collage Sialkot
 .The same year he enrolled at Government College University, where he obtained his
Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan
Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal as he performed well in Arabic.
 1899.he did his Master of Arts won first place in philosophy in the University of the Punjab.
Higher education in Europe
 Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his philosophy teacher at
Government College Lahore, to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905,He travelled
to England for that purpose.
 Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College, University of Cambridge, and obtained
a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. This B.A. degree in London, made him eligible, to practice as an
advocate, as it was being practiced those days. In the same year he was called to the
bar as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In 1907,
 Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy
degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1908. Working under the
guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal's doctoral thesis was entitled The Development of
Metaphysics in Persia..
Past Papers Questions
1. Allama Iqbal is widely recognized as the national poet of which country?
a) India
b) Pakistan
c) Bangladesh
d) Afghanistan
- Answer: b
2. Iqbal's concept of "Khudi" emphasizes:

a) Selflessness
b) Self-awareness and selfhood
c) Materialism
d) Isolation
- Answer: b
3. Iqbal's famous poem "Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua Ban Ke" is about:
a) Dreams of success
b) Prayers of a child
c) National unity
d) Philosophical reflection
- Answer: b
4. Iqbal's vision for Muslims emphasized:

a) Assimilation into other cultures
b) Cultural isolation
c) Political empowerment
d) Economic dependence
- Answer: c
5. Allama Iqbal's role in inspiring the idea of Pakistan was to:

a) Call for a united India
b) Advocate for a separate Muslim nation
c) Promote communism
d) Suggest a federal system
- Answer: b
6. Iqbal's concept of "Shaheen" symbolizes:

a) A leader of a political movement
b) A poet's muse
c) An ideal human
d) A philosopher
- Answer: c
7. Allama Iqbal's contributions extend to the fields of:

a) Science and mathematics
b) Literature, philosophy, and law
c) Medicine and engineering
d) Fine arts and architecture
- Answer: b
8. Iqbal's famous couplet "Mazhab Nahin Sikhata" emphasizes:

a) The unity of all religions
b) The importance of religious education
c) Cultural diversity
d) Political ideologies
- Answer: a
9. Allama Iqbal's legacy is celebrated as:

a) An advocate for colonialism
b) A leader of a political party
c) The national poet of Pakistan
d) A scientist and inventor
- Answer: c
10. Iqbal's association with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan led to:
a) Religious conflict
b) Educational reforms
c) Artistic collaborations
d) Military alliances
- Answer: b
11. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in which city?
a) Karachi
b) Lahore
c) Delhi
d) Mumbai
- Answer: a
12. Jinnah's profession before entering politics was:

a) Teacher
b) Lawyer
c) Doctor
d) Businessman
- Answer: b
13. The term "Quaid-e-Azam" means:

a) Father of the Nation
b) National Hero
c) Great Leader
d) Visionary Statesman
- Answer: c
14. Quaid-e-Azam led the All India Muslim League to advocate for:
a) Integration into a united India
b) A separate Muslim nation
c) Social reforms for all Indians
d) Autonomy for regional states
- Answer: b
15. The Lahore Resolution of 1940 called for:

a) Hindu-Muslim unity
b) A united India under British rule
c) Creation of independent states for Muslims
d) Greater provincial autonomy
- Answer: c
16. Quaid-e-Azam's famous motto "Unity, Faith, Discipline" emphasizes:

a) Religious devotion
b) National pride
c) Ethical values
d) Educational excellence
- Answer: b
17. Jinnah's negotiation with the British led to the formation of:
a) A united India
b) Pakistan and India
c) A socialist state
d) A confederation of states
- Answer: b
18. The first Governor-General of Pakistan was:

a) Liaquat Ali Khan
b) Allama Iqbal
c) Benazir Bhutto
d) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Answer: d
19. Quaid-e-Azam's vision for Pakistan included:

a) A secular state
b) A socialist economy
c) Equal rights for all citizens
d) A military dictatorship
- Answer: c
20. The death of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah occurred in:

a) 1947
b) 1956
c) 1971
d) 1948
- Answer: d
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

 Full Name: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
 Parents: Mir Muhammad Muttaqi and Aziz-un-Nisa
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born on October 17, 1817, in Delhi, India, into a family of aristocrats
and scholars. His father, Mir Muhammad Muttaqi, was a nobleman in the Mughal court
Early Career and Jobs:
 In 1838, Syed Ahmad Khan joined the British colonial administration as a clerk in the courts of
law in Agra.
 He worked diligently and was recognized for his competence, leading to his appointment to
various administrative positions within the British Indian judiciary system.
Career,Titles and Awards:
Sir Syed Ahmad khan joined East India company as follow.
1. 1838: Serestadar (Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi.
2. February 1839: Transferred to Agra; promoted to the title of Naib Munshi (Deputy Reader)
in the office of the Commissioner.
3. 1841: Appointed as the Munsif (Sub-Judge) of Fatehpur Sikri.
4. 1846: Transferred to Delhi.
5. 1850 and 1853: Short-term postings as officiating Sadr Amin in Rohtak.
6. 1854: Transferred back to Delhi.
7. 1855: Promoted to the post of Sadr Amin in Bijnor.
8. May 1857: During the Indian Rebellion, served as chief assessment officer at the court in
Bijnor, supporting British officers and assisting civilians affected by the conflict.
9. 1858: Appointed as Sadarus Sudoor at the court in Muradabad, where he began working on
"The Causes of the Indian Revolt."
10. 1862: Transferred to Ghazipur.
11. 1864: Transferred to Aligarh.
12. 1864: Sent to Banaras and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes.
13. April 1869: Accompanied his sons, Syed Mahmood and Syed Hamid, to England.
14. 1876: Retired from government service and settled in Aligarh.
15. 1878-1883: Served as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council.
16. 1887-1893: Served two terms on the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the
North-Western Provinces.
17. , he was knighted by the British government and given the title of "Sir" on January 26, 1888.
Death
 He passed away on March 27, 1898, in Aligarh, India, but his legacy continued through the
institutions he established, especially Aligarh Muslim University.
Educational Institutes:
1. Gulshan School
 Year of Establishment: 1859
 Location: Muradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. Victoria School
 Location: Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, India
3. Scientific Society of Aligarh
 Location: Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
4. Aligarh Institute Gazette School
5. "Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq" (Social Reformer) (Started in 1870): "Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq" was a
journal initiated by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to promote modern education, awareness, and
reforms in Muslim society. It covered a wide range of topics, including science, literature,
ethics, and social issues. The journal played a crucial role in advocating rationality,
education, and progress.
6. Madrasatul Uloom (later Aligarh Muslim University)

7. Muslim Anglo-Oriental College (later Aligarh Muslim University)
8. Aligarh Muslim University
 Year of Establishment: 1920 (Granted university status)
9. Muhammadan Civil Service Fund Association: Founded in 1883, this association focused
on supporting the entry of Muslim graduates into the Indian Civil Service (ICS). It aimed to
empower Muslims in administrative and governmental positions.
10. All India Muhammadan Educational Conference: This conference, established in 1886,
aimed to promote educational development among Muslims in India. It was a platform to
discuss educational reforms and advocate political unity among Muslims.
Important writings
1. Jila al-Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub (Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved)
(1842)
 Year of Publication: 1842
 Cause: Biographical sketch of Prophet Muhammad. It was in line with the reformist
ideas of Shah Waliullah and aimed to provide a positive perspective on the life of the
Prophet.
2. Tuhfa-i Hasan (The Gift to Hasan) (1844)
Cause: Urdu translation of selected chapters from Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi's work,

"Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya," which critiqued certain Shia beliefs. Sir Syed's translation
aimed to present a different perspective on these issues.
3. Kalimat al-Haqq (The True Discourse) (1849)
 Cause: A critique of Sufi practices and the concept of pir-murid relationships. Sir
Syed aimed to reform and clarify these practices within the context of Islamic
teachings.
4. Rah i Sunna dar radd i Bid'a (The Sunna and the Rejection of Innovations) (1850)
 Cause: Sir Syed expressed his opposition to certain religious practices and beliefs
that he considered to be innovations (bid'ah) and not in line with the authentic
Sunnah of the Prophet.
5. Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh (A Letter Explaining the Teaching of
tasawwur i shaikh) (1852)
 Cause: In this work, Sir Syed defended the Sufi practice of tasawwur-i-Shaikh, which
involved visualizing one's spiritual guide. He aimed to provide a theological basis for
this practice.
6. Tafsir-ul-Quran (1877-1904)
 Years of Publication: Seven volumes published between 1880 and 1904
 Cause: This extensive work is a commentary on the Quran. It involved analyzing and
interpreting specific portions of the Quran, and Sir Syed established principles for his
commentary in the introductory volume.
7. Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) (1859)
 Cause: In response to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Sir Syed analyzed the causes of
the uprising. He attributed the rebellion to various political, social, and administrative
factors, challenging the prevailing notions about its causes.
8. Jam-i-Jum (Jamshed's Cup) (1840)
 Year of Publication: Not specified
 Cause: Compiled historical data about Timurid rulers of Delhi. It was done at the
request of Robert N. C. Hamilton, Sir Syed's patron, and contributed to historical
scholarship.
9. Asar-us-Sanadid (The Remnants of Ancient Heroes) (1847)
 Cause: Documentation of historical monuments and buildings in Delhi. The work
aimed to preserve the architectural heritage of the region.
10. A'in-e Akbari (1855)
 Year of Publication: Volumes published in 1855
 Cause: Scholarly edition and commentary on Abul Fazl's work "A'in-e Akbari." The
work delved into the governance, culture, and administration of the Mughal Empire
under Akbar.
11. Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya (1869)
Cause: Responded to William Muir's portrayal of Islam in "The Life of Mahomet." Sir

Syed aimed to defend Islam and Prophet Muhammad against negative portrayals.
12. Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans (1871-1872)
 Years of Publication: Articles published from 1871 to 1872
 Cause: Rejoinder to William Wilson Hunter's book "Indian Musalmans: Are They
Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?" Sir Syed aimed to counter
Hunter's accusations against Muslims and their role in the rebellion.
Institutes and Initiatives:
1. Urdu Defence Association and Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu: These organizations were
established by Sir Syed's colleagues to preserve and promote the Urdu language, reflecting
his efforts to uphold cultural heritage.
2. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim Unity: In the early phase of his career, Sir Syed advocated for
unity between Hindus and Muslims, emphasizing their shared cultural heritage. He believed
that India's strength lay in the unity of its diverse communities.
3. Two-Nation Theory: Sir Syed's views about Muslims and Hindus being distinct nations
contributed to the later formulation of the Two-Nation Theory. This theory played a
significant role in the partition of India in 1947.
4. Promotion of Constitutional Methods: Sir Syed advocated for Muslims to participate in
administration and use constitutional methods to express grievances to the British
government. He believed in gradual reforms rather than radical movements.
5. Efforts for Political Co-operation: Sir Syed established organizations like the United
Patriotic Association to promote political co-operation with the British and encourage
Muslim participation in governance
1. When was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan born?

a) 1817
b) 1820
c) 1818
d) 1823
2. Which educational institution founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is now known
as Aligarh Muslim University?
a) Aligarh College
b) Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
c) Aligarh Muslim College
d) Aligarh Islamic University
3. What is the title of the book in which Sir Syed Ahmad Khan presented his views
on the causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
a) The Indian Revolt and Its Causes
b) The 1857 Uprising: A Historical Analysis

c) The Sepoy Mutiny: A Comprehensive Study
d) The Cause of the Indian Revolt
4. In which year did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan establish the Muhammadan Anglo-
Oriental College?
a) 1875
b) 1877
c) 1886
d) 1900
5. What was the initial focus of the Scientific Society founded by Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan?
a) Promoting religious orthodoxy
b) Advocating political activism
c) Imparting modern scientific education
d) Fostering cultural preservation
6. What was the name of the journal founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to spread
awareness and knowledge on modern subjects?
a) Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
b) Aligarh Gazette
c) Muslim Digest
d) Enlightened Thoughts
7. Which British title was conferred upon Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1888?
a) Sir of Aligarh
b) Knight of India
c) Lord of Aligarh
d) Sir Knight
8. Which British educational institution served as a model for Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan's vision of modern education?
a) Oxford University
b) Harvard University
c) University of Cambridge
d) University of London
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمرواحیناورداینوی(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم!‬
‫‪Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya‬‬
‫‪For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103‬‬
‫‪9. In which year did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan establish the All India Muhammadan‬‬
‫?‪Educational Conference‬‬
‫‪a) 1860‬‬
‫‪b) 1875‬‬
‫‪c) 1886‬‬
‫‪d) 1899‬‬
‫‪10. What was the primary goal of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's educational and social‬‬
‫?‪efforts‬‬
‫‪a) Promoting political activism‬‬
‫‪b) Preserving traditional religious practices‬‬
‫‪c) Fostering Hindu-Muslim unity‬‬
‫‪d) Uplifting Muslims through modern education‬‬
‫‪Early History‬‬
‫ونباہیمہفیلخودیلنبدبعاکلملےکرعایقوگررندمحمنباقمسےن‪217‬ءںیمدلبیےکراےتسدنسھحتفایک۔ویںدنسھےکراےتساالسمربریغصںیمدالخ‬ ‫دمحمنباقمس‪:‬‬
‫ئوا۔اسےیلدنسھوکابباالالسماہکاجاتےہ۔رھپ‪217‬ءںیمدمحمنباقمسےناتلمنوکحتفایک۔‬
‫ومحمدزغونی‪1222 :‬ءات‪1271‬ء ‪71‬اسولںںیمومحمدٖزغونیےنربریغصںیم‪12‬ےلمحےیک۔اور‪1271‬ںیموسانمتاکدنمروتڑدای۔‬
‫اہشبادلنیدمحموغری‪1111 :‬اور‪1117‬ںیمرتانیکدوںیگنجئوںیئ۔‪1111‬ںیماہشبادلنیوغریوکرپوھتیراجےستسکشئویئ۔رھپ‪1117‬ںیمرتانیکدورسی‬
‫گنجںیمومحمدوغریےنرپوھتیراجوکتسکشدیاورویںربریغصںیمملسمراجاکاباقدعہآاغذئوا۔‬
‫دیلہتنطلس‪:‬دیلہتنطلس‪1721‬ات‪1771‬کتیلچ۔اسںیماپچنںیتنطلس(ولممک‪،‬یجلخ‪،‬قلغت‪،‬اسدات‪،‬ولدیھ)اشلمںیھت۔‬
‫بطقادلنیاکبی(ولممکتنطلس)‪1721 :‬ءںیموغریناادانےکمالمبطقادلنیاکبیےنربریغصںیم یلہاالس یموک تاق میک۔اسوکناادانمالامں(ولممک)یک‬
‫تنطلساہکاجاتےہ۔بطقادلنیاکبی‪1712‬ءںیمالئورںیموپولےتلیھکئوےئوفتئوےئگ۔آپاکزمارالئوراانریلکابزارںیمےہ۔ہیتنطلس‪1712‬کتاق مریہ۔‬
‫الجلادلنییجلخ(یجلختنطلس)‪:‬الجلادللنییجلخےناستنطلسیک دایدر ۔ی۔ہیتنطلس‪1712‬ات‪1272‬کتاق مریہ۔‬
‫ایغثادلنیقلغت( قلغتتنطلس)‪:‬ایغثادلںیقلغتےناستنطلسیک دایدر ۔یوجےک‪1272‬ات‪1111‬ءکتاق مریہ‪،‬ومیترکلےن‪1211‬ءںیماڈنایرپہلمحایکاھت‪،‬‬
‫رضخنان(اسداتتنطلس)‪:‬رضخنانےناسداتتنطلسیک دایدر ۔یوجہک‪1111‬ےس‪1171‬کتاق مریہ۔‬
‫ولہبلولدیھ(ولدیھتنطلس)‪:‬ولہبلولدیھےنولدیھتنطلسیک دایدر ۔ی۔ہی‪1171‬ات‪1771‬کتاق مریہ۔ولدیھتنطلسںیمیہواوکسڈےاگامےن‪1111‬ںیمویرپ‬
‫ےساایشیکتاکدنمسریراہتسدرایتفایک۔ہیدیلہتنطلسیکآری تنطلسول ۔ولدیھتنطلساکناناپاپین ییک یلہگنج ‪ 1771‬ںیمئواسجںیماربامیہولدیھوکہیلغم‬
‫تنطلسےکابینابربےنتسکشدی۔‬
‫دیلہتنطلس‬
‫۔ مالمناادانمالامں‪11 ( 1712-1721 :‬اسل)‬
‫۔ یجلخناادان‪22 ( 1272-1712 :‬اسل)‬
‫۔*قلغتناادان‪11 ( 1111-1272 :‬اسل)‬

‫۔ لدسناادان‪22 ( 1171-1111 :‬اسل)‬
‫۔ ولدیھناادان‪27 ( 1771-1171 :‬اسل)‬
‫ناادانمالامں‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ابین‪ :‬مالمناادانیک دایدبطقادلنیاکبیےنر ۔یوجدمحموغریےکامتحتاکیاتممزرجلینےھت۔اسےن‪1721‬ںیموغرییکومتےکدعبنااداناق مایک۔‬
‫‪ .7‬الہپاطلسن‪ :‬بطقادلنیاکبی‪1721‬ےس‪1712‬کترمکحاینرکےتئوےئمالمناادانےکتحتدیلہاکالہپاطلسنانب۔‬
‫‪ .2‬وگرگننرن‪ :‬مالمناادانامشیلدنہواتسنےکھچکوصحںرپموک ترکاتاھت‪،‬اساکداراوکحل تدیلہںیماھت۔‬
‫‪ .1‬ویطساایشییئاقثتفاکارث‪ :‬بطقادلنیاکبیتیمسمالمناادانےکرمکحاونںاکقلعتویطساایشیےساھت۔ہیارثانےکااظتن ی‪،‬ریمعتایتاوراقثیتفااختنبںیمواحضےہ۔‬
‫‪ .7‬بطقانیمر‪ :‬مالمناادانیکبسےسوہشمرریمعتایتریماوثںںیمےساکیدیلہاکبطقانیمرےہ۔اساکآاغزبطقادلنیاکبیےنایکاوراسےکاجنیشنا شمتےنلمک‬
‫ایک۔‬
‫ا شمتاکدورموک ت‪ :‬ا شمتےنبطقادلنیاکبیےکدعب‪1711‬ےس‪1721‬کتموک تیک‪،‬اسےنیئکااظتن یاالصاحتاعتمرفرکواںیئ‪،‬نجںیماینپتنطلسوکوصوبں‬
‫(ااطقس) ںیممیسقترکےناوراچادیاکہکساعتمرفرکواایایگ۔'‪'.tankah‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ناادایناجینیشن‪ :‬مالمناادانےنرتکرشاتفیکرواتیرپلمعایک‪،‬اہجںتخترباہراتسبسنکتدحمودرےنہیکاجبےئارثکاتیلہےکاادراقلبارفادوکدایاجاتاھت۔‬
‫‪ .1‬رہیضاطلسہن‪ :‬ا شمتیکیٹیبرہیضاطلسہنناادانیکبسےساقلبذرکرمکحاونںںیمےساکینبںیئگ۔وہدیلہرپرمکحاینرکےنوایل یلہناوتنںیھتاوراںیہنااظتنہیماور‬
‫رمکحاینوکرتہبانبےنیکوکوششںےکےیلایدایکاجاتےہ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬زجنلیچاورزوال‪ :‬مالمناادانوکاادرویناغبووتں‪،‬العاقیئاغبووتںاورریبوینوگنملولمحںےسوجنلیچںاکاسانمرکانڑپا۔اسےنوتقےکاسھتاسھتانیکااھتریٹوکزمکور‬
‫ایک۔‬
‫‪ .12‬نااداناکناناپ‪ :‬مالومںیکتنطلساکناناپاسوتقئوابجایغثادلنینبلب‪،‬وجہکرشاتفےکاکیرئنیسرنکےھت‪،‬ےن‪1711‬ںیمادتقاررپہضبقایکاورنبلب‬
‫نااداناق مایک۔‬
‫یجلخناادان‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ابین‪ :‬یجلخناادانیک دایدالجلادلنییجلخےنر ۔یول ‪،‬وج‪1712‬ںیممالمناادانےکآریرمکحاناکہتختاےنٹلےکدعبتخترپاھٹیباھت۔‬
‫‪ .7‬العؤادلنییجلخ‪ :‬ناادانےکبسےسامنایںرمکحاونںںیمےساکیالعؤادلنییجلخاھتسجےن‪1711‬ےس‪1211‬کتموک تیک۔‬
‫‪ .2‬ااظتن یاالصاحت‪ :‬العؤادلنییجلخےنرمزکیااھتریٹوکوبضمطرکےنےکےیلدعتمدااظتن یاالصاحتانذفںیک۔اسےنوفجاوررشاتفرپرظنرےنھکےکےیل"داغ" اور‬
‫"رہچہ" اکاظنماعتمرفرکاای۔‬
‫‪ .1‬امرٹیکرٹنکول‪ :‬اگنہمیئوکرٹنکولرکےنےکےیلالعؤادلنییجلخےنںیتمیقےطرکےکامروٹیکںوکرٹنکولایک۔اسےنامہاانجسےکےیلموک تےکزریرٹنکولابزار‬
‫(اشاہہن) اق مےیک۔‬
‫‪ .7‬وفیجامہمت‪ :‬العؤادلنییجلخےنیئکاکایمبوفیجامہمتئالںیئ۔اسےنوگنمولںوکتسکشدیاورنگیز نانےکوپےتدووایکدایدتںیموگنملےلمحوک اپسایک۔‬
‫‪ .1‬ونجیبدنہواتسنیکحتف‪:‬العؤادلنییجلخےکرجلینکلماکوفرےنونجیبدنہواتسنںیماکایمبامہمتیکدایدتیک‪،‬سجےستہباسریدوتلاوردیقویںوکدیلہواسپ الایایگ۔‬
‫ٹگکسی‬
‫‪ .2‬ومرث شنمٹسس‪ :‬العؤادلنییجلخےن"زتب" اکاظنماعتمرفرکاای‪،‬اہجںفلتخمالعوقںیکاوطسدیپاواریک دایدرپوصحملرقمرایکاجاتاھت۔اسےسسکیٹووصیلوکمکحتسم‬
‫رکےنںیمدمدیلم۔‬
‫‪ .1‬لٹپیکٹفش‪ :‬العؤادلنییجلخےنداراوکحل توکدیلہےساکیےئنرہشںیملقتنمایکےسجرسیاہکاجاتےہ‪،‬وجہکوموجدہدیلںیموحزناصےکرقبیےہ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬امرٹیکرٹنکولاوررگناین‪:‬العؤادلنییجلخیکرمکحاینامرٹیکیکوتمیقںرپتخسرٹنکولےکےیلاجاناجاتےہ‪،‬اہیںکتہکذایتاامعتسلیکاایشءےسیجڑپکےاوراھکےنکت‬
‫‪ .12‬لتق‪ :‬العؤادلنییجلخوک‪1211‬ںیملتقرکدایایگ‪،‬سجےکےجیتنںیمناادانےکاادرادتقاریکشکمشکرشوعئویئاوراسےکزوالںیمہصحایل۔‬
‫قلغتناادان‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ابیناوررمکحان‪ :‬قلغتناادانیک دایدایغثادلنیقلغتےنر ۔یول ‪،‬وجیجلخناادانےکاسقبمالمےھت۔‬
‫‪ .7‬ایغسادلنیقلغت‪ :‬وہ‪1272‬ںیمآرییجلخرمکحانوکلتقرکےنےکدعبتخترپاھٹیب‪،‬اسرطحقلغتنااداناکدایملمعںیمآای۔‬
‫ن‬
‫‪ .2‬دمحمنبقلغت‪ :‬اینپوتہمااک کشیاورارثکریغیلمعاپویسیلںےکےیلاجاناجاتےہ‪،‬اسےنداراوکحل توکدیلہےسدنکںیمدوتلآابدلقتنمرکدای‪،‬سجےکےجیتنںیمامہ‬
‫الکٹسجزجنلیچاورواسلئاکاصقننئوا۔‬
‫‪ .1‬وٹنکرکیسن‪ :‬دمحمنبقلغتیکاجبنےساتےبناورلتیپےسینبوٹنکرکیسناعتمرفرکواےنےساعمیشدباحیلئویئاوررکیسنےکاظنمرپاامتعدمتخئوا۔‬
‫‪ .7‬ونجیبدنہواتسنیکحتف‪ :‬اےنپداراوکحل تیکیدب یلےکابووجد‪،‬اسےنونجیبدنہواتسنوکحتفرکےنیکوک شیک‪ ،‬نکیانامہمتےنواسلئوکمتخرکدایاورماق یزماتم‬
‫اکاسانمرکانڑپا۔‬
‫‪ .1‬طحقےساجنت‪ :‬دمحمنبقلغتےنطحقےکدوراناانجیکداکںینوھکلرکاوروخراکمیسقترکےکادمادرفامہرکےنیکوک شیک‪ ،‬نکیر دےکوجنلیچںےنانیکاتری‬
‫وکدحمودرکدای۔‬
‫‪ .2‬ااظتن یاالصاحت‪ :‬اسےنااظتنہیموکرمزکیانبای‪،‬ڈاکاکاظنماعتمرفرکاای‪،‬اورافریسوکرساکریزابنےکوطررپرفوغدای۔‬
‫‪ .1‬ومتاورریماث‪1271 :‬ںیمدمحمنبقلغتیکومتےکدعبتنطلسےکزوالںیمیزییآیئ‪،‬سجیکناشندیہاغبووتںاورتنطلسےکےڑکےئوےنےسئویئ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬ریفوزاشہقلغت‪ :‬ناادانےکآریامہرمکحاونںںیمےساکی‪،‬ریفوزاشہقلغتےنوعا یوبہبدرپوتہجدیاوردیلہںیمریفوزاشہوکلٹیسیجایداگرںیریمعتںیک۔‬
‫‪ .12‬نااداناکناناپ‪ :‬قلغتناادانیکاطتقاادروینشکمشکاورالعاقیئاغبووتںیکوہجےسزمکورڑپیئگ۔لدسناادانےن‪1111‬ںیموقلغتںیکاجینیشنیک۔‬
‫اسداتناادان‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ابینرمکحان‪ :‬لدسناادانیک دایدرضخنانےنر ۔یول ‪،‬سجےنقلغتناادانےکزوالےکدعب‪1111‬ںیموخدوکدیلہاکرمکحانانبای۔‬
‫دوعیایکاورایسیسےبینیقیاورااشتنرےکدورںیمدیلہتنطلسرپموک تیک۔‬
‫‪ .7‬سپرظنم‪ :‬لدسناادانےکرمکحاونںےنربمغیپاالسم(لدس) یکاوالدئوےناک ٰ‬
‫‪ .2‬دوراہین‪ :‬لدسناادانےن‪1111‬ےس‪1171‬کتدیلہتنطلسرپموک تیک۔‬
‫‪ .1‬احبیلیکوکںیشش‪ :‬لدسرمکحاونںےنقلغتناادانےکزوالےکدورےکدعبااکحتسماحبلرکےناوراینپرمکحاینوکمکحتسمرکےنیکوک شیک۔‬
‫‪ .7‬دمحماشہ‪ :‬دمحماشہ‪،‬لدسنااداناکبسےساقلبذرکرمکحان‪،‬رضخناناکاجنیشنئوا۔اسےنااظتنہیموکوبضمطرکےناورتنطلسوکمکحتسمرکےنیکوکںیششںیک۔‬
‫‪ .1‬زوال‪ :‬اینپوکوششںےکابووجد‪،‬لدسرمکحاونںےنفلتخمالعاقیئاطوتقںاورریبوینولمحںےکوجنلیچںیکوہجےساےنپالعوقںرپومرثرٹنکولربرقاررےنھکےکےیلدجودہجیک۔‬
‫‪ .2‬ومیتراکہلمح‪1211 :‬ںیمومیتر(ٹیمرنیل) ےکےلمحےندیلہتنطلسوکدشدیوطررپزمکورایکاوراسایسیسمیسقتںیمامہرکداراداایکسجیکوہجےسلدسنااداناکدایملمعںیمآای۔‬

‫بہ‬
‫‪ .1‬العاقیئاطوتقںاکارث‪ :‬لدسےکدورںیم‪،‬دنکںیم مییتنطلساورونجبںیمورگنرگنتنطلسیسیجالعاقیئاطوتقںوکاصاح احلصئویئ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬اقثیتفاورریمعتایترشاںیتک‪ :‬لدسرمکحاونںےنایداگرنفریمعتںیموکیئناصہصحںیہنڈاال‪ ،‬نکیاوہنںےناسہقبنااداونںےسھچکوموجدہڈاھےچنوکربرقارراھکاوراحبلایک۔‬
‫‪ .12‬نااداناکناناپ‪ :‬لدسنااداناکناناپ‪ 1171‬ںیماےنپآریرمکحاناعملاشہیکومتےکاسھتئوا۔ولدیناادانےکدعباسنااداناکتختنیشنئوا۔‬
‫ولدیھناادان‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ابین‪ :‬ولدیناادانیک دایدتنطلسدیلہےکاکیوگررنولہبلنانولدیےنر ۔یول ۔‬
‫‪ .7‬دوراہین‪ :‬ولدیناادانےنلغمتنطلسےسےلہپ‪1171‬ےس‪1771‬کتموک تیک۔‬
‫‪ .2‬داراوکحل ت‪ :‬ولدینااداناکداراوکحل تدیلہاھت‪،‬وجایسیساورااظتن یرسرگویمںےکرمزکےکوطررپاکمرکاتاھت۔‬
‫‪ .1‬امہرمکحان‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ولہبلنانولدی(‪ :)1111-1171‬ناادانےکابین‪،‬اسےناکیاکایمباغبوتےکدعبولدیموک تاق میک۔‬
‫‪-‬دنکسرولدی(‪ :)1712-1111‬اینپااظتن یاالصاحتاوروصحمالتیکووصیلاوررمکحاینرپوتہجدےنیےکےیلاجاناجاتےہ۔‬
‫‪-‬اربامیہولدی(‪ :)1771-1712‬ناادانےکآریرمکحان‪،‬اسےناینپتنطلسےکاادرےسوجنلیچںاورریبوینولمحںاکاسانمایک۔‬
‫‪ .7‬ااظتن یاالصاحت‪ :‬دنکسرولدیےنوگرسنناوروصحمالتیکووصیلوکومہاررکےنےکےیلااظتن یادقاامتاعتمرفرکاےئںیہ۔اساکدصقمااھتریٹوکرمزکیانباناور‬
‫راییتسرٹنکولوکڑباھاناھت۔‬
‫رشاتفےکاسھتانتؤ‪ :‬ولدیرمکحاونںوکرشاتفاورماق یرسداروںیکرطفےسوجنلیچںاکاسانمرکانڑپاسجےنانیکرمکحاینےکااکحتسموکثاترثایک۔‬
‫‪ .2‬وفیجامہمت‪ :‬ولدیرمکحاونںےناےنپالعےقوکوتعسدےنیاورفلتخمالعوقںںیماغبووتںوکےنلچکےکےیلوفیجںیمہمئالںیئ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬ابربےکاسھتاقلعتت‪ :‬لغمتنطلسےکابینابربےکاسھتاربامیہولدییکدینمش‪1771‬ںیماپین ییک یلہگنجاکابثعینب۔ابربیکحتفولدیناادانےکناےمتیکالع ت‬
‫ول ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬نااداناکزوال‪ :‬ولدینااداناکناناپ‪1771‬ںیماپین ییک یلہگنجںیمابربےکاہوھتںاربامیہولدییکتسکشےکدعبئوا۔‬
‫‪ .12‬ارث‪ :‬ولدیناادانےکدورموک تےندیلہالسنیطےسہیلغمتنطلسںیمیلقتنموکناشنزدایک۔ولدیرمکحاونںےکزوالےنابربیکدنہواتسنںیمہیلغمتنطلسےکدایمیک‬
‫راہومہاریک۔‬
‫)‪Early history(English medium‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Muhammad bin Qasim Conquered Debal (sindh) by defeating Raja Dahir after 17 attacks.‬‬
‫‪Sindh is known Babul Islam in 712‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Muhammad Bin Qasim Invaded Multan in 715‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mahmood Gaznawi S/O Subuktgin deafeatd Shahi Raja Jayapala in 1001. And got formal‬‬
‫‪sovereignty form Abbasi Khalifa. Very first Title of Sultan was used for Gaznawi.‬‬
 Mahmood Gaznawi invaded So manat temple 17Oct 1026.

 Mahmood Gauri conquered ghazni. Also fought battels of Tarain against Pirthvi Raj in 1191 and 1192.
Delhi Sultanate Dynasties:
1. Slave Dynasty: 1206-1290 (84 years)
2. Khalji Dynasty: 1290-1320 (30 years)
3. *Tughlaq Dynasty: 1320-1414 (94 years)
4. Sayyid Dynasty: 1414-1451 (37 years)
5. Lodi Dynasty: 1451-1526 (75 years)
Slave dynasty:
1. Founder: The Slave Dynasty was founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who was a prominent general
under Muhammad Ghori. He established the dynasty after Ghori's death in 1206.
2. First Sultan: Qutb-ud-din Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi under the Slave Dynasty, ruling from
1206 to 1210.
3. Governing Region: The Slave Dynasty ruled over parts of North India, with its capital centered in
Delhi.
4. Influence of Central Asian Culture: The rulers of the Slave Dynasty, including Qutb-ud-din Aibak,
hailed from Central Asia. This influence is evident in their administrative, architectural, and cultural
choices.
5. Qutub Minar: One of the most iconic architectural legacies of the Slave Dynasty is the Qutub Minar
in Delhi. It was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and completed by his successor, Iltutmish.
6. Iltutmish's Reign: Iltutmish succeeded Qutb-ud-din Aibak and ruled from 1211 to 1236. He
introduced several administrative reforms, including the division of his empire into provinces (iqtas) and
the introduction of a silver coin called the 'tankah.'
7. Dynastic Succession: The Slave Dynasty practiced the tradition of Turkish nobleship, where the
throne was often passed on to capable individuals within the nobility instead of being limited to direct
lineage.
8. Razia Sultana: Iltutmish's daughter Razia Sultana became one of the most notable rulers of the
dynasty. She was the first woman to rule Delhi and is remembered for her efforts to improve
administration and governance.
9. Challenges and Downfall: The Slave Dynasty faced challenges from internal rebellions, regional
uprisings, and external Mongol invasions. This weakened their authority over time.
10. End of the Dynasty: The Slave Dynasty came to an end when Ghiyas-ud-din Balban, a senior
member of the nobility, seized power in 1266 and established the Balban Dynasty.
Khilji dynasty:
1. Founder: The Khilji Dynasty was founded by Jalal-ud-din Khilji, who ascended to the throne in 1290
after overthrowing the last ruler of the Slave Dynasty.
2. Alauddin Khilji: One of the most prominent rulers of the dynasty was Alauddin Khilji, who ruled from
1296 to 1316.
3. Administrative Reforms: Alauddin Khilji implemented a number of administrative reforms to
strengthen the central authority. He introduced the "Dagh" and "Chehra" systems to keep track of the
military and nobility.
4. Market Control: Alauddin Khilji regulated markets by fixing prices to control inflation. He set up
government-controlled markets (shahana) for key commodities.
5. Military Campaigns: Alauddin Khilji conducted several successful military campaigns. He defeated
the Mongols and repelled the Mongol invasion led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Duwa.
6. Conquest of Southern India: Alauddin Khilji's general, Malik Kafur, led successful campaigns in
southern India, bringing back a vast amount of wealth and prisoners to Delhi.
7. Efficient Taxation System: Alauddin Khilji introduced the "Zabt" system, where revenue was fixed
based on the average produce of different regions. This helped stabilize tax collection.
8. Capital Shift: Alauddin Khilji shifted the capital from Delhi to a new city called Siri, near present-day
Hauz Khas in Delhi.
9. Market Control and Surveillance: Alauddin Khilji's rule is known for its strict control over market
prices, even extending to personal use items like clothes and food.
10. Assassination: Alauddin Khilji was assassinated in 1316, leading to a power struggle within the
dynasty and contributing to its decline.
Tugluk Dynasty:
1. Founding and Ruler: The Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, a former slave
of the Khalji dynasty.
2. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: He ascended the throne in 1320 after killing the last Khalji ruler, thus
establishing the Tughlaq dynasty.
3. Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Known for his ambitious and often impractical policies, he shifted the
capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan, which resulted in significant logistical challenges and
loss of resources.
4. Token Currency: Muhammad bin Tughlaq's introduction of token currency made of copper and brass
led to economic turmoil and loss of faith in the currency system.
5. Conquest of South India: Despite his capital shift, he sought to conquer South India, but these
campaigns drained resources and faced local resistance.
6. Famine Relief: Muhammad bin Tughlaq attempted to provide relief during famines by opening
granaries and distributing food, but logistical challenges limited their effectiveness.
7. Administrative Reforms: He centralized administration, introduced a postal system, and promoted
Persian as the official language.
8. Death and Legacy: The dynasty's decline accelerated after Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death in 1351,
marked by revolts and fragmentation of the empire.
9. Firoz Shah Tughlaq: One of the last significant rulers of the dynasty, Firoz Shah Tughlaq focused on
public welfare and built monuments like the Firoz Shah Kotla in Delhi.
10. End of the Dynasty: The Tughlaq dynasty's power weakened due to internal strife and regional
revolts. The Sayyid dynasty succeeded the Tughlaqs in 1414.
Sadaat dynasty:
1. Founding Ruler: The Sayyid dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan, who established himself as the
ruler of Delhi in 1414 after the decline of the Tughlaq dynasty.
2. Background: The rulers of the Sayyid dynasty claimed to be descendants of Prophet Muhammad
(Sayyids) and ruled over the Delhi Sultanate during a period of political uncertainty and turmoil.
3. Duration: The Sayyid dynasty ruled over the Delhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451.
4. Restoration Efforts: The Sayyid rulers attempted to restore stability and consolidate their rule after a
period of decline under the Tughlaq dynasty.
5. Muhammad Shah: Muhammad Shah, the most notable ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, succeeded Khizr
Khan. He made efforts to strengthen the administration and stabilize the empire.
6. Decline: Despite their efforts, the Sayyid rulers struggled to maintain effective control over their
territories due to challenges from various regional powers and foreign invasions.
7. Timur's Invasion: The invasion of Timur (Tamerlane) in 1398 severely weakened the Delhi Sultanate
and contributed to the political fragmentation that led to the establishment of the Sayyid dynasty.
8. Influence of Regional Powers: During the Sayyid period, regional powers like the Bahmani Sultanate
in the Deccan and the Vijayanagara Empire in the south gained prominence.
9. Cultural and Architectural Contributions: The Sayyid rulers didn't contribute significantly to
monumental architecture, but they maintained and restored some existing structures from previous
dynasties.
10. End of the Dynasty: The Sayyid dynasty ended in 1451 with the death of its last ruler, Alam Shah.
The dynasty was succeeded by the Lodi dynasty.
Lodhi dynasty:
1. Founder: The Lodi Dynasty was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, a governor under the Delhi Sultanate.
2. Duration: The Lodi Dynasty ruled from 1451 to 1526, preceding the Mughal Empire.
3. Capital: The capital of the Lodi Dynasty was Delhi, which served as a center of political and
administrative activities.
4. Significant Rulers:
- Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451-1489): Founder of the dynasty, he established the Lodi rule after a successful
rebellion.
- Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517): Known for his administrative reforms and focus on revenue collection and
governance.
- Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526): The last ruler of the dynasty, he faced challenges from within his kingdom
and external invasions.
5. Administrative Reforms: Sikandar Lodi introduced administrative measures to streamline governance
and revenue collection. He aimed to centralize authority and enhance state control.
6. Tensions with Nobility: The Lodi rulers faced challenges from the nobility and local chieftains, which
affected the stability of their rule.
7. Military Campaigns: The Lodi rulers undertook military campaigns to expand their territory and
suppress rebellions in various regions.
8. Relationship with Babur: Ibrahim Lodi's rivalry with Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, led to
the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Babur's victory marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty.
9. Fall of the Dynasty: The Lodi Dynasty came to an end after Ibrahim Lodi's defeat at the hands of
Babur in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.
10. Impact: The Lodi Dynasty's reign marked the transition from the Delhi Sultanates to the Mughal
Empire. The fall of the Lodi rulers paved the way for Babur's establishment of the Mughal Empire in
India.

1. Which dynasty was founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak after his victory in the Battle of Tarain?
a) Khalji Dynasty
b) Lodi Dynasty
c) Tughlaq Dynasty
d) Slave Dynasty
Answer: d) Slave Dynasty
2. The Delhi Sultanate era began with the rule of which dynasty?
a) Khalji Dynasty
b) Lodi Dynasty
c) Tughlaq Dynasty
d) Slave Dynasty
3. Who was the first ruler of the Khalji Dynasty?

a) Jalal-ud-din Khalji
b) Alauddin Khalji
c) Ghiyas-ud-din Khalji
d) Qutb-ud-din Mubarak
Answer: a) Jalal-ud-din Khalji
4. Which dynasty is known for its administrative reforms and the construction of the Qutub
Minar?
a) Lodi Dynasty
b) Tughlaq Dynasty
c) Khalji Dynasty
d) Slave Dynasty
5. The Sayyid Dynasty succeeded which dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

a) Lodi Dynasty
b) Tughlaq Dynasty
c) Khalji Dynasty
d) Slave Dynasty
Answer: b) Tughlaq Dynasty
6. Who founded the Tughlaq Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

a) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
b) Alauddin Tughlaq
c) Khizr Khan
d) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Answer: a) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
7. The Lodi Dynasty marked the end of which era in Indian history?
a) Gupta Empire
b) Mauryan Empire
c) Mughal Empire
d) Delhi Sultanate
Answer: d) Delhi Sultanate
8. Which dynasty succeeded the Sayyid Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

a) Khalji Dynasty
b) Lodi Dynasty
c) Mughal Dynasty
d) Tughlaq Dynasty
Answer: b) Lodi Dynasty
9. Bahlul Khan Lodi was the founder of which dynasty?

a) Khalji Dynasty
b) Tughlaq Dynasty
c) Lodi Dynasty
d) Mughal Dynasty
Answer: c) Lodi Dynasty
10. The Delhi Sultanate era ended with the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi in which battle?
a) Battle of Plassey
b) Battle of Buxar
c) First Battle of Panipat
d) Battle of Haldighati
Answer: c) First Battle of Panipat
Mughal dynasty
1526 to 1530(Zaheer u din Babar):
 Zhaeer u din Babar ruled for 4 years. founder of Mughal dynasty by defeating Ibrahim
lodhi in first war of Pani pat.
 Babur was born in 1483 in present-day Uzbekistan.
 He belonged to the Timurid dynasty and was a descendant of Timur on his father's side
and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
 Babur initially ruled the Fergana Valley, a region in Central Asia.
 In 1494, he captured Kabul (in present-day Afghanistan) and established it as his base.
 Babur had ambitions of expanding his empire into the Indian subcontinent due to its riches
and strategic importance.
 He made multiple incursions into northern India, including the First Battle of Panipat in
1526.
1530-1539(Hamiyon):
 Hamayon (Real name Nasir u din Baigh Muhammad)
 Hamayon nama was written by Gulbadin Begum sisiter of Hamayon
 Hamayun was defeated by Sher sha suri in the battle of Kannauj.
Suri Dynasty 1540-1556

The Suri dynasty was a short-lived Afghan dynasty that ruled parts of the Indian
subcontinent from 1540 to 1556. It was founded by Sher Shah Suri,(real name fareed khan)
a skilled military commander who rose to prominence by defeating the Mughal Emperor
Humayun in the Battle of Kannauj in 1540.
Sher Shah Suri (reigned 1540-1545):
 Sher Shah, originally named Farid khan, was born in Sasaram, Bihar, and belonged to the
Afghan Suri tribe.
 After joining the service of the Afghan ruler of Bihar, Sher Shah displayed his military and
administrative talents.
 He overthrew Humayun and established the Suri dynasty by defeating him in the Battle of
Kannauj (1540).
 Introduced various administrative reforms, including the establishment of an efficient
revenue system and the division of the empire into provinces called "sarkars."
 Constructed the Grand Trunk Road, an extensive road network connecting key cities and
regions within the empire.
 Built the Rohtas Fort in Punjab as a defensive stronghold against the potential return of
Humayun.
Islam Shah Suri (reigned 1545-1553):

 Islam Shah was Sher Shah's son and successor.
 His reign was marked by internal conflicts and challenges to the stability of the dynasty.
 Despite the continuation of his father's administrative and military policies, the empire began
to weaken under his rule.
Grand Trunk Road:

This monumental road network, built under the leadership of Sher Shah Suri, facilitated
trade, communication, and the movement of troops across the empire. It played a crucial
role in connecting different regions of the Indian subcontinent.
Rohtas Fort:
Constructed by Sher Shah Suri in Punjab (now in Pakistan), Rohtas Fort served as a
defensive structure to deter potential Mughal incursions. It stands as a testament to Suri
dynasty architecture.
Tomb of Sher Shah Suri:

Located in Sasaram, Bihar, this octagonal mausoleum is a fine example of Afghan
architectural styles. The use of red sandstone and the distinctive design showcase the
dynasty's architectural legacy.
Battle of Chausa (1539):
Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in this battle, marking one of the early clashes between
the two rulers.
Battle of Kannauj (1540):
A decisive battle in which Sher Shah Suri's victory led to the establishment of the Suri
dynasty and Humayun's temporary exile.
Battle of Bilgram (1540):
An inconclusive battle between Sher Shah Suri and Humayun, which weakened Humayun's
position.
Battle of Ghaghra (1529, 1555):
The first battle took place between Sher Shah Suri and Mahmud Shah Lodhi. The second
occurred between Humayun and Sikandar Suri, with Humayun's victory restoring Mughal
rule.
Campaigns against Bengal and Malwa:
Sher Shah Suri launched military campaigns to conquer and annex Bengal and Malwa,
expanding the empire's territory.
Efforts in the Deccan:
The Suri dynasty engaged in military campaigns to exert influence in the Deccan region,
aiming to expand their dominion.
Fall of the Suri Dynasty:
The Suri dynasty's decline can be attributed to internal strife, challenges to stability, and a
weakening administrative framework. In 1555, Humayun, backed by the Safavid Empire,
successfully reclaimed the Mughal throne, marking the end of the Suri dynasty.
Akbar Empire (1556 to 1605):

 Real name Jalal u din Muhammad,Akbar Fought 2nd war of Pani Pat in 1156 against Hemu which
was a hindu commander of suri dynasty, beram khan was commander of Akbar in this war...
 In Akbar’s empire,The East India Company was incorporated by royal charter on December
31,1600. It was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast
Asia and India.
Important Events:
 Accession of Akbar (1556):

 Akbar became the ruler of the Mughal Empire at the age of 13 after his father Humayun's death.
 Construction of Fatehpur Sikri (1569-1573) and lahore fort:
 He built Lahore fort in 1560
 Akbar established the new capital and constructed many important buildings in Fatehpur
Sikri.
 Creation of Din-i Ilahi (c. 1582):
 Din e Elahi new religion was invented by Akbar in 1582.
 Mujadad Alf Sani/Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (real name Badrudin) 1564-1626.born in
Sirhind.He oppose Din e Elahi of Akbar
 Akbar initiated a syncretic religious philosophy that attempted to blend aspects of various
faiths.
 Abolition of Jizya Tax (1564) and Haj subsidy:
 Akbar was the first ruler who gave subsidy for Haj.
 Akbar abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims as a step toward religious tolerance.
 Establishment of Ibadat Khana (c. 1575):
Akbar's "House of Worship" facilitated interfaith dialogue and discussions.
 Rajput Marriages (1562-1587):
Akbar married several Rajput princesses to strengthen alliances and promote unity.
 Battle of Haldighati (1576):
Akbar's forces, led by Raja Man Singh, defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar in Rajasthan.
 Akbar's Conquests in the Deccan (1590s):
Akbar expanded his empire into the Deccan region through various military campaigns.
 Invasion of Afghanistan (1585-1586):
Akbar's forces captured Kabul and Kandahar, extending Mughal influence in Central Asia.
 Death of Akbar (1605):
Akbar died at the age of 63, leaving behind a significant legacy.
Important Terms:
 Mansabdari System:
A ranking system introduced by Akbar to organize the nobility and military administration.
 Navaratnas:
 The "Nine Jewels" of Akbar's court, including Abul Fazl, Birbal, and Tansen.
 Akbar Nama and Ain e Akbri was written by Abul Fazal.
 Subah:
Administrative division of the Mughal Empire, similar to a province or region.
 Zamindar:
Local landowner and revenue collector in the Mughal administrative structure.
 5. Panchayat:
A village council responsible for local governance and dispute resolution.

Major Wars and Campaigns:
 Second Battle of Panipat (1556):Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, led Mughal forces to victory
against Hemu, securing Akbar's rule.
 Battle of Haldighati (1576): The Battle of Haldighati was a battle fought on 18 June 1576
between the armies of the Rana of Mewar, Maharana Pratap, and the Mughal emperor Akbar's
forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber
1605 – 1627(Jhangir):
 Emperor Jahangir, whose full name was Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim, is buried in
Lahore, Pakistan. He is interred in the Tomb of Jahangir, which is located within
the historical site known as Shahdara Bagh, on the outskirts of Lahore. The tomb
is a significant Mughal-era monument and is renowned for its intricate architectural
details and beautiful garden surroundings. It serves as the final resting place of
Emperor Jahangir, who reigned from 1605 to 1627.
 Noor Jahan real name mehar u Nisa was beloved Queen of Jhangir.
 He built Hiran Minar in shekhupura
1628 – 1658(Sha Jahan):
 The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his
beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.
 The construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 and was completed in 1653.
 It is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, India, and is considered one of the
most iconic and magnificent structures in the world. The Taj Mahal is renowned for its
intricate architecture, symmetrical design, and beautiful gardens.
 It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is often referred to as a symbol of eternal
love and one of the greatest architectural achievements in history.
 The famous Koh-i-Noor diamond became part of the Mughal treasury during the reign
of sha jahan
 He build Red Fort and Delhi fort.
 He is buried in Taj Mahal Aghra.
1658-1707(Aurangzeib Alamghir):
 Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is known for imprisoning and causing the death of his
elder brother, Dara Shikoh. Dara Shikoh was the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan
and Mumtaz Mahal, and he was initially considered as one of the contenders for the
Mughal throne after their father's incapacitation.
 Aurangzeb was the third son of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. He
ascended the throne after a war of succession against his brothers in 1658.
 Aurangzeb is known for his conservative Islamic policies. He reversed his
predecessors' religious tolerance, leading to conflicts with non-Muslim communities
and causing a decline in religious harmony.
 Aurangzeb implemented strict revenue collection and taxation policies, aiming to

increase state revenue. However, his heavy taxation burdened the economy and
peasants.
 His policies led to conflicts with Rajput rulers, as he attempted to centralize power
and curtail their autonomy. The Siege of Mewar is a notable example.
 Aurangzeb's policies towards the Sikh community, including the execution of Guru
Tegh Bahadur, heightened tensions between the Sikhs and the Mughal state.
 Aurangzeb's reign was the longest among the Mughal emperors, spanning almost 49
years. However, the latter part of his rule was marked by challenges and internal
conflicts.
 Aurangzeb died in 1707, leaving behind a significantly weakened empire due to his
extensive military campaigns, religious policies, and financial strain. His legacy is
debated, with some viewing him as a devout Muslim ruler and others criticizing his
authoritarian methods and their negative impact on the empire.
 Aurangzeb's reign is characterized by a mix of military successes, religious
conservatism, and complex policies that have sparked diverse interpretations among
historians and scholars.
 He built Badshahi mosque in 1674.
 Aurangzeib was the ruler who had the title "Zinda Pir".
 Shah Wali Ullah real name Qutubuddin was born in 1703 and died in 1762.He
translated Quran into Persian and wrote Hija tul Baliga. His Son Rafi u din translated
Quran into Urdu.
1. Who founded the Mughal Empire?

a) Akbar
b) Babur
c) Jahangir
d) Aurangzeb
2. The Taj Mahal was built in memory of:

a) Jodha Bai
b) Mumtaz Mahal
c) Anarkali
d) Noor Jahan
3. The Mughal ruler associated with the Din-i Ilahi was:

a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Babur
d) Aurangzeb
4. The Battle of Plassey took place during the reign of:

a) Sher Shah Suri
b) Akbar
c) Babur
d) none of these
5. The founder of the Suri dynasty was:

a) Sher Shah Suri
b) Akbar
c) Babur
d) Humayun
6. The Red Fort in Delhi was built by:

a) Shah Jahan
b) Akbar
c) Babur
d) Aurangzeb
7. The Navaratnas were:

a) Religious leaders
b) Mughal emperors
c) Akbar's courtiers
d) Tribal chiefs
8. The Mughal emperor known for his tolerance and policies of Sulh-e-Kul was:
a) Babur
b) Aurangzeb
c) Jahangir
d) Akbar
9. The Battle of Haldighati was fought between:

a) Akbar and Rana Pratap
b) Sher Shah Suri and Humayun
c) Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi
d) Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh
10. The Suri dynasty ruled in India during which century?

a) 15th century
b) 16th century
c) 17th century
d) 18th century
11. Fatehpur Sikri was built by Emperor:

a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Babur
d) Humayun
12. The Mughal ruler known as "Alamgir" was:

a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Babur
d) Aurangzeb
13. The Qutub Minar was constructed during the reign of:
a) Akbar
b) Jahangir
c) Babur
d) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
14. The Mughal Empire reached its zenith during the reign of:
a) Akbar
b) Aurangzeb
c) Shah Jahan
d) Jahangir
15. The Suri dynasty was established after defeating which Mughal ruler?
a) Akbar
b) Humayun
c) Babur
d) Shah Jahan
16. The Mughal ruler who had the title "Zinda Pir" was:
a) Babur
b) Jahangir
c) Akbar
d) Aurangzeb
17. The Battle of Panipat in 1526 marked the defeat of:

a) Ibrahim Lodhi
b) Hemu
c) Sher Shah Suri
d) Rana Pratap
18. The famous Koh-i-Noor diamond became part of the Mughal treasury during the reign of:
a) Babur
b) Jahangir
c) Akbar
d) Shah Jahan
19. The Mughal ruler who was interested in the Persian language and arts was:
a) Akbar
b) Aurangzeb
c) Shah Jahan
d) Babur
20. The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore was built by:

a) Shah Jahan
b) Aurangzeb
c) Jahangir
d) Akbar
After Aurangzeib
1. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712):
- Ascended the throne after a long war of succession following Aurangzeb's death.
- Faced challenges from rebellious nobles and regional rulers seeking greater autonomy.
- Attempted to restore a more inclusive and tolerant regime compared to Aurangzeb's strict policies.
- Struggled with financial issues and loss of control over the empire's distant provinces.
- His reign marked the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire's centralized authority.
2. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713):

- Chosen as the emperor after a power struggle, his reign was marked by weak governance.
- Faced opposition from his nephew, Farrukhsiyar, who eventually overthrew him.
- Contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire's central authority.
- The influence of court factions grew during his reign.
- His inability to address the empire's challenges highlighted the instability of the period.
3. Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719):
- Ascended the throne with the support of court factions, but faced challenges from powerful nobles.
- His weak leadership led to power struggles and the rise of the Sayyid Brothers' influence.
- Signed the Treaty of Agra with the Marathas, granting them significant concessions.
- His reign saw the decline of central authority and rise of regional powers.
- His inability to manage internal conflicts contributed to the empire's instability.
4. Rafi Ul-Darjat, Shah Jahan II, Muhammad Shah (1719)

- These rulers had short and inconsequential reigns, marked by internal strife.
- The empire's financial issues worsened, affecting administration and military strength.
- The Persian invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 further weakened the empire.
- Instability continued, highlighting the empire's decline and fragmentation.
- The period saw a lack of effective governance and increased influence of nobles.
5. Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748-1754)

- Ascended the throne after power struggles but had little interest in governance.
- The influence of nobility and the Sayyid Brothers persisted during his reign.
- His inability to rule effectively further weakened the empire's central authority.
- The Marathas intervened and eventually deposed him, reflecting the fragmentation of the empire.
- His reign coincided with rising regional powers and further decline of Mughal control.
6. Alamgir II (1754-1759)
- Ascended the throne with Maratha support after Ahmad Shah Bahadur's deposition.
- His reign was marked by Maratha control over much of the empire.
- His assassination demonstrated the unstable political climate of the time.
- The Mughal dynasty's lack of real power was evident during his rule.
- The empire continued to lose territory to various regional powers.
7. Shah Jahan III (1759):

- His brief reign was marked by internal conflicts and court intrigue.
- Puppet ruler under the influence of various factions.
- His rule showcased the disarray and lack of authority within the Mughal Empire.
- Regional powers expanded their control, further diminishing the empire's reach.
- His reign exemplified the decline of the Mughal dynasty into symbolic rulers.
8. Shah Alam II (1760-1788)

- Faced challenges from Marathas and entered alliances with various powers.
- The Battle of Buxar in 1764 marked a significant defeat and weakened his control.
- Entered into alliances with the British East India Company, marking a shift in power.
- His reign saw the transition from Mughal dominance to British colonial influence.
- Highlighted the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of British control.
9. Akbar Shah II (1806-1837)

- His reign saw the British East India Company exerting more control over the Mughal court.
- Known for patronage of arts and culture, and scholarly interests.
- The 1857 Indian Rebellion led to the end of the Mughal dynasty.
- Exiled by the British after the rebellion, symbolizing the end of Mughal rule.
- His reign represents the final phase of the Mughal dynasty's interaction with British colonial forces.
10. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837-1857)

- The last Mughal emperor, he became the symbolic leader of the 1857 Indian Rebellion.
- Despite his limited power, he was seen as a unifying figure against British rule.
- The rebellion failed, leading to his capture and trial by the British.
- His trial resulted in exile to Rangoon (Yangon), where he spent his final years.
- Zafar's life and reign symbolize the end of the Mughal dynasty and the British colonial dominance in
India.
Major Events
1. Mughal-Maratha Relations and the Treaty of Agra (1716):
- During the reign of Farrukhsiyar, the Marathas emerged as a powerful regional force in India.
- The Treaty of Agra in 1716 marked a significant agreement between the Mughals and the Marathas.
- Under the treaty, the Mughals recognized Maratha control over a substantial part of the Deccan
region.
- The Marathas gained the right to collect chauth (a tax) in certain areas in exchange for their military
support to the Mughals.
- This treaty highlighted the weakening of Mughal central authority and the growing influence of
regional powers.
2. Mughal-Nadir Shah's Invasion (1739):

- In 1739, the Persian ruler Nadir Shah invaded the Mughal Empire and captured Delhi.
- The invasion resulted in the looting and pillaging of Delhi, inflicting significant damage on the Mughal
capital.
- The Koh-i-Noor diamond and other precious treasures were taken by Nadir Shah to Persia.
- This invasion further weakened the Mughal Empire's power and resources, accelerating its decline.
- The event is often seen as a turning point in Indian history, signifying the diminishing influence of the
Mughals.
3. Battle of Buxar and British Influence (1764):

- The Battle of Buxar in 1764 was a crucial conflict involving the Mughals, British East India Company,
and various regional powers.
- Shah Alam II sided with the British against the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and
the Nawab of Oudh.
- The British emerged victorious, solidifying their influence over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
- The treaty that followed allowed the British to collect revenue directly from Bengal.
- This battle marked a significant step in the expansion of British control in India and the decline of the
Mughal Empire.
4. Mughal-British Alliances and Exile of Bahadur Shah Zafar (1857):

- During the time of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Empire had become a symbolic entity under
British influence.
- During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the leader of the uprising
against British rule.
- The rebellion failed, and Zafar was captured by the British.
- Zafar's trial led to his exile to Rangoon (Yangon), marking the official end of the Mughal dynasty.
- The British used this event to consolidate their control over India and further marginalize Mughal
influence.
5.1857 Indian Rebellion and Symbolic End of the Mughal Empire:

- The 1857 Indian Rebellion, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a widespread uprising against
British rule.
- Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared the leader of the rebellion, and his name became associated with
the cause.
- The British successfully suppressed the rebellion, leading to the capture of Delhi in September 1857.
- Zafar was tried for his involvement and exiled to Rangoon, marking the symbolic end of the Mughal
Empire.
- The suppression of the rebellion solidified British colonial control over India and marked the closing
chapter of the Mughal dynasty's long history.
European influence in subcontinent
Vasco da Gama:
 Vasco da Gama was born around 1460 in Sines, Portugal.
 Vasco da Gama led the first expedition that successfully sailed from Europe to India via the
southern tip of Africa in 1497-1499. He commanded a fleet of four ships.
 In 1498, Gama reached the port of Calicut (Kozhikode) on the southwestern coast of India. This
marked the first direct sea route from Europe to India, bypassing the overland Silk Road.
 In 1502-1503 Gama led a second voyage to India, this time with a larger fleet and more
resources.
 He used a combination of diplomatic negotiation and military force to secure favorable trading
terms
 .Gama returned to India in 1524 as the appointed Viceroy, tasked with overseeing Portuguese
interests in the region.
 Vasco da Gama's successful voyage established the "Cape Route," an important sea route
between Europe and Asia.
 GOA was the headquarter of Portuguese dynasty
 Vasco da Gama died in Cochin, India, on December 24, 1524.
 He was originally buried in Cochin but his remains were later transferred to Portugal.
Dutch East India company:

Date: The Dutch East India Company was established on March 20, 1602.

Purpose: The company was formed to facilitate and monopolize Dutch trade with the East

Indies, primarily focusing on lucrative spice trade.
Entry into India:
Early 17th Century: The VOC established trading posts in various parts of India, including
the Coromandel Coast, Malabar Coast, and Gujarat.
First Factory: The VOC's first factory in India was established in 1605 at Masulipatnam
(Machilipatnam) on the Coromandel Coast.
Major Events, Wars, and Treaties:
 Dutch-Portuguese War (1602-1663): The VOC engaged in a series of conflicts with the
Portuguese over trade dominance and control of trading posts in the Indian Ocean region.
 Bantam Expedition (1596): The VOC launched a military expedition against the
Portuguese-controlled port of Bantam (Banten) in Indonesia. This was one of the early
military engagements of the VOC.
 Dutch-English Wars: The VOC had conflicts with the English East India Company, notably
during the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654) and the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-
1667).
 Amboyna Massacre (1623): The VOC was involved in a violent incident known as the
Amboyna Massacre, where they accused English traders of conspiracy and executed them in
the Moluccas (present-day Maluku Islands).
 Treaty of Bantam (1684): The VOC signed the Treaty of Bantam with the English East India
Company, acknowledging each other's spheres of influence and cooperation in the East
Indies.
 Loss of Influence: Over time, the VOC's influence in India began to decline due to
competition from other European powers and internal challenges.
 End of VOC: The VOC faced financial difficulties and was officially dissolved in 1799,
marking the end of its role as a major trading and colonial power.
French East India Company:
Founded: The French East India Company was founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1664

during the reign of Louis XIV.
 Royal Charter: The company received a royal charter from King Louis XIV, granting it
exclusive trading rights with the East Indies.
Entry into India:
 Early Settlements: The French established their presence in India in the late 17th century.
 Pondicherry: In 1674, the French established a trading post in Pondicherry (now
Puducherry) on the Coromandel Coast.
 Chandernagore: They also established a settlement in Chandernagore (now Chandannagar)
near Kolkata in Bengal.
Major Events/Wars:
First Carnatic War (1746-1748):
 Background: The First Carnatic War was a conflict primarily fought between the French and
the British, with their respective Indian allies, in the Carnatic region of South India.
 Cause: The war was fueled by the ongoing European rivalries and competition for trade
dominance in India.
 Major Battles: The war saw several significant battles, including the Battle of Madras and
the Battle of Adyar, where both sides tried to assert control over key territories and trading
posts.
 Outcome: The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. The treaty restored
most of the captured territories to their original owners, marking a temporary halt in
hostilities.
 Impact: The First Carnatic War set the stage for further conflicts between the French and
the British in India and highlighted the significance of local Indian allies in these conflicts.
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754):
 Background: The Second Carnatic War followed the temporary peace after the First
Carnatic War and was marked by renewed hostilities between the French and the British.
 Cause: The war was triggered by the disputed succession to the Nizam of Hyderabad's
throne, with both sides seeking to back their preferred candidate.
 Major Battles: The Battle of Ambur and the Battle of Trichinopoly were key engagements
where the French and British forces clashed along with Indian allies.
 Outcome: The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. The treaty reaffirmed the
earlier status quo, restoring most territories to their pre-war owners, and temporarily ending
hostilities.
 Impact: The Second Carnatic War highlighted the complexity of alliances and the political
intrigue among local rulers, European powers, and Indian allies.
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763):
Background: The Third Carnatic War, also known as the Seven Years' War in India, was a

global conflict between the British and the French, with India becoming a significant theater
of war.
 Cause: The global war, fueled by European power struggles, extended to India as both sides
sought to strengthen their colonial holdings.
 Major Battles: Battles like the Siege of Arcot and the Battle of Wandiwash saw the British
gaining the upper hand over the French forces.
 Outcome: The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which resulted in territorial
exchanges between the British and the French, with the British gaining control over several
French colonies in India.
 Impact: The Third Carnatic War solidified British dominance in India and marked the decline
of the French East India Company's influence in the region
Treaties:
 Treaty of Pondicherry (1754): This treaty was signed between the French and the British
during the interval between the First and Second Carnatic Wars. It aimed to maintain a
fragile peace but was eventually broken due to renewed hostilities.
 Treaty of Paris (1763): This treaty concluded the Seven Years' War, also known as the Third
Carnatic War in India. It resulted in territorial exchanges, with the British gaining control over
several French colonies in India.
 Treaty of Paris (1783): This treaty marked the end of the American Revolutionary War and
had implications for India. It restored some territories to the French in India, including
Pondicherry and Chandernagore.
Decline and End:
 Late 18th Century: The French East India Company faced financial difficulties and
diminishing influence in India.
 Capture of French Settlements: During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British
captured French settlements in India, including Pondicherry and Chandernagore, in 1793-
1794.
 British Control: The British East India Company gained control over most of the French
settlements, marking the end of the French East India Company's significant presence in
India.
1. Who was the Portuguese explorer who first sailed a direct sea route from Europe to India?
a) Christopher Columbus
b) Ferdinand Magellan
c) Vasco da Gama
d) Marco Polo
2. In which year did Vasco da Gama reach the port of Calicut (Kozhikode) in India?
a) 1492
b) 1498
c) 1501
d) 1505
3. Which Portuguese settlement in India became a major base for their activities and
administration?
a) Bombay
b) Diu
c) Goa
d) Pondicherry
4. The Portuguese and which other European power had conflicts over trade and control of
valuable ports and routes?
a) British
b) Dutch
c) French
d) Spanish
5. The French East India Company was established in which century?

a) 15th century
b) 16th century
c) 17th century
d) 18th century
6. The French established a trading post in which city on the Coromandel Coast?
a) Chennai
b) Kolkata
c) Mumbai
d) Pondicherry
7. The First Carnatic War was primarily fought between the French and which other European
power?
a) British
b) Dutch
c) Portuguese
d) Spanish
8. The Treaty of Paris (1763) resulted in territorial exchanges between which two European
colonial powers in India?
a) Portuguese and British
b) Dutch and French
c) British and French
d) Portuguese and Dutch
9. In which century did the Dutch establish their trading posts in India?
a) 15th century
b) 16th century
c) 17th century
d) 18th century
10. The Dutch East India Company engaged in conflicts with the Portuguese over control of
which important Indian city?
a) Bombay
b) Calicut
c) Goa
d) Pondicherry
East India Company
Date of Incorporation: December 31, 1600

Background:
1. Formation and Charter: The East India Company was established in 1600 with a royal
charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I. It was initially intended to engage in trade with the
East Indies (modern-day Southeast Asia) and India. The charter gave the company the
authority to establish trading posts, acquire territory, and wage war if necessary.
2. Early Autonomy: In its early years, the company operated with a significant degree of
autonomy in India. It established trading posts and forts along the Indian coastline and
gradually expanded its presence.
3. Transition to Territorial Control: Over time, the company's influence in India grew, and it
began to exercise military and administrative control over certain regions. The Battle of
Plassey in 1757 marked a turning point when the company's forces, under Robert Clive,
defeated the Nawab of Bengal, leading to increased control over the Bengal region.
4. Regulation and Oversight: In 1773, the British Parliament passed the Regulating Act, which
aimed to bring more control over the company's affairs in India. It established a governor-
generalship in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and a supervisory board in London to oversee the
company's activities.
5. Pitt's India Act: In 1784, the British Parliament enacted Pitt's India Act, which further
reformed the company's governance. It established dual control by creating two branches of
government in India—one responsible for civil affairs and the other for military matters. The
Act also brought the company under closer parliamentary supervision.
6. Charter Act of 1813: This act renewed the company's charter and introduced significant
changes. It allowed Christian missionaries to operate in India and required the company to
spend a portion of its revenue on promoting education and the study of indigenous
languages.
7. Charter Act of 1833: This act effectively ended the company's commercial activities and
transformed it into an administrative body. The company's monopoly on trade with India
‫‪was abolished, and its territorial possessions came under the direct control of the British‬‬
‫‪Crown. The act also established a centralized administration in India.‬‬
‫‪8. Indian Rebellion of 1857: The rebellion prompted a significant reorganization of India's‬‬
‫‪administration. Following the suppression of the rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct‬‬
‫‪control over India from the East India Company. The last Mughal emperor was exiled, and‬‬
‫‪the British Raj was established.‬‬
‫‪9. Dissolution of the Company: In 1858, the Government of India Act dissolved the East India‬‬
‫‪Company. Its powers and responsibilities were transferred to the British Crown and the‬‬
‫‪Secretary of State for India. The company ceased to exist as a governing entity in India.‬‬
‫اٹسیاڈنایینپمک‬
‫ےسجریمسوطررپدیوگررناڈنیینپمکآفرمسٹنچآفدنلنرٹڈیگناندیاٹسیاڈنزیےکانمےساجاناجاتےہ‪12،‬وںیدصیےکاوالئںیماق مئویئول ۔‬
‫اکروپرنشییکاترخی‪21 :‬دربمس‪1122‬‬
‫سپرظنم‪:‬‬
‫‪11‬وںیدصیےکاوارںیم‪،‬ویریپاممکل‪،‬ومشبلااتسلگنن‪،‬رشمقیکانمعفشخبڈنمویںابوصخلصدنہواتسناورونجبرشمیقاایشیےکےیلرباہراتسراجریتراےتساق مرکےن‬
‫ےکوخااہںےھت۔‪1122‬ںیم‪،‬ارگنزیاترجوںےکاکیرگوپےنہکلمازلھتباولےساکیاشیہاچررٹےکےیلدروخاتسیکوجاںیہناٹسیاڈنزیےکاسھتارگنزییراجرترپ‬
‫ااجرہداریدےیگ۔‬
‫اشیہاچررٹ‪:‬‬
‫‪21‬دربمس‪1122،‬وک‪،‬ہکلمازلھتباولےناترجوںےکرگوپوکاکیاشیہاچررٹاطعایک‪،‬سجےنرساکریوطررپدیوگررناڈنیینپمکآفرمسٹنچآفدنلنرٹڈیگنوکاٹسی‬
‫اڈنزیںیماق مایک‪،‬ےسجاعموطررپربشٹاٹسیاڈنایینپمکےکانمےساجاناجاتےہ۔اچررٹےنینپمکوکاٹسیاڈنزیےکاسھتاشلگنراجرترپااجرہداریدےدی‪،‬اےس ےطںیم‬
‫راجریترسرگویمںںیموغشملئوےنیکااجزتدی۔‬
‫ینپمکوکپیکآفڈگئوپےکرشمقںیماورآانبےئمگگگلانےکرغمبںیمامتمالعوقںںیمراجرتاکوصخیصقحدایایگاھت۔اساچررٹےنینپمکےکرساکریاکومںےکآاغز‬
‫اوررشمقےکاسھتویریپراجرتںیماکیامہالھکڑیےکوطررپاسےکرکداروکناشنزدایک۔‬
‫ادتبایئآرپزنشی‪:‬‬
‫ٹگی‬ ‫نی‬
‫ینپمکاکالہپرحبیاہجز‪1121‬ںیماٹسیاڈنزیےکےیلرواہنئوا۔اسےناینپ یلہراجریتوپنب ی (اب گین‪،‬اڈنوایشین) ےکےبصقںیماق میکاوردعبںیمونجبرشمیقاایشی‪،‬‬
‫دنہواتسناوراسےسآےگےکدرگیوصحںںیماینپوموجدیگوکڑباھدای۔‬
‫وتقزگرےنےکاسھت‪،‬ربشٹاٹسیاڈنایینپمکانوطخںںیمایسیساورالعاقیئاعمالمتںیمیزییےسولمثئویتیئگاہجںہیاکمرکیتول ‪،‬سجیکوہجےسابآلردنہواتسنںیم‬
‫اکیناصلراجریتادارےےسایسیساورااظتن یاطتقںیماسیکدتبرجییلقتنمئویئ۔ینپمکیکرسرگویمںاوراپویسیلںےکدوررساتنجئربآدمئوےئ‪،‬ابآلردنہواتسنےکڑبے‬
‫وصحںرپاسےکرٹنکولاور‪1172‬یکدنہواتسیناغبوتےکدعباسیکابآلرلیلحتئویئگ۔‬
‫ربشٹاٹسیاڈنایینپمکیکوراتثاوردنہواتسنیکاترخیرپارثاتدیچیپہاورریثکیتہجںیہ‪،‬سجںیمااصتقدیارثوروسخاوراقثیتفابتدےلےسےلرکونآابدایتاورربریغصںیمامہ‬
‫ایسیسیدبایلیںاشلمںیہ۔‬
‫‪East India company interactions with Local Rulers‬‬
 Firman of Jahangir (1615): The British East India Company sought permission to establish
trading privileges in the Mughal Empire. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe, an English diplomat, was
sent as an ambassador to the Mughal court to secure these privileges.
 Thomas Roe: He was the English ambassador sent by King James I to the Mughal court to
negotiate for trading rights and privileges. Roe's efforts were instrumental in securing a
firman from Emperor Jahangir.
 Outcome: Jahangir issued a firman in 1615 granting the British East India Company
permission to establish a factory (trading post) in Surat, Gujarat. This marked the official
beginning of the Company's presence in India.
 Importance: The firman granted the British East India Company the right to trade in the
Mughal territories, which laid the foundation for the Company's subsequent expansion and
influence in India.
 Battle of Buxar (1764): The British East India Company, along with its allies, decisively
defeated the combined forces of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the Nawabs of
Bengal, Awadh, and Mysore. The Treaty of Allahabad followed this battle, which granted the
Company diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
 Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II: The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II faced many challenges
during his reign, including the increasing influence of the British East India Company. He
was deposed, restored, and later entered into alliances with the Company, ultimately
becoming a puppet ruler under their control.
Interaction with Siraj-ud-Daulah and Battle of Plassey (1757):
 Siraj-ud-Daulah: He became the Nawab of Bengal in 1756. Tensions arose between him
and the British East India Company due to economic disputes and political conflicts.
 Battle of Plassey (1757): The conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British East India
Company escalated, leading to the Battle of Plassey. The British, under Robert Clive, secured
the support of Mir Jafar, a discontented noble, against Siraj-ud-Daulah.
 Outcome: The British decisively defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah's forces in the Battle of Plassey.
This battle marked a turning point, allowing the Company to establish its political influence
in Bengal. The decisive Battle of Plassey resulted in Siraj-ud-Daulah's defeat and Mir Jafar
being installed as the new Nawab
Anglo Maysoor wars
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769):
 Commanders: Hyder Ali (Mysore), Hector Munro (British).
 Cause: British expansion in southern India clashed with Hyder Ali's interests.
 Outcome: Treaty of Madras (1769), restoring the status quo.
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784):
 Commanders: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan (Mysore), Sir Eyre Coote (British).
 Cause: Ongoing conflicts over territory and influence in southern India.
 Outcome: Treaty of Mangalore (1784), restoring status quo with minor territorial
adjustments.
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792):
 Commanders: Lord Cornwallis (British), Tipu Sultan (Mysore).
 Cause: British concerns over French support to Mysore and disputes over treaties.
 Outcome: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792), territorial concessions and war indemnity.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799):
 Commanders: Major General David Baird (British), Tipu Sultan (Mysore).
Cause: British concerns about Tipu Sultan's growing power and alliances.

Outcome: Treaty of Seringapatam, restoration of Wadiyar dynasty with some territories

ceded to the British. During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mir Sadiq played a critical role in
the betrayal of Tipu Sultan's forces. He facilitated the entry of British forces into the fort of
Seringapatam, which was the capital of Mysore. This act greatly weakened Tipu's position
and contributed to the British victory in the war.
Anglo Marhata Wars
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782):
 Commanders: Mahadji Shinde (Marathas), Sir Hector Munro (British).
 Cause: Disputes over territories and influence in western India.
 Outcome: Treaty of Salbai (1782), status quo with minor territorial adjustments.
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805):
 Commanders: Sir Arthur Wellesley (British), Daulat Rao Scindia and Holkar (Marathas).
 Cause: British concerns over Maratha power and influence.
 Outcome: Treaty of Bassein (1802), establishment of British influence over Maratha
territories.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818):
 Commanders: Lord Hastings (British), Peshwa Baji Rao II and Maratha chieftains.
 Cause: Disputes over territories and influence in western India.
 Outcome: Treaty of Poona and Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon, effective control over Maratha
territories.
Anglo Sikh wars and treaties
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846):
 Commanders: Sir Hugh Gough (British), Maharaja Gulab Singh and Lal Singh (Sikhs).
 Cause: Disputes over territories and Sikh policies.
 Outcome: Treaty of Lahore, cession of Jammu and Kashmir, indemnity.
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849):
 Commanders: Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge (British), Sikh commanders.
 Cause: Tensions and uprisings in Punjab.
 Outcome: Annexation of Punjab, Treaty of Lahore (1849), direct British rule.
Treaties and wars with European forces
Carnatic Wars:
First Carnatic War (1746-1748):
Commanders: French forces under Dupleix, British forces under Stringer Lawrence.
Outcome: Ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, restoring status quo.
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754):
 Commanders: French forces under Dupleix and Bussy, British forces under Robert Clive.
 Outcome: Treaty of Pondicherry, restoring territories except Madras to the British.
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763):
 Commanders: French forces under Count de Lally, British forces under Sir Eyre Coote.
 Outcome: Treaty of Paris (1763), British gained control of many French territories in India.
British-Portuguese Conflicts and Interactions:
 Bombay Acquisition (1661): The British acquired the island of Bombay from the
Portuguese as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry when she married King Charles II of
England.
 Portuguese-English War (1703-1714): Part of the War of the Spanish Succession, there
were hostilities between Portugal and England. The British captured various Portuguese
territories, including Goa, but most of them were returned by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
 Treaty of Madrid (1750): The Treaty settled territorial disputes between the Portuguese
and the Marathas, with the British acting as mediators. This helped define the borders of
Portuguese territories in India.
 Goa Diplomatic Tensions (1787): Tensions arose between the British and the Portuguese
over Portuguese actions against British shipping. The issue was eventually resolved through
diplomacy.
 Capture of Goa (1812): During the Napoleonic Wars, the British captured the Portuguese
colony of Goa to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French. Goa was returned to
the Portuguese in 1815.
 Goa Inquisition Abolition (1812): The British intervention in Goa during its brief
occupation led to the abolition of the Goa Inquisition, which was a significant step in
religious freedom.
1. What year was the British East India Company founded?
a) 1599
b) 1605
c) 1600
d) 1611
2. Which British monarch granted the Royal Charter to the East India Company?
a) King Henry VIII
b) Queen Elizabeth I
c) King James I
d) King Charles II
3. What was the initial purpose of the British East India Company?
a) Trading with the Ottoman Empire
b) Establishing colonies in Africa
c) Trading with East Asian countries
d) Developing transatlantic trade routes
4. Who is often credited with helping the East India Company gain a foothold in India?
a) Sir Walter Raleigh
b) Christopher Columbus
c) Sir Thomas Roe
d) Sir Robert Clive
5. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was a significant turning point for the East India
Company's influence in which region?
a) China
b) Southeast Asia
c) South America
d) India
6. Which Act by the British Parliament in 1773 marked the beginning of direct British
control over the Company's affairs in India?
a) Charter Act of 1813
b) Regulating Act of 1773
c) Government of India Act 1858
d) Charter Act of 1853
7. The British East India Company was involved in the trade of which highly sought-
after commodity from India?
a) Spices
b) Gold
c) Silk
d) Coffee
8. What was the significance of the Treaty of Amritsar (1846)?

a) It ended the Opium Wars with China.
b) It established British control over Hong Kong.
c) It established British control over Kashmir.
d) It granted the British East India Company exclusive trading rights in Japan.
9. The British East India Company's flag prominently featured which iconic symbol?
a) Crown
b) Cross
c) Lion
d) Unicorn
10. What was the British East India Company's ultimate legacy in India?
a) Introduction of democratic governance
b) Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
c) Creation of a modern industrial base
d) Paving the way for British colonial rule
Indian Rebellion 1857

Causes:
1. Social and Religious Factors: There was growing resentment among Indian soldiers
(sepoys) due to the perceived attempts by the British to undermine Indian cultural and
religious practices. The introduction of the new Enfield rifle cartridges rumored to be
greased with animal fat (cow and pig fat) that had to be bitten off to load the rifle, offended
both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
2. Economic Discontent: The policies of the British East India Company led to economic
exploitation of Indians, causing distress among various sections of society.
3. Political Grievances: Many Indian rulers and nobles had lost their territories and privileges
due to the annexation policies of the British. They saw the rebellion as an opportunity to
regain their power.
4. Discontent among Sepoys: The sepoys were increasingly dissatisfied with their working
conditions, pay, and treatment by British officers. This discontent provided a fertile ground
for rebellion.
5. Rumors and Propaganda: Rumors and misinformation spread among the Indian
population, contributing to the buildup of tensions and anti-British sentiment.
Statistics and Casualties:
1. Duration: The rebellion began in May 1857 and lasted for about a year, with varying
intensity in different parts of India.
2. Geographical Spread: The rebellion had its epicenter in northern India, particularly in
regions such as Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, and Lucknow. However, it had an impact in many
parts of India.
3. Loss of Life: The exact number of casualties is difficult to determine due to limited records
and varying estimates. Both Indian civilians and British forces suffered losses. Tens of
thousands of people, including soldiers, civilians, and rebels, lost their lives during the
conflict.
4. Number of British Troops: There were approximately 40,000 British soldiers (including
both British and British Indian troops) deployed in India during the time of the rebellion.
5. Casualties: The casualties suffered by British forces during the rebellion were significant,
with estimates of British deaths ranging from around 800 to 1,000 soldiers. These casualties
were a result of direct combat, guerilla warfare, and various incidents that occurred during
the suppression of the rebellion
6. Suppression and Aftermath: The British eventually managed to suppress the rebellion with
a combination of military force and political measures. Many rebel leaders were captured
and executed, and significant reprisals followed in some areas. The aftermath of the
rebellion marked a turning point in British policies towards India, leading to the end of the
British East India Company's rule and the beginning of direct British Crown rule, known as
the British Raj.
1. Discontent among the Nobility: The annexation resulted in the displacement of the
Nawab and his court, causing resentment among the Awadhi nobility who lost their
positions and privileges.
2. Disruption of Society: The annexation led to disruption in the traditional social structure
and administration of Awadh, as the British implemented their own administrative policies.
3. Economic Impact: The British implemented policies that aimed to maximize revenue
extraction, which affected the agrarian economy of the region. High taxation and the
introduction of new land tenure systems led to agrarian distress.
4. Loss of Cultural Identity: The annexation of Awadh was perceived as an assault on Awadhi
culture and identity, as the British undermined traditional institutions and practices.
5. Contribution to Rebellion: The annexation of Awadh acted as a catalyst for the widespread
discontent that eventually erupted into the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Many soldiers and
sepoys from Awadh's military units joined the rebellion, and the annexation became one of
the rallying points for the rebellion.
6. The resentment and anger resulting from the annexation of Awadh contributed to the
broader anti-British sentiment that had been building up over time. The annexation, along
with other grievances, played a pivotal role in motivating various sections of Indian society
to rise against British colonial rule in what became known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
1. Last Mughal Emperor's Involvement: Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, became a
symbolic leader of the rebellion. He was already a figurehead with limited authority under
British rule. During the rebellion, some rebel leaders rallied around him, and he was
proclaimed the Emperor of India during the uprising. His involvement lent a sense of
legitimacy and continuity to the rebellion.
2. Symbol of Unity: Bahadur Shah II's nominal leadership provided a unifying symbol for
various rebel groups that were diverse in terms of regions, languages, and cultures. His
name was invoked to bring together different factions under a common cause of resisting
British rule.
3. Capture and Exile: After the suppression of the rebellion, Bahadur Shah II was captured and
tried for his involvement. He was found guilty and exiled to Rangoon (present-day Yangon)
in Burma (Myanmar) by the British. His exile marked the end of the Mughal Empire as a
political entity.
4. Symbolic End of the Mughal Empire: The exile of Bahadur Shah II marked the symbolic
end of the Mughal Empire that had been in decline for centuries. While the empire had lost
most of its territorial power to regional kingdoms and foreign rulers before the British
arrived, the 1857 rebellion further underscored the loss of political and symbolic authority of
the Mughal dynasty.
5. Legacy and Impact: The participation of the Mughal ruler in the rebellion gave it a sense of
historical continuity and a romanticized appeal, evoking memories of past glory. This
resonated with many Indians who were nostalgic for the Mughal era and opposed to British
rule.
Important names to be noted
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 involved a variety of important figures who played significant
roles in both leading and participating in the rebellion against British colonial rule. Here are
some of the key individuals involved:
1. Bahadur Shah II: The last Mughal emperor and a symbolic leader of the rebellion. His
nominal leadership provided legitimacy and a unifying symbol for various rebel groups.
2. Rani Lakshmibai: The Queen of the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi (in present-day Uttar
Pradesh). She is known for her valiant leadership and resistance against the British forces.
3. Nana Sahib: A Maratha noble and adopted son of the exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II. He led the
rebellion in Kanpur and was associated with the Bibighar massacre.
‫‪4. Tantia Tope: A Maratha leader and military strategist who fought against the British in‬‬
‫‪various regions, including Central India.‬‬
‫‪5. Kunwar Singh: A notable leader from Bihar who led a revolt against the British in his region‬‬
‫‪and played a significant role in the rebellion in northern India.‬‬
‫‪6. Mangal Pandey: A sepoy in the British East India Company's army who is considered one of‬‬
‫‪the early catalysts of the rebellion due to his role in the Barrackpore incident.‬‬
‫‪7. Bakht Khan: A soldier and commander who played a key role in the defense of Delhi during‬‬
‫‪the initial phase of the rebellion.‬‬
‫‪8. Kanwar Singh: A leader from the Awadh region who participated in the rebellion and was‬‬
‫‪known for his guerrilla tactics against British forces.‬‬
‫‪9. Begum Hazrat Mahal: The wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, she played a prominent‬‬
‫‪role in the rebellion and led the defense of Lucknow.‬‬
‫‪10. Azimullah Khan: A political and military leader who supported the rebellion and assisted in‬‬
‫‪organizing resistance against the British.‬‬
‫‪11. Birjis Qadr: The son of Bahadur Shah II who played a role in the rebellion, especially after‬‬
‫‪his father's capture.‬‬
‫‪12. Bahadur Khan II: A prominent figure in Delhi who supported the rebellion and played a‬‬
‫‪role in its planning and execution.‬‬
‫‪13. Uprising in Meerut: Several sepoys and leaders in Meerut were involved in the initial stages‬‬
‫‪of the rebellion, including leaders like Rao Tula Ram.‬‬
‫دنہواتسیناغبوت‪1172‬‬
‫ووجاہت‪:‬‬
‫‪ .‬امسیجاورذمیبہوعالم‪ :‬ارگنزیوںیکرطفےسدنہواتسیناقثیتفاورذمیبہرطوقیںوکزمکوررکےنیکوکوششںیکوہجےسدنہواتسیناپسویہں(اپسیہ) ںیمانرایگضڑبھریہول ۔ےئناٹنفگلڈرالفئ‬
‫اکروتسےکاعتمرفئوےنیکاوفائوںںیماجونروںیکرچیب(اگےئاوروسریکرچیب) ےکاسھتانکچیئیکاجیتول ےسجرالفئولڈرکےنےکےیلاکانٹڑپاتاھت‪،‬دنہواوراملسمندوونںاپسویہںوکانراض‬
‫رکدایاھت۔‬
‫‪ .‬ااصتقدیدعماانیمطن‪ :‬ربشٹاٹسیاڈنایینپمکیکاپویسیلںےندنہواتسوینںاکاعمیشااصحتسلایک‪،‬سجےساعمرشےےکفلتخموقبطںںیمرپاشییندیپائویئ۔‬
‫‪ .‬ایسیساکشایت‪ :‬ارگنزیوںیکااحلقیکاپویسیلںیکوہجےستہبےسدنہواتسینرمکحاونںاورارماےناےنپالعےقاوررمااعتوھکدیںیھت۔اوہنںےناغبوتوکاینپاطتقدوابرہاحلصرکےناک‬
‫ومعقاھجمس۔‬
‫‪ .‬اپسویہںںیمدعماانیمطن‪ :‬اپسیہاےنپاکمےکاحالت‪،‬وخنتاہاوررباطونیارسفوںےکولسکےسیزییےسریغنئمطمےھت۔اسدعماانیمطنےناغبوتےکےیلاکیزرزیخزنیمرفامہیک۔‬
‫‪ .‬اوفاںیہاوررپوڈنگیپہ‪ :‬اوفاںیہاورطلغولعمامتدنہواتسینآابدیںیمیتلیھپںیہ‪،‬وجانتؤاوررباطونیاخمفلذجابتوکڑباھےنںیماعمونںیہ۔‬
‫ادعادوامشراورالہںیتک‪:‬‬
‫‪ .‬دوراہین‪ :‬اغبوتیئم‪1172‬ںیمرشوعئویئاوردنہواتسنےکفلتخموصحںںیمفلتخمدشتےکاسھترقتًابیاکیاسلکتاجریریہ۔‬
‫‪ .‬رغجاایفیئالیھپؤ‪ :‬اغبوتاکرمزکامشیلدنہواتسنںیماھت‪،‬ناصوطررپدیلہ‪،‬ریمھٹ‪،‬اکوپنراورؤنھکلےسیجالعوقںںیم۔اتمہدنہواتسنےکیئکوصحںںیماساکارثئوا۔‬
‫‪ .‬اجناکاصقنن‪ :‬دحمودراکیرڈاورفلتخماادازوںیکوہجےسالہوتکںیکحیحصدعتاداکنیعترکانلکشمےہ۔دنہواتسینرہشویںاوررباطونیاوفاجدوونںاکاصقننئوا۔اسڑلایئےکدورانوفویجں‪،‬‬
‫رہشویںاورابویغںتیمسدویسںزہارارفاداینپاجونںےساہھتدوھےھٹیب۔‬
‫‪ .‬رباطونیوفویجںیکدعتاد‪ :‬اغبوتےکوتقدنہواتسنںیمرقتًابی‪120222‬رباطونیوفیج(ومشبلرباطونیاوررباطونیدنہواتسیندوونںوفیج) انیعتتےھت۔‬
‫‪ .‬الہںیتک‪ :‬اغبوتےکدورانرباطونیاوفاجےکاہوھتںئوےنوایلاجیناصقنانتامنایںےھت‪،‬رباطونیالہوتکںاکہنیمختگلگھب‪122‬ےس‪1222‬وفویجںےکدرایمناھت۔ہیالہںیتکرباہراتسڑلایئ‪،‬‬
‫وگرالیگنجاوراغبوتوکدابےنےکدورانشیپآےنواےلفلتخموااعقتاکہجیتنںیھت۔‬
‫اورھچکالعوقںںیمامہااقتن ی‬،‫ ارگنزیابآلروفیجاطتقاورایسیسادقاامتےکاسھتاغبوتوکدابےنںیماکایمبئوےئگ۔تہبےسابیغرامنہڑکپےےئگاوراںیہناھپیسندےدییئگ‬:‫ دابواورہجیتن‬.

‫سجےکےجیتنںیمرباطونیاٹسیاڈنایینپمکیکرمکحایناکناناپئوااوررباہراتسرباطونیویلد‬،‫اکررواایئںیکںیئگ۔اغبوتےکےجیتنںیمدنہواتسنیکرطفرباطونیاپویسیلںںیماکیامہومڑآای‬
‫ےسجرباطونیراجاہکاجاتےہ۔‬،‫یکرمکحایناکآاغزئوا‬

1. What year did the Indian Rebellion of 1857 begin?
a) 1859
b) 1856
c) 1857
d) 1860
2. Which event is often considered the spark that ignited the rebellion?
a) The annexation of Oudh (Awadh)
b) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
c) The signing of the Treaty of Allahabad
d) The Battle of Plassey
Answer: a) The annexation of Oudh (Awadh)
3. What was the primary cause of discontent among Indian sepoys that led to the
rebellion?
a) Economic disparities
b) Social reforms
c) Religious conversions
d) Educational advancements
Answer: a) Economic disparities
4. Which city served as the initial epicenter of the rebellion?

a) Mumbai
b) Kolkata
c) Delhi
d) Chennai
Answer: c) Delhi
5. The Enfield rifle cartridges, rumored to be greased with animal fat, led to
resentment among which groups?
a) Hindus and Muslims
b) Sikhs and Christians
c) Buddhists and Jains
d) Hindus and Buddhists
Answer: a) Hindus and Muslims
6. Who was the last Mughal emperor, who became a symbol of the rebellion?
a) Bahadur Shah II
b) Akbar II
c) Shah Jahan III
d) Aurangzeb II
Answer: a) Bahadur Shah II
7. Which city did Bahadur Shah II declare as the capital of his revived Mughal
Empire during the rebellion?
a) Lucknow
b) Kanpur
c) Delhi
d) Agra
Answer: c) Delhi
8. Which British officer played a significant role in suppressing the rebellion and
recapturing Delhi?
a) Robert Clive
b) Lord Dalhousie
c) Lord Cornwallis
d) John Nicholson
Answer: d) John Nicholson
9. The central proclamation of the 1857 revolt aimed at restoring which historical
entity?
a) Mughal Empire
b) Maratha Empire
c) Mauryan Empire
d) Gupta Empire
Answer: a) Mughal Empire
10. What was the fate of Bahadur Shah II after the rebellion was suppressed?
a) Exiled to Britain
b) Exiled to Burma (Myanmar)
c) Imprisoned for life in Delhi
d) Allowed to continue ruling Delhi
Answer: b) Exiled to Burma (Myanmar)
11. Which region saw the intense resistance of Rani Lakshmibai during the
rebellion?
a) Kanpur
b) Lucknow
c) Jhansi
d) Agra
Answer: c) Jhansi
12. Who led the rebellion in Kanpur and became infamous for the Bibighar
massacre?
a) Rani Lakshmibai
b) Bahadur Shah II
c) Nana Sahib
d) Tantia Tope
Answer: c) Nana Sahib
13. The British Government of India Act of 1858 ended the rule of which
organization?
a) Mughal Empire
b) British East India Company
c) French East India Company
d) Dutch East India Company
Answer: b) British East India Company
14. The rebellion significantly influenced the decision to transfer control of India
to which authority?
a) British Monarchy
b) Dutch Republic
c) Portuguese Crown
d) French Empire
Answer: a) British Monarchy
15. Which city witnessed the famous Siege of Lucknow during the rebellion?
a) Delhi
b) Agra
c) Kanpur
d) Lucknow
Answer: d) Lucknow
16. The rebellion marked a shift in British policies toward which aspect of Indian
society?
a) Education
b) Agriculture
c) Religion
d) Industry
Answer: c) Religion
17. Who authored the book "The Indian War of Independence 1857" that
documented the events of the rebellion?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
d) Rani Lakshmibai
Answer: c) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
18. The rebellion had its roots in a lack of communication between Indian soldiers
and British officers. What was this language barrier called?
a) Vernacular Divide
b) Cultural Rift
c) Linguistic Chasm
d) Laskari Barrier
Answer: d) Laskari Barrier
19. Who played a crucial role in rallying support for the rebellion among the
Indian soldiers in Barrackpore?
a) Mangal Pandey
b) Tatya Tope
c) Bhagat Singh
d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer: a) Mangal Pandey
20. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is often considered a precursor to which larger
movement in India's struggle for independence?
a) Non-Cooperation Movement
b) Quit India Movement
c) Swadeshi Movement
d) Indian National Congress Movement
Answer: b) Quit India Movement
Allied material
Muhammad Bin Qasim
1. When did Muhammad bin Qasim enter the Indian subcontinent? Around 712 AD.
2. Which empire did Muhammad bin Qasim serve under during his expedition? The
Umayyad Caliphate.
3. What motivated Muhammad bin Qasim's expedition to the Indian subcontinent? An
appeal for help from a local princess against tyranny.
4. Who was the ruler of Sindh during Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion? Raja Dahir.
5. Which city in Sindh did Muhammad bin Qasim conquer? Debal.
6. What was the outcome of Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sindh? Successful
capture and establishment of control over Sindh.
7. Which city did Muhammad bin Qasim capture after defeating Raja Dahir's forces?
Nirun.
8. What strategies did Muhammad bin Qasim use to gain support from local
populations? Fair treatment and religious tolerance.
9. How did Muhammad bin Qasim's expeditions impact the spread of Islam in the
region? Laid the foundation for the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent.
10. Which significant city did Muhammad bin Qasim capture during his campaigns?
Multan.
11. What was the year of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Multan? 715 AD.
12. When did Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest mark the establishment of Islam's
presence in the subcontinent? Early 8th century.
13. Which powerful dynasty did Muhammad bin Qasim's expeditions contribute to? The
Umayyad dynasty.
14. What was the strategic importance of Debal, the city Muhammad bin Qasim captured?
Debal was a vital trading port.
15. How did Muhammad bin Qasim's approach to the local population differ from that of
previous rulers? He employed fair treatment and religious tolerance.
16. What was the legacy of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquests in terms of religion and
culture? It paved the way for Islamic influences in the region.
17. Which geographic regions did Muhammad bin Qasim's conquests directly impact?
Sindh and Multan.
18. What role did Muhammad bin Qasim's campaigns play in the history of India? They
marked the beginning of Muslim rule in the subcontinent.
19. How did the conquest of Multan contribute to Muhammad bin Qasim's legacy? It
expanded his territorial influence.
20. What lasting impact did Muhammad bin Qasim's expeditions have on the Indian
subcontinent? They set the stage for future Muslim rulers in the region
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about Mahmud of Ghazni and
Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri:
Mahmud of Ghaznavi:
1. When did Mahmud of Ghazni rule over the Ghaznavid Empire?
- Mahmud of Ghazni ruled during the late 10th and early 11th centuries.
2. What is Mahmud of Ghazni most famous for in relation to India?

- Mahmud of Ghazni is known for his numerous invasions of India to plunder its
wealth.
3. Which temple did Mahmud of Ghazni famously sack in 1026 AD?

- Mahmud of Ghazni famously sacked the Somnath Temple.
4. How many invasions did Mahmud of Ghazni undertake into India?

- Mahmud of Ghazni is known to have conducted around 17 invasions into India.
5. What is the historical significance of Mahmud of Ghazni's expeditions into India?

- His expeditions marked the beginning of Muslim rule and cultural influence in the
Indian subcontinent.
6. What was the capital of Mahmud of Ghazni's empire?

- The capital of Mahmud of Ghazni's empire was Ghazni, in present-day Afghanistan.
7. How did Mahmud of Ghazni's patronage of arts and culture impact his empire?
- Despite his military campaigns, he was a patron of art, literature, and scholarship.
8. Who succeeded Mahmud of Ghazni as the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire?

- After Mahmud's death, his empire was succeeded by his son, Masud I.
Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri:

9. When did Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri establish his rule in the Indian
subcontinent?
- Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri established his rule in the Indian subcontinent in
the late 12th century.
10. Under which dynasty did Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri rule?

- Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri ruled under the Ghurid dynasty.
11. What was the significance of the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 AD involving
Muhammad Ghauri?
- The First Battle of Tarain marked Muhammad Ghauri's successful invasion of North
India.
12. What was the outcome of the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD?
- Muhammad Ghauri emerged victorious over Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle
of Tarain.
13. What happened to Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri in 1206 AD?

- Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri was assassinated in 1206 AD.
14. Which dynasty did Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri's successors establish after his
death?
- His successors established the Mamluk dynasty in Delhi.
15. How did Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri's reign contribute to the spread of Islam in
the Indian subcontinent?
- His campaigns facilitated the spread of Islam and established Muslim rule in the
region.
16. Who succeeded Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri as the ruler of the Ghurid
dynasty?
- After his death, his empire was succeeded by his slave-commander Qutb-ud-din
Aibak.
17. What role did Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghauri's campaigns impact the political
landscape of the Indian subcontinent?
- His campaigns led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and marked a
significant shift in regional power dynamics.
Apologies for the formatting. I'll provide the questions and answers in the same pattern
as before:
Dehli Dynasty
1. When was the Delhi Sultanate established?
- The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Delhi Sultanate?

- The founder of the Delhi Sultanate was Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
3. What dynasty did Qutb-ud-din Aibak belong to?

- Qutb-ud-din Aibak belonged to the Mamluk dynasty.
4. What was the first Slave Dynasty ruler's origin and profession before becoming a
sultan?
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak was originally a slave of Muhammad Ghauri and later became a
sultan.
5. What architectural marvel in Delhi was constructed by Qutb-ud-din Aibak?

- Qutb-ud-din Aibak built the Qutub Minar, a renowned historical monument.
6. Which ruler of the Delhi Sultanate is known for his introduction of the "silver tanka"
currency?
- Iltutmish is known for introducing the "silver tanka" currency during his rule.
7. Which sultan of the Delhi Sultanate was known for his efforts to promote cultural and
educational institutions?
- Alauddin Khilji is known for promoting cultural and educational institutions during his
reign.
8. Who was the first woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate?

- Razia Sultana was the first woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
9. What significant architectural landmark was constructed by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi?

- Alauddin Khilji built the Alai Darwaza, an impressive gate of the Qutub Minar
complex.
10. Who founded the Tughlaq dynasty within the Delhi Sultanate?
- Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq founded the Tughlaq dynasty within the Delhi Sultanate.
Slave Dynasity:
I apologize for the confusion. Here are 20 questions along with their answers about the
Slave Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate, following the format you requested:
Slave Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate:
1. When was the Slave Dynasty established?

- The Slave Dynasty was established in 1206 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Slave Dynasty?

- The founder of the Slave Dynasty was Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
3. What was Qutb-ud-din Aibak's background before becoming a ruler?

- Qutb-ud-din Aibak was originally a slave of Muhammad Ghauri.
4. Which city did Qutb-ud-din Aibak choose as his capital when he established the
dynasty?
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak chose Delhi as his capital.
5. Who succeeded Qutb-ud-din Aibak as the second ruler of the Slave Dynasty?
- Iltutmish succeeded Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
6. What significant architectural monument was constructed by Qutb-ud-din Aibak

during his reign?
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak built the Qutub Minar in Delhi.
7. Under whose reign did the Slave Dynasty witness consolidation and stabilization?
- The reign of Iltutmish saw consolidation and stabilization of the dynasty.
8. Who was Razia Sultana, and what was her contribution to the Slave Dynasty?
- Razia Sultana was the first woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate and the only ruler from
the Slave Dynasty.
9. Which ruler of the Slave Dynasty is known for introducing the "silver tanka" currency?
- Iltutmish is known for introducing the "silver tanka" currency during his rule.
10. What architectural landmark was constructed by Balban during his reign?
- Balban constructed the notable Alai Darwaza in the Qutub Minar complex.
11. What is unique about the rule of Balban within the Slave Dynasty?
- Balban's rule is characterized by his strong authoritarian policies and efforts to
centralize power.
12. Who succeeded Balban as the ruler of the Slave Dynasty?

- Following Balban's death, his grandson Kaiqubad briefly succeeded him.
13. What role did the Slave Dynasty play in shaping the political and cultural landscape
of India?
- The Slave Dynasty laid the foundation for future sultanates and marked the
beginning of Islamic rule in Northern India.
14. What were some of the challenges faced by the Slave Dynasty during its rule?
- The dynasty faced threats from external invasions and internal rebellions.
15. How did the Slave Dynasty contribute to the architectural heritage of Delhi?
- The dynasty introduced several architectural innovations, including the construction
of the Qutub Minar and various monuments.
16. Which dynasty succeeded the Slave Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Khilji dynasty succeeded the Slave Dynasty.
17. How did the Slave Dynasty rulers strengthen the administrative structure of the
Delhi Sultanate?
- The rulers introduced reforms and administrative practices to consolidate their rule.
18. What was the duration of the Slave Dynasty's rule in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Slave Dynasty ruled for about 84 years, from 1206 to 1290 AD.
19. What significance does the Slave Dynasty hold in Indian history?
- The Slave Dynasty marked the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and the
beginning of medieval Islamic rule in India.
20. Who was the last ruler of the Slave Dynasty, and what were the circumstances
surrounding its decline?
- The last ruler was Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. The dynasty declined due to internal strife
and Mongol invasions, leading to the rise of the Khalji dynasty.
Of course, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Khilji Dynasty in
the Delhi Sultanate, following the format you requested:
Khilji Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate:

1. When was the Khilji Dynasty established in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Khilji Dynasty was established in 1290 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Khilji Dynasty?

- The founder of the Khilji Dynasty was Jalal-ud-din Khilji.
3. What was Alauddin Khilji's relationship to Jalal-ud-din Khilji?

- Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din Khilji.
4. Which city did Alauddin Khilji choose as his capital during his reign?
- Alauddin Khilji chose Delhi as his capital.
5. What significant change did Alauddin Khilji make to the tax system in the Delhi
Sultanate?
- Alauddin Khilji introduced the "zabt" system, a revenue assessment system based
on the estimation of crop yields.
6. What was the primary motive behind Alauddin Khilji's market reforms?
- Alauddin Khilji aimed to stabilize prices and prevent hoarding through market
regulations.
7. Who is known for repelling the Mongol invasions during the Khilji Dynasty?
- Alauddin Khilji successfully repelled the Mongol invasions during his rule.
8. What architectural marvel in Delhi was constructed by Alauddin Khilji?

- Alauddin Khilji constructed the Alai Darwaza, an impressive gateway to the Qutub
Minar complex.
9. What notable step did Alauddin Khilji take to strengthen his military?
- He introduced the "chehra" system to ensure efficient intelligence and
communication within his military network.
10. Who succeeded Alauddin Khilji as the ruler of the Khilji Dynasty?
- After Alauddin Khilji's death, his second son Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah succeeded
him.
11. What marked the beginning of the decline of the Khilji Dynasty?
- The assassination of Alauddin Khilji's son and successor led to internal conflicts and
instability.
12. Who was the last ruler of the Khilji Dynasty?

- The last ruler was Khusro Khan.
13. How did the Khilji Dynasty contribute to the political and cultural landscape of the
Delhi Sultanate?
- The dynasty expanded its territorial boundaries and played a role in shaping
administrative practices.
14. What were some of the significant challenges faced by the Khilji Dynasty?
- The dynasty had to deal with agrarian crises, economic challenges, and rebellions.
15. How did the Khilji Dynasty maintain a strong military and administrative structure?
- The rulers focused on maintaining a disciplined army and centralizing power.
16. Which architectural legacy is associated with the Khilji Dynasty's rule?
- The introduction of unique architectural elements, such as the Alai Darwaza and the
Hauz Khas complex.
17. How did the Khilji Dynasty's rule impact trade and commerce in the Delhi Sultanate?
- It witnessed a prosperous trade environment due to market regulations and reforms.
18. What was the duration of the Khilji Dynasty's rule in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Khilji Dynasty ruled for about 30 years, from 1290 to 1320 AD.
19. What role did Malik Kafur play in the Khilji Dynasty?
- Malik Kafur was a prominent military general and commander under Alauddin Khilji's
rule.
20. What were the circumstances leading to the end of the Khilji Dynasty?
- The assassination of Alauddin Khilji's successors, internal power struggles, and
external invasions contributed to the dynasty's decline.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Tughluq Dynasty in
Tughluq Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate:

1. When was the Tughluq Dynasty established in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Tughluq Dynasty was established in 1320 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Tughluq Dynasty?

- The founder of the Tughluq Dynasty was Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq.
3. What was the most notable action taken by Muhammad bin Tughluq during his reign?
- Muhammad bin Tughluq shifted the capital of the Delhi Sultanate from Delhi to
Daulatabad.
4. What is the reason behind Muhammad bin Tughluq's shifting of the capital?
- Muhammad bin Tughluq believed that Daulatabad's location provided better strategic
advantages.
5. What are some administrative reforms introduced by Muhammad bin Tughluq?

- He introduced token currency and experimented with agricultural schemes to
improve revenue collection.
6. Which ruler of the Tughluq Dynasty is known for his efforts to bring the Deccan region
under Delhi's control?
- Muhammad bin Tughluq is known for his attempts to assert control over the Deccan.
7. What significant event led to the decline of the Tughluq Dynasty's power?
- The revolts in various parts of the empire and the weakening of central authority
contributed to the decline.
8. Who succeeded Muhammad bin Tughluq as the ruler of the Tughluq Dynasty?
- After his death, his cousin Firuz Shah Tughlaq succeeded him.
9. Which architectural marvel is associated with the Tughluq Dynasty?

- The Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi, built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq, is associated with
the dynasty.
10. What was the most significant administrative achievement of Firuz Shah Tughlaq's
rule?
- Firuz Shah Tughlaq is known for his land revenue reforms and policies benefiting
the peasantry.
11. How did the Tughluq Dynasty contribute to the cultural development of the Delhi
Sultanate?
- The dynasty patronized art, architecture, and learning, contributing to the cultural
heritage.
12. Who succeeded Firuz Shah Tughlaq as the last ruler of the Tughluq Dynasty?
- Firuz Shah's successor was his nephew Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq II.
13. What was the reason behind the eventual decline of the Tughluq Dynasty?
- Inefficient administration, revolts, and external pressures led to the dynasty's
decline.
14. Which prominent historical figure served as the governor of Multan under the
Tughluq Dynasty?
- Timur, also known as Tamerlane, served as the governor of Multan under the
Tughluq Dynasty.
15. What was the duration of the Tughluq Dynasty's rule in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Tughluq Dynasty ruled for about 94 years, from 1320 to 1414 AD.
16. How did the Tughluq Dynasty's policies affect the relationship between the central
authority and the provinces?
- The dynasty's centralization efforts often strained relations with local governors and
regions.
17. Which ruler of the Tughluq Dynasty adopted the title "Sultan-i-Garib Nawaz" or
"Sultan of the Patron of the Poor"?
- Firuz Shah Tughlaq adopted the title "Sultan-i-Garib Nawaz" due to his welfare
measures.
18. How did the Tughluq Dynasty influence the socio-economic fabric of the Delhi
Sultanate?
- Their land reforms, construction projects, and market regulations left a lasting
impact.
19. What were some of the cultural achievements of the Tughluq Dynasty?
- The dynasty's patronage supported literature, arts, and the development of the Urdu
language.
20. What was the significance of the Tughluq Dynasty in the broader context of Indian
history?
- The dynasty's rule saw notable political, administrative, and cultural developments,
contributing to the complex history of the Delhi Sultanate.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Sayyid Dynasty in
Sayyid Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate:

1. When was the Sayyid Dynasty established in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Sayyid Dynasty was established in 1414 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty?

- The founder of the Sayyid Dynasty was Khizr Khan.
3. What was the historical context of the establishment of the Sayyid Dynasty?
- The dynasty emerged during a period of decline in the Delhi Sultanate after the
Tughluq Dynasty.
4. Which dynasty did the Sayyid Dynasty succeed?

- The Sayyid Dynasty succeeded the Tughluq Dynasty.
5. How long did the Sayyid Dynasty rule over the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Sayyid Dynasty ruled for about 37 years, from 1414 to 1451 AD.
6. What were some of the key challenges faced by the Sayyid Dynasty rulers?
- They had to deal with regional revolts, external invasions, and administrative issues.
7. Which prominent ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty is known for his attempts to restore law
and order?
- Muhammad Shah, one of the Sayyid rulers, tried to restore law and order in the
realm.
8. How did the Sayyid Dynasty attempt to restore the economic stability of the Delhi
Sultanate?
- The rulers undertook measures to revive agriculture and trade, aiming to improve the
economy.
9. What marked the decline of the Sayyid Dynasty's power?

- The dynasty's decline can be attributed to internal conflicts and the invasion of
Timur.
10. Who was the last ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty?

- The last ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty was Muhammad Shah.
11. How did the Sayyid Dynasty contribute to the cultural and artistic heritage of the
Delhi Sultanate?
- Despite challenges, they continued to support literary and artistic endeavors.
12. What were the broader historical implications of the Sayyid Dynasty's rule?
- The dynasty's reign marked a transitional phase between the decline of the Tughluq
Dynasty and the rise of the Lodhi Dynasty.
13. What significant event led to the end of the Sayyid Dynasty?
- The invasion of Timur in 1398 AD weakened the Delhi Sultanate, setting the stage
for the Sayyid Dynasty's establishment.
14. What marked the beginning of the Lodhi Dynasty's rule in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The end of the Sayyid Dynasty marked the beginning of the Lodhi Dynasty's rule.
15. How did the Sayyid Dynasty rulers attempt to stabilize the political situation?
- They focused on strengthening their core territories and forging alliances with
neighboring rulers.
16. What were the economic and social challenges that the Sayyid Dynasty inherited
from previous rulers?
- They faced economic instability, agrarian issues, and political fragmentation.
17. How did the Sayyid rulers address the concerns of their subjects during their reign?
- They attempted to restore justice and ensure the welfare of the people.
18. What were the unique administrative reforms introduced by the Sayyid Dynasty?
- They aimed to streamline the administration and bring stability to the governance
structure.
19. How did the legacy of the Sayyid Dynasty influence subsequent rulers and
dynasties in the region?
- Their efforts to restore order and address challenges set precedents for later rulers.
20. In what ways did the Sayyid Dynasty contribute to shaping the trajectory of the Delhi
Sultanate's history?
- The dynasty played a role in navigating the aftermath of Timur's invasion and laying
the groundwork for the Lodhi Dynasty.
I apologize for the oversight. Here are 20 questions along with their answers about the
Lodhi Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate, including the Battle of Panipat:
Lodhi Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate:

1. When was the Lodhi Dynasty established in the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Lodhi Dynasty was established in 1451 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Lodhi Dynasty?

- The founder of the Lodhi Dynasty was Bahlul Khan Lodhi.
3. What was the historical context of the establishment of the Lodhi Dynasty?
- The Lodhi Dynasty emerged after the decline of the Sayyid Dynasty and the
weakening of the Delhi Sultanate.
4. Which dynasty did the Lodhi Dynasty succeed?

- The Lodhi Dynasty succeeded the Sayyid Dynasty.
5. How long did the Lodhi Dynasty rule over the Delhi Sultanate?
- The Lodhi Dynasty ruled for about 75 years, from 1451 to 1526 AD.
6. What were some of the key challenges faced by the Lodhi Dynasty rulers?
- They had to deal with internal rebellions, regional conflicts, and the rising power of
regional kingdoms.
7. Which ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty is known for his architectural contributions?
- Sikandar Lodhi is known for his architectural patronage, including the construction of
the Lodhi Gardens.
8. What was the role of Ibrahim Lodhi in the history of the Lodhi Dynasty?
- Ibrahim Lodhi was the last ruler of the dynasty and faced the invasion of Babur.
9. What significant event marked the decline of the Lodhi Dynasty?

- The Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD, where Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated by Babur,
marked the decline of the dynasty.
10. How did the Lodhi Dynasty contribute to the cultural and artistic heritage of the Delhi
Sultanate?
- They continued to support art and architecture, particularly during the reign of
Sikandar Lodhi.
11. What were the broader historical implications of the Lodhi Dynasty's rule?
- The dynasty's decline paved the way for the Mughal Empire's establishment in
India.
12. How did the Lodhi Dynasty rulers attempt to stabilize the political situation?
- They worked to consolidate their rule and maintain control over their territories.
13. Who was the prominent Afghan noble who played a significant role during the Lodhi
Dynasty?
- Darya Khan, an Afghan noble, served as an influential figure during the dynasty's
rule.
14. What marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire's rise to power in India?
- The defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Panipat by Babur signaled the rise of the
Mughal Empire.
15. How did the Lodhi Dynasty's rule impact the regional balance of power?
- The dynasty faced challenges from emerging regional powers, leading to a
fragmented political landscape.
16. What were the economic and social challenges that the Lodhi Dynasty inherited
from previous rulers?
- They inherited economic instability, agrarian issues, and political fragmentation.
17. How did the Lodhi rulers attempt to strengthen their military and administrative
structures?
- They focused on maintaining a disciplined army and improving the administrative
efficiency.
18. What were the cultural and intellectual contributions made during the Lodhi
Dynasty's rule?
- The dynasty continued to support scholars, poets, and cultural activities.
19. How did the legacy of the Lodhi Dynasty influence subsequent rulers and dynasties
in the region?
- Their efforts to stabilize the empire and address challenges left a mark on later
rulers.
20. In what ways did the Lodhi Dynasty contribute to shaping the course of Indian
history?
- The dynasty played a role in the transition from the medieval Delhi Sultanate to the
establishment of the Mughal Empire.
I apologize for the repeated formatting issues. Here's the information in the format you
requested without bolding:
Mughal dynasty: Babur and Humayun:

1. What was Babur's original name?
- Babur's original name was Zahir-ud-din Muhammad.
2. Which empire did Babur found in the Indian subcontinent?

- Babur founded the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.
3. Where was Babur originally from?

- Babur was originally from Fergana in present-day Uzbekistan.
4. Which famous battle did Babur win against Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526?
- Babur won the First Battle of Panipat against Ibrahim Lodhi.
5. What city did Babur establish as his capital in India after his victory at Panipat?
- Babur established Agra as his capital in India.
6. Who was Babur's eldest son, who succeeded him as the ruler of the Mughal Empire?
- Babur's eldest son was Humayun.
7. What were the significant achievements of Babur's rule in India?

- Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire, introduced Central Asian cultural
influences, and initiated administrative reforms.
8. What was Humayun's original name?

- Humayun's original name was Nasir-ud-din Muhammad.
9. Which dynasty did Humayun belong to?

- Humayun belonged to the Mughal dynasty.
10. What significant architectural structure did Humayun's wife, Hamida Banu Begum,
commission in his memory?
- Hamida Banu Begum commissioned the Humayun's Tomb in Delhi in memory of
Humayun.
11. What were some of the major challenges Humayun faced during his rule?
- Humayun faced challenges such as the Suri Empire's resistance, internal rebellions,
and the loss of territories.
12. Who was the Afghan chieftain who took advantage of Humayun's troubles and
established the Suri Empire?
- Sher Shah Suri established the Suri Empire during Humayun's period of decline.
13. After being ousted from his throne, where did Humayun seek refuge?
- Humayun sought refuge in Persia under the Safavid dynasty.
14. Who was the ruler of Persia who provided refuge and assistance to Humayun?
- Humayun received refuge and support from Shah Tahmasp I of Persia.
15. Which historic battle led to Humayun's eventual return to power in India?
- Humayun regained power after winning the Battle of Chausa against the Suri forces.
16. What was the name of Humayun's advisor who played a crucial role in his
successful return to India?
- Bairam Khan was a prominent advisor who supported Humayun's return to power.
17. Which city did Humayun reestablish as the capital of the Mughal Empire after
regaining his rule?
- Humayun reestablished Delhi as the capital of the Mughal Empire.
18. How did Humayun's rule impact the cultural and architectural landscape of India?
- Humayun's reign witnessed the continuation of artistic and architectural
developments, influenced by Persian styles.
19. Who succeeded Humayun as the Mughal emperor after his death?
- Akbar, Humayun's son, succeeded him as the Mughal emperor.
20. What legacy did Babur and Humayun leave behind in the context of the Mughal
Empire's history?
- Babur established the Mughal Empire, while Humayun's determination and eventual
return to power laid the foundation for the empire's continued growth under his
successors.
I apologize for the oversight. Here are 20 questions along with their answers about the
Suri Dynasty in India, with a focus on important constructions and wars, as per your
request:
Suri Dynasty:
1. When was the Suri Dynasty established in India?
- The Suri Dynasty was established in 1540 AD.
2. Who was the founder of the Suri Dynasty?

- The founder of the Suri Dynasty was Sher Shah Suri.
3. What was the historical context of the establishment of the Suri Dynasty?
- The dynasty emerged after Sher Shah Suri's successful overthrow of Humayun, the
Mughal ruler.
4. Which dynasty did the Suri Dynasty replace?

- The Suri Dynasty replaced the Mughal Dynasty under Humayun.
5. What significant architectural feat is associated with Sher Shah Suri?

- Sher Shah Suri is known for constructing the Grand Trunk Road, a major trade
route.
6. What were the key administrative reforms introduced by Sher Shah Suri?
- Sher Shah introduced reforms like the measurement of land, the development of the
postal system, and administrative efficiency.
7. What major city did Sher Shah Suri establish as his capital?
- Sher Shah established Sasaram as his capital.
8. Who succeeded Sher Shah Suri as the ruler of the dynasty after his death?
- Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah Suri, succeeded him.
9. What were the significant challenges faced by the Suri Dynasty rulers?
- They faced threats from various regional rulers and the Mughal Empire's attempts to
regain control.
10. How did the Suri Dynasty contribute to the governance and administration of India?
- The dynasty introduced administrative and economic reforms that had a lasting
impact on the region.
11. What was the relationship between the Suri Dynasty and the Mughal Empire during
its rule?
- The Suri Dynasty's rise marked a period of rivalry and competition with the Mughal
Empire.
12. What was the dynasty's approach to trade and commerce during its rule?
- The dynasty encouraged trade by improving infrastructure, such as roads and
highways, including the Grand Trunk Road.
13. What was the significance of the Battle of Kannauj during the Suri Dynasty's rule?
- The Battle of Kannauj resulted in the defeat of Humayun and solidified the Suri
Dynasty's authority.
14. How did Humayun respond to his defeat by Sher Shah Suri and his subsequent
exile?
- After his defeat, Humayun sought refuge in Persia to gather support and eventually
challenge the Suri Dynasty.
15. Which historic battle marked Humayun's successful return to power in India?
- Humayun's victory at the Battle of Panipat in 1556 against Sikandar Suri marked his
return to power.
16. What major construction projects were undertaken by the Suri Dynasty rulers?
- The construction of the Grand Trunk Road and various architectural projects were
significant contributions.
17. What factors led to the decline of the Suri Dynasty?

- Internal conflicts, revolts, and external pressures from the Mughal Empire
contributed to the dynasty's decline.
18. What was the legacy of Sher Shah Suri's administrative reforms?
- His reforms laid the groundwork for an efficient administrative system that
influenced subsequent rulers.
19. Who succeeded the Suri Dynasty after its decline?

- The Mughal Emperor Akbar succeeded the Suri Dynasty after its decline.
20. How did the Suri Dynasty influence the subsequent trajectory of the Mughal
Empire's history?
- The dynasty's administrative practices and architectural contributions impacted the

Mughal rulers' governance and infrastructure development.
Certainly, here are the 7 questions about the Grand Trunk Road without bolding:
1. Where does the Grand Trunk Road start and end in Pakistan, passing through
several cities?
- In Pakistan, the Grand Trunk Road starts in Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore,
Faisalabad, and Multan, before continuing to Amritsar in India.
2. Which major Pakistani city marks the starting point of the Grand Trunk Road in the
country?
- Peshawar is the city where the Grand Trunk Road begins in Pakistan.
3. What are some prominent cities that the Grand Trunk Road passes through in
Punjab, Pakistan?
- The road passes through cities like Rawalpindi, Lahore, Faisalabad, and Multan in
Punjab, Pakistan.
4. Which river does the Grand Trunk Road cross near the city of Lahore?
- The Ravi River is crossed by the Grand Trunk Road near Lahore.
5. In which Pakistani province does the Grand Trunk Road enter after passing through
the city of Lahore?
- The road enters the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Lahore.
6. As the Grand Trunk Road continues in Pakistan, which city does it reach after
passing through Rawalpindi?
- After Rawalpindi, the road reaches the city of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.
7. During which ancient empire was the Grand Trunk Road originally constructed, and
who was responsible for its creation?
- The Grand Trunk Road was originally constructed during the Mauryan Empire in the
3rd century BCE, under the supervision of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Mughal dynasty
during Akbar's reign:
Akbar Dynasty:
1. Who was the third Mughal emperor of India, known for his policy of religious
tolerance and administrative reforms?
- Akbar the Great was the third Mughal emperor known for his policy of religious
tolerance and administrative reforms.
2. What was Akbar's full title, which highlighted his accomplishments and authority?
- Akbar's full title was "Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Emperor of India."
3. Which regent played a significant role in Akbar's early years as a ruler due to his
young age at ascension?
- Bairam Khan served as regent during Akbar's early years as a ruler.
4. What policy did Akbar adopt to promote religious harmony and understanding among
different faiths in his empire?
- Akbar adopted the policy of "Sulh-e-Kul," which aimed at religious tolerance and
understanding among various communities.
5. Who was Akbar's famous Hindu wife, known for her influence and being the mother
of Jahangir?
- Mariam-uz-Zamani, also known as Harka Bai, was Akbar's Hindu wife and the
mother of Jahangir.
6. What was the "Din-i Ilahi," and what did it symbolize during Akbar's reign?
- The "Din-i Ilahi" was a syncretic faith founded by Akbar, reflecting his efforts to unify
various religions under a single belief system.
7. Which renowned courtier and poet in Akbar's court played a crucial role in cultural
and literary developments?
- Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, also known as Abul Fazl, was a prominent courtier and poet
in Akbar's court.
8. In which fort did Akbar shift his capital from Agra, and what city did he establish
around this fort?
- Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri and established the city of
Fatehpur Sikri around the fort.
9. Which famous incident led to the building of Buland Darwaza, the monumental
gateway at Fatehpur Sikri?
- The victory over Gujarat prompted the construction of Buland Darwaza, symbolizing
Akbar's triumph.
10. What was the name of Akbar's grand project to document the administrative,
cultural, and social details of his empire?
- The "Ain-i-Akbari" was the name of Akbar's grand project, providing a
comprehensive account of his empire.
11. Which famous Rajput queen was married to Akbar and became the mother of his
successor, Jahangir?
- Rajput queen Jodha Bai, also known as Mariam-uz-Zamani, was Akbar's wife and
Jahangir's mother.
12. What architectural marvel was built by Akbar in Sikandra, Agra, which serves as his
tomb?
- Akbar's tomb in Sikandra, Agra, is a magnificent architectural creation, blending
different styles.
13. What title did Akbar give to Birbal, his close advisor known for his wit and wisdom?
- Akbar honored Birbal with the title "Raja Birbal," recognizing his wisdom and
contributions.
14. Which battles marked Akbar's successful campaigns in the northwestern regions of
India?
- The battles of Haldighati and Ranthambore were significant victories during Akbar's
reign.
15. What administrative reform did Akbar introduce to assess and categorize the land's
fertility and revenue potential?
- Akbar introduced the "Todar Mal Bandobast," a systematic land revenue
assessment and collection system.
16. Which renowned Mughal painting style flourished during Akbar's reign, depicting
subjects in a realistic manner?
- The "Mughal School of Painting" flourished, characterized by its realistic portrayal of
subjects.
17. How did Akbar's religious policies contribute to his empire's stability and
governance?
- Akbar's policies of religious tolerance fostered unity and minimized religious
conflicts within his empire.
18. What was the significance of the Ibadat Khana, a prominent building within Fatehpur
Sikri?
- The Ibadat Khana was a place of religious discussions and debates, symbolizing
Akbar's interest in diverse faiths.
19. Which important fort did Akbar construct in Agra, known for its red sandstone
architecture and grandeur?
- Akbar built the Agra Fort, showcasing his architectural brilliance and imperial
residence.
20. How did Akbar's legacy impact the subsequent trajectory of the Mughal Empire's
history?
- Akbar's legacy influenced the empire's administrative, cultural, and religious
dynamics for generations to come
Of course, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Mughal emperor
Jahangir:
Jahangir:
1. Who was the fourth Mughal emperor of India, known for his patronage of arts and his
fondness for gardens and wildlife?
- Jahangir was the fourth Mughal emperor of India, known for his patronage of arts
and his fondness for gardens and wildlife.
2. What was Jahangir's birth name before he ascended to the Mughal throne?
- Jahangir's birth name was Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim.
3. Who was Jahangir's wife, known for her influence and being a powerful empress in
Mughal history?
- Nur Jahan, whose real name was Mehr-un-Nissa, was Jahangir's wife and a
prominent empress in Mughal history.
4. What significant event in Jahangir's early life led to his rebellion against his father,
Akbar?
- A rebellion led by Jahangir against Akbar was triggered by a power struggle and an
alleged plot against him.
5. Which Mughal emperor bestowed the title "Nur Jahan" upon Mehr-un-Nissa,
Jahangir's wife?
- Jahangir bestowed the title "Nur Jahan" upon his wife Mehr-un-Nissa in recognition
of her qualities.
6. What was Jahangir's inclination towards painting, leading to the formation of a distinct
Mughal painting style?
- Jahangir's interest in painting contributed to the development of the "Jahangir School
of Painting," capturing natural beauty and subjects.
7. Which famous Sikh Guru faced challenges during Jahangir's reign, leading to his
execution?
- Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, faced persecution and execution during
Jahangir's rule.
8. Jahangir was known for his fascination with gemstones. What was his personal
collection of precious stones called?
- Jahangir's personal collection of gemstones was known as the "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri."
9. Which battle against his own son, Khusrau, showcased Jahangir's determination to
maintain his authority?
- The battle of Lahore marked Jahangir's victory against his son Khusrau, who had
rebelled against him.
10. Jahangir was an avid diarist. What is the name of his memoir that provides insights
into his life and rule?
- Jahangir's memoir is called the "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri."
11. Jahangir's reign saw the establishment of which trading company in India by the
British?
- The British East India Company was established in India during Jahangir's reign.
12. Which European explorer visited Jahangir's court and left behind vivid descriptions
of Mughal society?
- Englishman Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir's court and recorded valuable
observations of Mughal society.
13. What was the major incident that marred Jahangir's relationship with his son Shah
Jahan?
- A rebellion by Shah Jahan against Jahangir's rule led to strained relations between
father and son.
14. Jahangir was a proponent of which religion, despite his overall policy of religious
tolerance?
- Jahangir had an inclination towards Sufism, a mystical aspect of Islam.
15. What was the "Chain of Justice," a symbolic element of Jahangir's court,
representing equal justice for all?
- The "Chain of Justice" allowed anyone to pull it to seek an audience with the
emperor and present their grievances.
16. Which famous Mughal garden built during Jahangir's reign is known for its terraced
layout and water features?
- The Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, was built during Jahangir's reign,
showcasing his love for gardens.
17. What architectural masterpiece in Lahore, constructed by Jahangir in memory of his

wife, is a UNESCO World Heritage site?
- The Sheesh Mahal, a palace adorned with intricate mirror work, was built by
Jahangir in Lahore Fort.
18. Which rebellion against Jahangir's rule was led by his son-in-law, Sher Afghan, and
temporarily challenged his authority?
- The rebellion of Sher Afghan challenged Jahangir's authority, but it was eventually
suppressed.
19. What were some of the major artistic and cultural achievements during Jahangir's
reign?
- Jahangir's era witnessed advancements in painting, literature, and the continuation
of Mughal architectural styles.
20. How did Jahangir's reign contribute to the Mughal Empire's legacy and historical
development?
- Jahangir's rule left a cultural and artistic legacy, contributing to the broader Mughal
heritage and the empire's history. .
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan:
Shah Jahan:
1. Who was the fifth Mughal emperor of India, known for building the Taj Mahal and
promoting architectural grandeur?
- Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor of India, known for building the Taj Mahal
and promoting architectural grandeur.
2. What was Shah Jahan's birth name before he ascended to the Mughal throne?
- Shah Jahan's birth name was Khurram.
3. Which iconic Mughal monument, considered one of the New Seven Wonders of the
World, was built by Shah Jahan?
- Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
4. What was the name of Shah Jahan's wife for whom he built the Taj Mahal?
- Shah Jahan's wife for whom he built the Taj Mahal was Mumtaz Mahal.
5. Which significant architectural marvel did Shah Jahan commission as a white marble
mausoleum for his wife?
- Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in Agra as a white marble mausoleum.
6. Which famous fort in Delhi was commissioned by Shah Jahan and served as the
main residence of Mughal emperors for generations?
- Shah Jahan commissioned the Red Fort (Lal Qila) in Delhi, a symbol of Mughal
power.
7. What was the name of the market and mosque complex established by Shah Jahan
in Delhi?
- Chandni Chowk and Jama Masjid were established by Shah Jahan in Delhi.
8. Which gemstone is Shah Jahan said to have incorporated into his famous Peacock
Throne?
- Shah Jahan's Peacock Throne was adorned with the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
9. Shah Jahan's reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of which empire?
- Shah Jahan's reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire.
10. What is the name of the syndrome believed to afflict Shah Jahan in his later years,
causing him to be imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb?
- Shah Jahan suffered from the "Shah Jahan Syndrome," marked by imprisonment
and health issues.
11. Which mosque, built by Shah Jahan, is renowned for its stunning white marble
beauty and intricate inlay work?
- The Moti Masjid, or Pearl Mosque, was built by Shah Jahan and is known for its
white marble elegance.
12. What was the name of Shah Jahan's daughter who wielded significant influence
during his reign?
- Jahanara Begum, Shah Jahan's daughter, held substantial influence and played a
role in politics and art.
13. In which city did Shah Jahan build the Jama Masjid, one of the largest mosques in
India?
- Shah Jahan built the Jama Masjid in Delhi, known for its grandeur and historical
importance.
14. What was Shah Jahan's original plan for his own tomb, before it was overshadowed
by the construction of the Taj Mahal?
- Shah Jahan initially intended to build a black marble mausoleum for himself across
the Yamuna River from the Taj Mahal.
15. Shah Jahan is known for his patronage of art. What style of art flourished under his
rule?
- Shah Jahan's reign witnessed the flourishing of Mughal architecture and art,
characterized by elegance and intricate details.
16. Which rebellion, primarily orchestrated by his son Aurangzeb, led to Shah Jahan's
house arrest and eventual death?
- The rebellion led by Aurangzeb, in conjunction with other siblings, led to Shah
Jahan's house arrest.
17. What is the historical significance of Shah Jahan's reign regarding trade with
Europe?
- Shah Jahan's reign marked increased European trade, including the establishment
of the British East India Company.
18. What was Shah Jahan's relationship with his sons, particularly Aurangzeb, and how
did it affect the succession of the Mughal throne?
- Shah Jahan's relationship with his sons was marred by conflicts and power
struggles, ultimately influencing the succession and leading to Aurangzeb's rise to
power.
19. What is the architectural legacy of Shah Jahan's reign, apart from the Taj Mahal and
the Red Fort?
- Shah Jahan's reign saw the construction of various impressive structures, including
the Jama Masjid in Delhi and the Shalimar Bagh in Lahore.
20. How did Shah Jahan's reign contribute to the overall cultural and artistic heritage of
the Mughal Empire?
- Shah Jahan's patronage of art, architecture, and literature left an indelible mark on
the cultural and artistic heritage of the Mughal Empire, shaping its legacy for
generations.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb Alamgir:
Aurangzeb Alamgir:
1. Who was the sixth Mughal emperor of India, known for his strict religious policies and
his expansion of the Mughal Empire?
- Aurangzeb Alamgir was the sixth Mughal emperor of India, known for his strict
religious policies and his expansion of the Mughal Empire.
2. What was Aurangzeb's full title that he used during his reign?
- Aurangzeb's full title was "Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l
Muzaffar Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir Padshah Ghazi."
3. Aurangzeb is known for his austere lifestyle. What did he choose to eliminate from his
court?
- Aurangzeb chose to eliminate music and singing from his court, in line with his strict
interpretation of Islamic law.
4. Which famous Mughal monument, known as the "Black Taj Mahal," was planned by
Aurangzeb but was never completed?
- Aurangzeb planned the construction of the "Black Taj Mahal" as a tomb for his wife,
but it was never completed.
5. Aurangzeb's reign marked the height of the Mughal Empire's territorial expansion.
Which regions did he conquer?
- Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan, parts of southern India, and several regions in
the north, expanding the Mughal Empire's boundaries.
6. What was the major conflict between Aurangzeb and his brothers for the Mughal
throne?
- The War of Succession, also known as the War of the Three Sultans, was a major
conflict between Aurangzeb and his brothers for the Mughal throne.
7. Which famous Sufi saint's shrine did Aurangzeb order to be destroyed, leading to
public resentment?
- Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of the shrine of Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti in
Fatehpur Sikri, which caused public resentment.
8. How did Aurangzeb's strict religious policies differ from those of his predecessors?
- Aurangzeb's strict religious policies aimed to impose Islamic orthodoxy and eliminate
perceived un-Islamic practices, in contrast to the religious tolerance of his
predecessors.
9. What was the name of the rebellion led by Sikh Guru Gobind Singh against
Aurangzeb's religious oppression?
- The Sikh Guru Gobind Singh led the rebellion known as the Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Rebellion against Aurangzeb's religious policies.
10. Aurangzeb's lengthy reign is often seen as a turning point in the decline of the
Mughal Empire. What were some contributing factors to this decline?
- The constant military campaigns, heavy taxation, religious policies, and
administrative challenges contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire during
Aurangzeb's reign.
11. Which famous Maratha warrior king posed a significant challenge to Aurangzeb's
expansionist ambitions in the Deccan?
- The Maratha warrior king Shivaji posed a significant challenge to Aurangzeb's
expansionist ambitions in the Deccan.
12. What was the outcome of Aurangzeb's policies towards religious institutions and
non-Muslim communities in India?
- Aurangzeb's policies led to strained relations with non-Muslim communities and a
decline in religious harmony, contributing to social unrest.
13. In which year did Aurangzeb capture the Mughal throne after defeating his brothers
in the War of Succession?
- Aurangzeb captured the Mughal throne in the year 1658 after defeating his brothers
in the War of Succession.
14. Which rebellion, led by Jat peasants, posed a significant challenge to Aurangzeb's
rule in the northwestern regions of India?
- The Jat Rebellion, led by Gokula, challenged Aurangzeb's rule in the northwestern
regions.
15. Aurangzeb shifted his capital from Delhi to which city, known for its strategic location
in the Deccan region?
- Aurangzeb shifted his capital from Delhi to Aurangabad in the Deccan region.
16. What was the outcome of Aurangzeb's efforts to impose jizya, a tax on non-
Muslims, throughout his empire?
- The imposition of jizya led to discontent among non-Muslim communities and
resistance against Aurangzeb's policies.
17. What was the extent of Aurangzeb's influence on the architecture of the Mughal
Empire compared to his predecessors?
- Aurangzeb's influence on architecture was relatively limited due to his focus on
religious matters and military campaigns.
18. How did Aurangzeb's approach to governance differ from the administrative
practices of his predecessors?
- Aurangzeb adopted a more centralized and strict approach to governance, focusing
on taxation, justice, and law enforcement.
19. What was Aurangzeb's relationship with his father Shah Jahan and how did it impact
his path to the throne?
- Aurangzeb had a strained relationship with his father Shah Jahan due to conflicts
over succession, leading to his imprisonment and later ascension to the throne.
20. What was the legacy of Aurangzeb's reign on the Mughal Empire and its
subsequent decline?
- Aurangzeb's reign marked a period of expansion but also contributed to the
empire's overstretching, internal conflicts, and eventual decline.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about important events and
emperors of the Mughal dynasty after Aurangzeb Alamgir:
Mughal Dynasty After Aurangzeb:

1. Who succeeded Aurangzeb as the Mughal emperor and is often referred to as the
last powerful Mughal ruler?
- Bahadur Shah I succeeded Aurangzeb as the Mughal emperor and is often referred
to as the last powerful Mughal ruler.
2. What significant event marked the decline of Mughal power and authority in India
during the late 17th and early 18th centuries?
- The War of Succession and the subsequent weakening of central authority marked
the decline of Mughal power in India.
3. Who was the emperor during the Mughal-Maratha Wars, which witnessed the loss of
Mughal territories to Maratha rulers?
- Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangila ruled during the Mughal-Maratha Wars and
witnessed the loss of Mughal territories to Maratha rulers.
4. What was the outcome of the Third Battle of Panipat, a significant battle between the
Marathas and Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces?
- The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 resulted in a significant loss for the Marathas
against Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces.
5. Which ruler founded the state of Awadh (Oudh) as a semi-autonomous entity under
Mughal suzerainty?
- Nawab Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk founded the state of Awadh as a semi-
autonomous entity under Mughal suzerainty.
6. Who was the Mughal emperor during the Bengal famine of 1770, which led to
widespread suffering and loss of life?
- Shah Alam II was the Mughal emperor during the devastating Bengal famine of
1770.
7. What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar in 1764 for the Mughal Empire and
the British East India Company?
- The Battle of Buxar marked the defeat of Mughal forces by the British East India
Company, leading to increased British influence in India.
8. Who was the emperor when the British established control over Delhi after the First
Anglo-Maratha War?
- Emperor Shah Alam II was in power when the British established control over Delhi
after the First Anglo-Maratha War.
9. Who was the last Mughal emperor to exert any real authority before the British exiled
him following the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
- Bahadur Shah II, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was the last Mughal emperor
to exert any real authority before being exiled by the British.
10. What is the historical significance of the Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, in relation to the Mughal dynasty?
- The Revolt of 1857 marked the end of the Mughal dynasty's political relevance and
the formal transfer of power to the British Crown.
11. During the later Mughal period, which city became a major center of cultural and
artistic patronage under rulers like Muhammad Shah?
- Delhi became a major center of cultural and artistic patronage during the later
Mughal period under rulers like Muhammad Shah.
12. Who was the Mughal emperor when the British enacted the Doctrine of Lapse,
leading to the annexation of certain princely states?
- The Doctrine of Lapse was enacted during the reign of Lord Dalhousie and affected
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
13. Which ruler of the Mughal dynasty was known for his religious tolerance and efforts
to bridge the gap between different communities?
- Emperor Akbar II was known for his religious tolerance and efforts to promote
harmony among different communities.
14. What was the role of Mughal emperors in the political landscape of India after the
decline of their central authority?
- Mughal emperors played largely symbolic and ceremonial roles in the political
landscape of India after the decline of their central authority.
15. Who was the last Mughal emperor to be formally crowned and recognized by the
British before their dominion over India?
- Emperor Bahadur Shah II, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was the last Mughal
emperor to be formally crowned and recognized by the British.
16. Which Mughal ruler was exiled to Rangoon by the British after the Revolt of 1857,
where he passed away in captivity?
- Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was exiled to Rangoon by the British
after the Revolt of 1857 and died in captivity.
17. How did the later Mughal rulers attempt to maintain their cultural heritage and
traditions despite diminished political power?
- Later Mughal rulers patronized art, literature, and culture, preserving their heritage
despite reduced political influence.
18. What were some of the main challenges faced by the later Mughal rulers as the
empire faced increasing fragmentation and decline?
- Challenges included regional fragmentation, economic decline, foreign invasions,
and the growing power of European colonial forces.
19. Who was the Mughal ruler during the rise of Sikh power in Punjab, as Maharaja
Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire?
- During the rise of Sikh power, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was in nominal control
while Maharaja Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire in Punjab.
20. What legacy did the Mughal dynasty leave behind in India's history, despite the
challenges and decline it faced in its later years?
- The Mughal dynasty's legacy includes architectural marvels, artistic achievements,
and the integration of diverse cultures in India's history, leaving a lasting impact.
Of course, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Portuguese
colonial presence in India and their influence:
Portuguese Colonial Presence in India:

1. Who established the first colonial presence in India, arriving with Vasco da Gama in
1498?
- The Portuguese established the first colonial presence in India with Vasco da
Gama's arrival.
2. What was the main goal of the Portuguese in India during the Age of Exploration?
- The Portuguese aimed to establish a sea route to Asia for trade and control over the
spice trade.
3. Which Indian city did the Portuguese capture and establish as their base, often
referred to as the "Rome of the East"?
- The Portuguese captured Goa, often called the "Rome of the East," as their base.
4. Who is credited with discovering the sea route from Europe to India?
- Vasco da Gama is credited with discovering the sea route to India.
5. Who spread Christianity in India and developed Goa as a Portuguese center?

- Viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque played a key role in these efforts.
6. Which state in India became a center of Portuguese influence and trade?

- Kerala became a significant center of Portuguese influence.
7. What was the important trading port captured by the Portuguese from the Sultan of
Gujarat?
- The Portuguese captured Diu, a crucial trading port.
8. What was the impact of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and surrounding areas?
- The Inquisition led to religious persecution and tensions.
9. Which monument in Mumbai, originally built by the Portuguese, is a UNESCO World

Heritage Site?
- The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus).
10. What commodities did the Portuguese trade between Europe and India?
- They traded spices, textiles, precious stones, and more.
11. Which viceroy expanded Portuguese territories in the Malabar region?

- Viceroy Nuno da Cunha played this role.
12. What marked the decline of Portuguese influence in India?

- Competition from other European powers and native rulers.
13. Which Portuguese explorer contributed to mapping the Indian Ocean?

- Bartolomeu Dias contributed significantly.
14. What was the Battle of Swally?

- A naval conflict in 1612, signaling Portuguese decline.
15. Which Mughal emperor granted trading concessions to other European powers?
- Emperor Jahangir granted such concessions.
16. How did the British and Dutch East India Companies impact Portuguese influence?
- They contributed to the decline of Portuguese dominance.
17. Which Indian king resisted Portuguese capture, leading to the Battle of Colachel?
- King Marthanda Varma resisted, leading to the battle.
18. What was the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784?

- A peace treaty ending hostilities between the Portuguese and Tipu Sultan.
19. Which territories were the last under Portuguese control until 1961?
- Goa, Daman, and Diu retained by the Portuguese.
20. What were lasting legacies of the Portuguese in India?

- Cultural, architectural, and linguistic influences endured.
Certainly, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the Dutch East India
Company and its presence in India:
Dutch East India Company in India:

1. Which European trading company established a significant presence in India under
the name "Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie" (VOC)?
- The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a significant presence in India.
2. What was the primary goal of the Dutch East India Company in India during the Age
of Exploration?
- The primary goal of the VOC in India was to establish profitable trading posts and
secure valuable spices and goods.
3. Which port city in India was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company's
operations in the region?
- The city of Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) served as the headquarters of the VOC's
operations in Asia.
4. What were the primary commodities that the Dutch East India Company traded
between India and Europe?
- The VOC traded spices such as cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon, as well as textiles
and other valuable goods.
5. Which Indian city did the Dutch East India Company capture and fortify, establishing
it as a major trading post on the Coromandel Coast?
- The Dutch captured Pulicat and established it as a major trading post on the
Coromandel Coast.
6. What was the role of the Dutch East India Company in relation to the Mughal
Empire's trade policies and territorial control?
- The VOC secured trading privileges from the Mughal Empire but did not seek
territorial control like other European powers.
7. Which Indian island, known for its production of spices, became an important Dutch
trading post in the Indian Ocean region?
- The island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) became an important Dutch trading post due to its
spice production.
8. Who was the Dutch admiral responsible for establishing Dutch control over parts of
the Malabar Coast and Coromandel Coast in India?
- Admiral Piet Hein played a significant role in establishing Dutch control over parts of
the Indian coastline.
9. What was the significance of the Treaty of Breda in 1667, which resulted in territorial
exchanges between the Dutch and the British in India?
- The Treaty of Breda marked territorial exchanges, with the Dutch gaining New
Amsterdam (New York) while ceding some Indian territories to the British.
10. Which Indian kingdom resisted Dutch attempts to capture its trading ports, leading
to conflicts such as the Battle of Colachel?
- The kingdom of Travancore, led by King Marthanda Varma, resisted Dutch
attempts, leading to the Battle of Colachel.
11. What was the main reason for the decline of the Dutch East India Company's
influence in India during the late 17th and early 18th centuries?
- The company faced financial difficulties and competition from other European
powers, contributing to its decline.
12. During their presence in India, how did the Dutch East India Company's policies
differ from those of other colonial powers, such as the Portuguese and British?
- The VOC focused primarily on trade and did not seek direct control over vast
territories like the Portuguese and British.
13. What was the fate of the Dutch trading posts and territories in India after the decline
of the Dutch East India Company's influence?
- Many Dutch possessions in India were gradually taken over by the British, leading
to the end of Dutch colonial presence.
14. Which island off the coast of India became a crucial Dutch trading hub in the Indian
Ocean and a center for the spice trade?
- The island of Java, part of the Dutch East Indies, became a crucial trading hub and
center for the spice trade.
15. Who was the Dutch explorer who played a pivotal role in exploring the northern
coast of Australia and parts of the New Guinea coastline?
- Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, played a pivotal role in exploring the regions
mentioned.
16. What impact did the Dutch East India Company have on Indian commerce, trade
routes, and local economies during its presence?
- The VOC's presence influenced trade routes, local economies, and patterns of
commerce in India.
17. Which Dutch possession in India is known for its colonial architecture and historic
sites, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites today?
- The city of Galle in Sri Lanka, a former Dutch possession, is known for its colonial
architecture and historic sites.
18. What were some of the lasting cultural influences left by the Dutch in India after the
decline of the Dutch East India Company?
- Dutch influences can be seen in local architecture, language, and some cultural
practices.
19. How did the Dutch East India Company's presence in India contribute to the broader
historical narrative of European colonialism and trade in Asia?
- The VOC's presence was part of the broader story of European colonialism, trade
rivalries, and global exploration in Asia.
20. What was the legacy of the Dutch East India Company's activities in India and its
impact on the region's history?
- The VOC's activities left traces in India's history, shaping trade, culture, and
interactions with the broader world.
Of course, here are 20 questions along with their answers about the French East India
French East India Company in India:

1. Which European trading company established a presence in India under the name
"Compagnie française des Indes orientales"?
- The French East India Company established a presence in India.
2. What were the main objectives of the French East India Company in India during the
colonial era?
- The main objectives were to establish trading posts, promote French interests, and
compete with other European powers.
3. Which Indian city became the primary center for French activities in India, with the
establishment of the French East India Company's main trading post?
- Pondicherry became the primary center for French activities in India, housing the
main trading post.
4. What were the significant commodities that the French East India Company traded
between India and Europe?
- The company traded textiles, spices, indigo, silk, and other valuable goods.
5. Who was the French governor who played a pivotal role in expanding French
influence in India and establishing key settlements?
- Joseph François Dupleix played a pivotal role in expanding French influence and
settlements.
6. Which major conflict involving the French and British in India was marked by the
Siege of Madras and the Battle of Plassey?
- The Carnatic Wars saw the Siege of Madras and the Battle of Plassey between the
French and British.
7. What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris (1763) for the French East India
Company's presence in India?
- The treaty marked the end of French influence in India, as they ceded most of their
Indian territories to the British.
8. Which French governor is known for his efforts to promote Indian culture, art, and
architecture during the company's presence in India?
- Governor Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau is known for his promotion of Indian culture
and art.
9. What were some of the major trading centers and settlements established by the
French East India Company along the Indian coastline?
- Apart from Pondicherry, the company established settlements in Chandernagore,
Karikal, Mahe, and Yanam.
10. During the colonial era, how did the French East India Company's presence in India
compare to that of other European powers like the British and Portuguese?
- The French presence was significant but relatively smaller compared to the British
and Portuguese.
11. What was the outcome of the Battle of Wandiwash (1760), which marked a turning
point in the Carnatic Wars between the French and British?
- The British victory at the Battle of Wandiwash weakened French influence and
enhanced British control.
12. Which French governor-general played a role in the conflict between the British and
the French in India and was captured after the fall of Pondicherry in 1761?
- Lally Tollendal, a French governor-general, was captured after Pondicherry's fall in
1761.
13. What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris (1783) for the French East India
Company's influence in India?
- The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War and had little direct impact on the
company's presence in India.
14. Which French settlement, established in 1673, was located in Bengal and became a
center for trade and cultural exchange?
- Chandernagore, a French settlement in Bengal, became a center for trade and
cultural interaction.
15. What factors contributed to the decline of the French East India Company's
presence in India by the late 18th century?
- Financial difficulties, military defeats, and the loss of key territories led to the
decline.
16. Who was the French governor during the Battle of Plassey, which saw the defeat of
the French and the consolidation of British power in India?
- Jean Law de Lauriston was the French governor during the Battle of Plassey.
17. What role did the French East India Company play in promoting French culture,
language, and education in its settlements in India?
- The company contributed to the promotion of French culture, language, and
education in its Indian settlements.
18. Which French possession in India is known for its colonial architecture and is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site today?
- The town of Mahé in present-day Kerala is known for its colonial architecture and
UNESCO recognition.
19. What were some of the lasting cultural influences of the French East India
Company's presence in India?
- French influence can be seen in architecture, local customs, and cultural
interactions.
20. What impact did the French East India Company's activities have on India's history
and the broader context of European colonialism in Asia?
- The company's activities left their mark on India's history and contributed to the
complex tapestry of European colonialism in Asia.
Certainly, here are 40 questions along with their answers about the British East India
British East India Company in India:

1. Which British trading company established a significant presence in India under the
name "Honourable East India Company"?
- The British East India Company established a significant presence in India.
2. What were the primary goals of the British East India Company in India during the
colonial era?
- The company aimed to establish profitable trade, secure valuable commodities, and
gradually expand its territorial control.
3. Which key Indian city did the British East India Company acquire as part of the
dowry of Charles II's marriage to Catherine of Braganza?
- Bombay (Mumbai) was acquired as part of the dowry.
4. Which British monarch granted a royal charter to the East India Company, allowing it
to trade in the Indian Ocean and set up factories in India?
- Queen Elizabeth I granted the royal charter in 1600.
5. What were the significant goods that the British East India Company traded between
India and Europe?
- The company traded textiles, spices, indigo, tea, and opium, among other goods.
6. Which major battle led to the establishment of British control over Bengal and set the
foundation for the company's territorial expansion in India?
- The Battle of Plassey in 1757 resulted in British control over Bengal.
7. Who was the first Governor-General of India, appointed by the British government to
oversee the company's interests and territories?
- Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General.
8. What was the significance of the Regulating Act of 1773 in the history of the British
East India Company in India?
- It marked the beginning of British government intervention and regulation of the
company's affairs in India.
9. Which governor-general is known for introducing a series of administrative and legal

reforms, collectively known as the Cornwallis Reforms?
- Lord Cornwallis introduced these reforms.
10. What impact did the Permanent Settlement introduced by the British East India
Company have on the Indian agricultural system?
- It led to the fixation of land revenue, impacting landownership and agrarian
relationships.
11. Which Indian rebellion against the British East India Company in 1857 is often
referred to as the "First War of Independence" or the "Sepoy Mutiny"?
- The Indian Rebellion of 1857.
12. What was the significant outcome of the Government of India Act of 1858 following
the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
- It transferred the administration of India from the East India Company to the British
Crown.
13. Who was the British Viceroy of India during the partition of Bengal in 1905, a move
that led to widespread protests?
- Lord Curzon was the Viceroy.
14. What role did the British East India Company play in the opium trade with China
during the 19th century?
- The company facilitated opium trade, leading to the Opium Wars.
15. Which movement led by Mahatma Gandhi aimed at boycotting British goods and
demanding self-reliance in India during the early 20th century?
- The Swadeshi Movement.
16. What was the significance of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 in India's
political evolution?
- It introduced limited self-government and participation in governance.
17. Who was the British Viceroy of India during World War II and played a crucial role
in India's involvement in the war effort?
- Lord Linlithgow was the Viceroy.
18. Which infamous event in 1919, also known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, saw
British troops open fire on unarmed Indian protestors?
- The Amritsar Massacre.
19. What was the Quit India Movement, launched in 1942, and what was its
significance in India's struggle for independence?
- It was a mass civil disobedience movement demanding an end to British rule.
20. Which Indian leader negotiated with the British for India's independence,
culminating in the transfer of power in 1947?
- Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader in negotiations.
21. What was the impact of World War II on the British East India Company's presence
in India and its eventual dissolution?
- The war weakened British control and contributed to growing calls for
independence.
22. Who was the last British Viceroy of India, overseeing the transition to independence
and the partition of India in 1947?
- Lord Louis Mountbatten held this role.
23. What was the Radcliffe Line, and how did it impact India's territorial boundaries
during its independence?
- It was the border demarcation line drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, leading to the
partition of India.
24. What happened on August 15, 1947, that marked a significant event in India's
history and the end of British colonial rule?
- India gained independence from British rule.
25. Which princely state's refusal to join India or Pakistan led to a military intervention
and its eventual accession to India?
- Hyderabad's Nizam's Dominion.
26. What was the Rowlatt Act, passed by the British government in 1919, and how did
it impact India?
- It authorized the government to imprison individuals without trial, leading to
widespread protests.
27. Who was the British Prime Minister when India gained independence in 1947, and
what was his role in the process?
- Clement Attlee was Prime Minister, overseeing the decolonization process.
28. What was the Simon Commission, and why did it face opposition in India during the
1920s?
- The commission was to study India's constitutional reforms but faced opposition due
to lack of Indian representation.
29. What was the significance of the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930?
- It was a symbolic act of nonviolent civil disobedience against the British salt tax,
sparking international attention.
30. Which Indian leader became the first Prime Minister of independent India in 1947?
- Jawaharlal Nehru held this position.
31. What was the impact of the Bengal Famine of 1943 during World War II on India's
relationship with the British East India Company?
- The famine highlighted British mismanagement and intensified calls for self-
governance.
32. Who was the British Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of
1857?
- Lord Canning held this position during the rebellion.
33. What was the significance of the Charter Act of 1833 in the history of the British
East India Company in India?
- It ended the company's trade monopoly and introduced administrative reforms.
34. Which British Governor-General implemented the Doctrine of Lapse, annexing

princely states that lacked male heirs?
- Lord Dalhousie implemented this policy.
35. What was the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, and how did it impact the freedom of
the press in India?
- It aimed to control Indian-language newspapers, limiting their criticism of British
policies.
36. Who was

the Indian leader who advocated for the "Two-Nation Theory," eventually leading to the
creation of Pakistan?
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the proponent of the theory.
37. What were the implications of the Government of India Act of 1935 in India's
constitutional development?
- It provided limited provincial autonomy and paved the way for further constitutional
reforms.
38. Which Indian leader coined the term "Satyagraha" and advocated for nonviolent
resistance against British rule?
- Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha.
39. What role did the British East India Company play in the growth of the tea industry
in India?
- The company promoted tea cultivation in regions like Assam and Darjeeling.
40. What was the impact of the Charter Act of 1853 on India's administration and
governance?
- It separated the legislative and executive functions and established the concept of
open competitive examinations for civil services.
Of course, here are the questions and answers with important dates included:
Raja Ranjeet Singh

1. Q: When and where was Raja Ranjeet Singh born?
A: Raja Ranjeet Singh was born on November 13, 1780, in Gujranwala, which is now
in present-day Pakistan.
2. Q: What title was Raja Ranjeet Singh often referred to as?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh was often referred to as the "Lion of Punjab."
3. Q: Which region did Raja Ranjeet Singh rule over?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh ruled over the Punjab region in northern India, encompassing
parts of present-day Pakistan and India.
4. Q: What was his most significant achievement?

A: His most significant achievement was uniting the various Sikh factions and
establishing a powerful Sikh Empire in the Punjab.
5. Q: In which century did Raja Ranjeet Singh found the Sikh Empire?
A: Raja Ranjeet Singh founded the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century.
6. Q: What city did Raja Ranjeet Singh choose as his capital?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh chose Lahore as his capital.
7. Q: Name some of the prominent advisors of Raja Ranjeet Singh.

A: Some prominent advisors of Raja Ranjeet Singh were Diwan Mokham Chand,
Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, and Faqir Aziz-ud-Din.
8. Q: How did Raja Ranjeet Singh expand his empire's territory?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh expanded his empire's territory through a combination of

military conquests, strategic alliances, and diplomatic efforts.
9. Q: What were some of the architectural projects initiated by Raja Ranjeet Singh?
A: Raja Ranjeet Singh initiated architectural projects, including the reconstruction of
the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar and the construction of the Lahore
Fort.
10. Q: What policy did Raja Ranjeet Singh follow towards religious diversity?
A: Raja Ranjeet Singh followed a policy of religious tolerance and inclusivity,
supporting various religious communities within his empire.
11. Q: How did Raja Ranjeet Singh maintain stability within his empire?
A: He maintained stability through a centralized administration, a disciplined military,
and a policy of equality and respect for different religious groups.
12. Q: With whom did the Sikh Empire under Raja Ranjeet Singh conflict militarily?
A: The Sikh Empire under Raja Ranjeet Singh conflicted militarily with the British
East India Company and various Afghan rulers.
13. Q: Which significant diamond came into Raja Ranjeet Singh's possession, and
when?
A: The Koh-i-Noor diamond came into Raja Ranjeet Singh's possession during his
rule, and it remained with the Sikh Empire until the Anglo-Sikh Wars. The diamond was
eventually taken by the British.
14. Q: What were the outcomes of the Anglo-Sikh Wars?

A: The outcomes of the Anglo-Sikh Wars led to the annexation of the Sikh Empire's
territory by the British. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended in 1846, and the Second Anglo-
Sikh War concluded in 1849.
15. Q: In which year did Raja Ranjeet Singh pass away?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh passed away in the year 1839.
16. Q: What were some consequences faced by the Sikh Empire after Raja Ranjeet
Singh's death?
A: After his death, the Sikh Empire faced internal strife and external pressure,
eventually leading to its disintegration.
17. Q: How is Raja Ranjeet Singh remembered today?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh is remembered as a unifying leader who brought stability and
cultural patronage to the Punjab region.
18. Q: Did Raja Ranjeet Singh have a successor?

A: Raja Ranjeet Singh's death resulted in succession struggles and political
instability among his successors.
History 1857 to 1947
1. 1858: End of Company's Political Power
 The British Crown assumed direct control over India after the Indian Rebellion of
1857.
The Government of India Act of 1858 transferred the administration of India from the

East India Company to the British Crown.
2. 1861: Death of James Wilson
 James Wilson, a notable figure associated with the East India Company, passed away.
 He was a key financial administrator and played a role in establishing financial
institutions in India, including the paper currency system.
3. 1861-1874: Economic Focus and Modernization
 The Company's operations in India shifted primarily to trade and economic activities.
 Efforts were made to modernize infrastructure, including the expansion of railways,
telegraphs, and postal services.
4. 1874: Liquidation of the Company
 In 1874, the East India Company officially went into liquidation, ending its
commercial trading activities.
 The British government took control of its remaining assets and responsibilities.
5. Legacy and Impact
 Notable personalities associated with the Company, such as Robert Clive and Warren
Hastings, continued to be discussed in historical contexts.
 The Company's policies and practices during its rule continued to influence various
aspects of Indian society.
6. Historical Analysis and Study
 Historians like William Dalrymple have extensively studied the East India Company's
impact on India's history and its role in shaping the colonial narrative.
Please keep in mind that after 1857, the East India Company's political power had effectively
come to an end, and its activities were largely limited to trade and commerce until its
liquidation in 1874. The impact of the Company's rule in India was profound, shaping
economic, cultural, and political dynamics for years to come.
1. 1858: End of Company's Political Power
 The British Crown took control of India's governance after the Indian Rebellion of
1857.
 The rule of the British East India Company came to an end, and the administration
was transferred to the British Crown.
 Queen Victoria became the Empress of India, and India became a part of the British
Empire.
2. Governor-General and Viceroy Appointments
 The British Crown appointed Governors-General and Viceroys to oversee British rule
in India. Notable personalities during this period included:
 Lord Canning (1856–1862): Last Governor-General and first Viceroy of India after the
1858 transfer of power.
 Lord Lawrence (1864–1869): Played a crucial role in stabilizing India after the
rebellion.
 Lord Mayo (1869–1872): Known for his administrative reforms and infrastructure
development.
3. 1874: Liquidation of the Company
 The East India Company's commercial trading activities officially ended, and it went
into liquidation.
 The Crown took control of the Company's remaining assets and responsibilities.
List of Viceroys
1. Lord Canning (1858-1862)
2. Lord Elgin (1862-1863)
3. Lord Lawrence (1864-1869)
4. Lord Mayo (1869-1872)
5. Lord Northbrook (1872-1876)
6. Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
7. Lord Ripon (1880-1884)
8. Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)
9. Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)
10. Lord Elgin (1894-1899)
11. Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
12. Lord Minto (1905-1910)
13. Lord Hardinge (1910-1916)
14. Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
15. Lord Reading (1921-1926)
16. Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
17. Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
18. Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944)
19. Lord Wavell (1944-1947)
20. Lord Mountbatten (1947) - Technically the last Viceroy, but he served only briefly during
the transfer of power and the partition of India
British Colonial rule

1858: End of the Mughal Empire and the Sepoy Mutiny:
 The British Crown takes direct control of India from the East India Company after the Indian
Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny).
 The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is exiled to Rangoon after his involvement in the
rebellion.
1858: Establishment of British Crown's Rule (British Raj):
 The British Crown's administration takes over with the Secretary of State for India and the
Viceroy of India as key figures.
1858-1859: Policy of Lapse Continued:
 The Doctrine of Lapse, which allows the British to annex princely states without a male heir,
is continued.
Doctrine of lapse 1848:
The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy introduced and implemented by the British East India
Company during its rule in India. This policy allowed the British to annex or take control of
Indian princely states if the ruling prince died without a legitimate male heir. The Doctrine of
Lapse was applied based on the belief that if a state lacked a natural heir, it would "lapse"
back to the British Crown. Here are key points about the Doctrine of Lapse:
Implementation and Rationale:
 The Doctrine of Lapse was mainly implemented during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie as the
Governor-General of India (1848-1856).
 The British used the principle of lapse to annex states that lacked direct heirs and
incorporate them into British-controlled territories.
Examples of Application:
 The state of Satara was one of the earliest instances where the Doctrine of Lapse was
applied. It was annexed after the death of its ruler without a legitimate male heir.
 Jhansi and Nagpur were also annexed under the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse, leading to
conflicts and resistance.
Controversy and Opposition:
 The Doctrine of Lapse faced significant opposition from Indian rulers and elites who saw it
as an infringement on their sovereignty and traditional practices of succession.
 It was criticized for disregarding local customs and traditions related to inheritance and
succession

1861: Indian Councils Act:
 The Indian Councils Act of 1861, also known as the Indian Councils Act 24 & 25 Vict. c. 67,
was passed by the British Parliament in 1861.
 The Indian Councils Act is passed, expanding the Governor-General's Executive
Council and including non-official members.
 The act provides limited representation of Indians in legislative affairs.
1861: Birth of Rabindranath Tagore:
 Rabindranath Tagore, a prominent poet, philosopher, and Nobel laureate, is born.
1862: Death of Lord Canning:
 Lord Elgin succeeds Lord Canning as the Viceroy of India.
1864-1869: Viceroy Lord Lawrence's Tenure:
 Lord Lawrence serves as Viceroy and focuses on stabilizing the aftermath of the Indian
Rebellion of 1857.
1867: Urdu-Hindi Controversy:
 The Urdu-Hindi controversy, also known as the Urdu-Hindi conflict, was a linguistic and
political conflict in the Indian subcontinent during the colonial era
1868: British Crown's Role in Afghanistan:

 The British intervene in Afghanistan, leading to the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)

1. In which year did the British Crown assume direct control over India from the
British East India Company?
a) 1857
b) 1858
c) 1867
d) 1868
2. Who served as the Viceroy of India during the years 1864-1869?

a) Lord Dalhousie
b) Lord Elgin
c) Lord Lawrence
d) Lord Mayo
3. The policy of "Doctrine of Lapse" was associated with:

a) Promotion of local languages
b) Annexation of princely states
c) Economic reforms
d) Land redistribution
4. Who was the British Viceroy of India during the period of 1862-1863?
a) Lord Canning
b) Lord Dalhousie
c) Lord Elgin
d) Lord Mayo
5. Which Indian poet and philosopher was born in the year 1861?
a) Rabindranath Tagore
b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Subhas Chandra Bose
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
- Answer: a) Rabindranath Tagore
8. The Indian Forest Department was established in India during which year?
a) 1858
b) 1861
c) 1868
d) 1869
10. Who succeeded Lord Canning as the Viceroy of India after his tenure ended
in 1862?
a) Lord Curzon
b) Lord Mayo
c) Lord Dalhousie
d) Lord Elgin
Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Indian National Congress:

Background: During the 19th century, India was under British colonial rule. There was
growing discontent among Indians due to various factors, including economic exploitation,
cultural suppression, and limited political representation. The need for a platform to voice
Indian grievances and aspirations became evident.
Formation: The Indian National Congress was founded by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired
British civil servant and ornithologist, with the intention of providing Indians with a platform
to discuss their issues and present their demands to the British government. Hume, along
with prominent Indian leaders and intellectuals, played a crucial role in the formation of the
Congress.
Important Figures:
1. A.O. Hume: As mentioned, Hume was the key driving force behind the formation of the
Congress. Despite being a British civil servant, he sympathized with Indian concerns and
believed that a political platform was necessary for Indians to voice their grievances.
2. Dadabhai Naoroji: Often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of India," Dadabhai Naoroji
was a prominent leader and one of the early presidents of the Congress. He emphasized
economic issues and the drain of wealth from India to Britain.
3. Dinshaw Wacha: An influential Parsi leader, Wacha was instrumental in bringing together
various regional leaders to participate in the Congress.
4. William Wedderburn: An Anglo-Indian leader who worked closely with Indian leaders to
establish the Congress, he also co-founded the Indian National Social Conference, which
focused on social reforms.
Foundation: The Indian National Congress was officially founded during a meeting held
from December 28 to December 31, 1885, in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay
(now Mumbai). The meeting was attended by 72 delegates from various parts of India,
representing different professions and communities
Muslim League:
The foundation of the All-India Muslim League marked an important step in the political
landscape of British India. The league was established to safeguard the political rights and
interests of Muslims in the subcontinent. Here's a detailed overview:
Formation of the All-India Muslim League:
Year: The All-India Muslim League was founded on December 30, 1906.
Location: The inaugural meeting took place at the Ahsan Manzil palace in Dhaka, which was
then part of British India and is now in Bangladesh.
Context and Reasons for Formation:

 The Muslim League was established in response to growing concerns among Muslims about
their representation and interests in the political sphere.
 Muslims felt that their social, economic, and political rights were not being adequately
addressed within the Indian National Congress, which was predominantly led by Hindus.
 The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British also played a significant role in mobilizing
Muslims against what they saw as a threat to their identity and interests.
Pioneer Representatives:
 President: The first president of the All-India Muslim League was Aga Khan III, also known
as Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah. He was a prominent and influential leader among the
Muslims of India.
 Secretary: The league's first secretary was Nawab Salimullah Khan, a distinguished
aristocrat and politician from Bengal.
Objectives and Early Years:

 The Muslim League aimed to protect the political and educational rights of Muslims, as well
as to promote their social and economic well-being.
 In its early years, the league focused on securing separate electorates for Muslims, which
would ensure that Muslim voices were heard and their interests represented in legislative
bodies.
 The Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
was a significant achievement. It marked an agreement between the two major communities
in India and outlined their demands for constitutional reforms from the British government.
 Later Developments:
 Over time, the Muslim League's demands evolved, and it eventually began to advocate for a
separate Muslim state, which led to the eventual creation of Pakistan in 1947.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who started as a member of the Indian National Congress, became a
prominent leader within the Muslim League and eventually played a pivotal role in the
demand for a separate Muslim homeland.
 The Muslim League's pursuit of a separate nation for Muslims was realized with the
establishment of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.
 The All-India Muslim League's formation was a crucial milestone in shaping the course of
Indian and Pakistani history. It contributed to the emergence of a separate nation and
played a significant role in the broader movement for independence from British colonial
rule
Past Paper Questions
1. When was the Indian National Congress founded?
a) 1857
b) 1885
c) 1906
d) 1942
2. Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress?

a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
c) Dadabhai Naoroji
d) A.O. Hume
3. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress
and which other party?
a) All-India Muslim League
b) Communist Party of India
c) Indian National Army
d) Khilafat Movement
4. The Indian National Congress played a significant role in India's struggle for:
a) Religious reforms
b) Economic prosperity
c) Cultural preservation
d) Independence
5. Who coined the term "Swaraj" (self-rule) and popularized it as a slogan within the
Congress?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
6. When was the All-India Muslim League founded?

a) 1857
b) 1885
c) 1906
d) 1942
7. Who was the first president of the All-India Muslim League?

a) Aga Khan III
b) Liaquat Ali Khan
c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
d) Nawab Salimullah Khan
8. The demand for separate electorates for Muslims was a significant demand put forth
by the Muslim League to ensure:
a) Economic reforms
b) Religious freedom
c) Political representation
d) Educational advancements
9. Which Muslim League leader is known for his "Fourteen Points" proposal outlining
the political rights of Muslims in India?
a) Aga Khan III
b) Allama Iqbal
c) Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
d) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
10. The Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state led to the creation of
which country?
a) India
b) Bangladesh
c) Pakistan
d) Afghanistan
11. The Indian National Congress aimed to achieve its goals through:
a) Non-cooperation
b) Armed rebellion
c) Religious conversion
d) Diplomatic negotiations
12. Who coined the term "Mahatma" as a title for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Rabindranath Tagore
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
13. The split between the Extremists and Moderates within the Congress happened
during which session?
a) Surat Session (1907)
b) Lahore Session (1929)
c) Lucknow Session (1916)
d) Bombay Session (1885)
14. The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by the Congress was a response to:
a) British trade policies
b) Jallianwala Bagh massacre
c) Rowlatt Act
d) Partition of Bengal
15. Which Congress leader famously said, "Do or Die" as a call to the nation during the
Quit India Movement?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Sardar Patel
d) Subhas Chandra Bose
16. The All-India Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state was formalized
in the:
a) Delhi Resolution
b) Lahore Resolution
c) Karachi Declaration
d) Lucknow Pact
17. Which prominent poet-philosopher is often associated with inspiring the idea of a
separate Muslim state?
a) Allama Iqbal
b) Faiz Ahmed Faiz
c) Mirza Ghalib
d) Ahmed Faraz
18. The Muslim League's Two-Nation Theory argued for the creation of separate
nations based on:
a) Religion
b) Language
c) Geography
d) Ethnicity
19. The "Direct Action Day" in 1946 was marked by communal violence primarily in
which city?
a) Karachi
b) Lahore
c) Dhaka
d) Calcutta (Kolkata)
20. The first Governor-General of Pakistan, appointed after its creation in 1947, was:
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Liaquat Ali Khan
c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
d) Lord Mountbatten
21. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in:
a) Bombay (Mumbai)
b) Calcutta (Kolkata)
c) Delhi
d) Madras (Chennai)
22. Who led the Salt March, a significant civil disobedience movement against British
salt taxes?
a) Sardar Patel
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Bhagat Singh
d) Mahatma Gandhi
23. The "Dandi March" was a protest against:

a) Religious discrimination
b) Agricultural taxes
c) Salt tax
d) Land ownership laws
24. The Congress's demand for "Purna Swaraj" (Complete Independence) was
expressed in which year?
a) 1905
b) 1920
c) 1930
d) 1942
25. Who succeeded Mahatma Gandhi as the president of the Indian National Congress
in 1942?
a) Subhas Chandra Bose
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Sardar Patel
d) Rajendra Prasad
26. The Muslim League's demand for a separate state for Muslims gained momentum
after which event?
a) Jallianwala Bagh massacre
b) World War I
c) Khilafat Movement
d) Lahore Resolution
27. The Muslim League's demand for Pakistan was formalized in its:
a) Karachi Declaration
b) Lucknow Pact
c) Delhi Resolution
d) Lahore Resolution
28. Who famously declared, "There are two nations in the Subcontinent – the Muslims
and the Hindus"?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c) Mahatma Gandhi
d) Sardar Patel
29. The Radcliffe Line was drawn to demarcate the boundaries of:
a) India and China
b) India and Pakistan
c) India and Nepal
d) India and Myanmar
30. The "Great Calcutta Killings" of 1946 were a violent clash between:
a) British police and Indian protesters
b) Hindus and Muslims
c) Indian National Army and British soldiers
d) Communists and capitalists
31. The first Indian National Congress session attended by Mahatma Gandhi was held
in which city?
a) Bombay (Mumbai)
c) Madras (Chennai)
d) Allahabad
32. Who was the first woman president of the Indian National Congress?
a) Indira Gandhi
b) Sarojini Naidu
c) Kasturba Gandhi
d) Annie Besant
33. The Champaran Satyagraha was led by Mahatma Gandhi against:

a) Salt tax
b) Indigo plantation system
c) Land revenue policies
d) Cotton mill owners
34. The "Quit India Movement" of 1942 aimed to:

a) Boycott British goods
b) Demand dominion status for India
c) Gain support from Axis powers
d) Force the British to leave India
35. The first Prime Minister of independent India was:

a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Sardar Patel
c) Rajendra Prasad
d) Subhas Chandra Bose
All-India Muslim League:
36. The Simla Deputation in 1906 was led by:

a) Allama Iqbal
b) Liaquat Ali Khan
c) Aga Khan III
d) Nawab Salimullah Khan
37. The "Delhi Muslim Proposals" were presented by the Muslim League in response to
the:
a) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
b) Jallianwala Bagh massacre
c) Civil Disobedience Movement
d) Non-Cooperation Movement
38. The Muslim League observed "Direct Action Day" on August 16, 1946, which led to
communal violence primarily in:
a) Delhi
c) Lahore
d) Mumbai
39. The first Governor-General of Pakistan after its creation was:

a) Liaquat Ali Khan
b) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c) Iskander Mirza
d) Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
40. The "Rawalpindi Resolution" of 1947 called for the establishment of:
a) A democratic government in Pakistan
b) An Islamic state in Pakistan
c) A socialist economic system in Pakistan
d) Strong ties with India
History 1857 to 1947

1. The Indian Rebellion of 1857-58 (Sepoy Mutiny):
 Causes: The rebellion had multiple causes, including discontent among Indian
soldiers due to various grievances, including the use of cow and pig fat in rifle
cartridges, economic hardships, and British cultural insensitivity.
 Spread: It began as a mutiny in Meerut in May 1857 and quickly spread to other
regions, including Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
Leaders: Rebels were led by diverse leaders, including Bahadur Shah II, Rani

Lakshmibai of Jhansi, and Kunwar Singh.
 British Response: The British responded with brutal suppression, including the mass
execution of rebels and civilians.
 Consequences: The rebellion led to the end of the Mughal Empire, the formal
transfer of power to the British Crown, and a shift towards more direct British rule in
India.
2. Formation of Indian National Congress (1885):
 Founders: The INC was founded by A.O. Hume and prominent Indian leaders such as
Dadabhai Naoroji and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee.
 Aim: Initially, the INC aimed to obtain a greater share in government for educated
Indians and promote social reforms.
 Evolution: Over time, the INC's objectives evolved to include self-rule and
independence from British colonial rule.
 Leadership: Key leaders included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and
later Mahatma Gandhi.
 Methods: The INC employed various methods, from constitutional reforms to civil
disobedience, in its quest for greater Indian self-governance.
3. Partition of Bengal (1905):
 Reason: Lord Curzon's stated reason for the partition was administrative efficiency,
but many Indians saw it as an attempt to create religious divisions between Hindus
and Muslims.
 Protests: The partition led to widespread protests, including the famous boycott of
British goods and the promotion of Swadeshi (homegrown) products.
 Reversal: Due to intense opposition, the British reversed the partition in 1911 and
reunited Bengal, although the province remained divided along linguistic lines.
 Impact: The episode raised awareness of India's diversity and the need for political
representation for all communities.
4. Morley-Minto Reforms (1909):
 Purpose: The reforms aimed to placate Indian demands for greater political
representation and participation in governance.
 Features: It expanded the size of legislative councils, increased the number of
elected Indian members, and introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
 Communalism: Separate electorates contributed to the growth of communal
politics, as different communities began to demand separate representation.
 Significance: While a modest step towards Indian representation, it also sowed the
seeds of religious divisions in Indian politics.
5. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
 Background: The massacre occurred in Amritsar during a protest against the
repressive Rowlatt Act and the deportation of leaders like Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and
Dr. Satyapal.
 Incident: British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire on a large
gathering of unarmed civilians in Jallianwala Bagh.
 Casualties: Hundreds were killed, and thousands were injured in the indiscriminate
firing.
Consequences: The incident led to widespread outrage, resignations in protest by


some British officials, and Dyer's censure by the British Parliament.
6. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):
 Gandhi's Leadership: Mahatma Gandhi led the movement, advocating nonviolent
resistance and non-cooperation with British authorities.
 Boycott: Indians boycotted British goods, institutions, and educational
establishments.
 Salt March: The famous Salt March in 1930 saw Gandhi and his followers marching
to the Arabian Sea to make salt in defiance of British salt laws.
 Suspension: The movement was temporarily suspended after the Chauri Chaura
incident, where a police station was set on fire by protesters.
 Impact: The movement significantly increased nationalistic fervor and popularized
nonviolent protest as a tool for achieving political change.
7. Simon Commission (1927):
 Background: The British government appointed the Simon Commission to assess
India's readiness for further constitutional reforms.
 Controversy: The commission consisted of all-British members, leading to strong
protests and the famous "Simon Go Back" slogan in India.
 Indian Opposition: The Indian National Congress and other political groups
demanded Indian representation in the commission.
 Significance: The episode highlighted Indian demands for greater control over the
constitutional process.
8. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):
 Initiation: Mahatma Gandhi initiated the movement by breaking the salt laws in the
Salt March of 1930.
 Mass Participation: The movement saw mass civil disobedience, including the
refusal to pay taxes and the production of salt.
 Imprisonment: Thousands of Indians, including Gandhi, were arrested and
imprisoned by British authorities.
 Negotiations: The movement led to negotiations with the British and the Gandhi-
Irwin Pact of 1931.
 Legacy: While not achieving full independence, it highlighted the power of
nonviolent protest and paved the way for future negotiations.
9. Round Table Conferences (1930-1932):
 Purpose: Organized by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms and
India's future.
 First Conference: The first conference in 1930 had limited Indian representation and
failed to reach agreements.
 Second Conference: Gandhi attended the second conference as the sole
representative of the INC but found little common ground.
 Third Conference: The third conference in 1932 had broader Indian representation,
but it also failed to produce a consensus on constitutional reforms.
 Complexity: The conferences revealed the complexities of achieving agreement on
India's future political structure and communal representation.
10. Government of India Act 1935:
Features: The act introduced provincial autonomy, expanded legislative powers for

provinces, and provided for a federal structure.
 Central Government: The central government remained under British control, with
the Viceroy having substantial powers.
 Separate Electorates: It retained the provision of separate electorates for religious
minorities.
 Elections of 1937: Following its enactment, provincial elections were held, leading to
Congress governments in several provinces.
 Impact: It marked a significant step towards self-government but fell short of full
independence.
11. Elections of 1937 (continued):
 The provincial elections of 1937 marked a significant shift in Indian politics.
 The Indian National Congress (INC) won in most provinces, forming governments.
 The INC implemented social and economic reforms in these provinces,
demonstrating its ability to govern effectively.
12. World War II (1939-1945):
 India's involvement in World War II without consulting Indian leaders led to
widespread discontent.
 The Quit India Movement in 1942, led by Mahatma Gandhi, demanded immediate
British withdrawal from India.
 Many Indian leaders, including Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, were imprisoned.
13. Cripps Mission (1942):
 Sir Stafford Cripps, a British Cabinet minister, visited India with proposals for greater
Indian participation in the war effort and post-war self-determination.
 The mission failed to secure a consensus among Indian leaders and was met with
skepticism.
14. Quit India Movement (1942):
 Also known as the August Kranti, this movement was launched by Gandhi to demand
an immediate end to British rule in India.
 It saw widespread protests, civil disobedience, and arrests of Indian leaders.
 Although suppressed, it further intensified the demand for independence.
15. Post-War Planning and Simla Conference (1945):
 After WWII, discussions on India's future intensified.
 The Simla Conference aimed to discuss constitutional arrangements for India's post-
war governance.
 It ended without agreement, highlighting the divergence between the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League.
16. Elections of 1945-46 (continued):
 The elections held in 1945-46 played a crucial role in shaping India's political
landscape.
 The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, performed well in Muslim-
majority provinces, strengthening its demand for a separate Muslim state.
17. Wavell Plan and Cabinet Mission (1946):
 Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, proposed a plan for interim self-government, but it
failed to gain acceptance.
‫‪The Cabinet Mission of 1946 was sent to India to negotiate with Indian leaders on‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪constitutional reforms and a united India.‬‬
‫‪18. Direct Action Day (1946):‬‬
‫‪ On August 16, 1946, the Muslim League called for a "Direct Action Day" to press its‬‬
‫‪demand for a separate Pakistan.‬‬
‫‪ The day resulted in communal violence, particularly in Calcutta (now Kolkata), leading‬‬
‫‪to thousands of deaths.‬‬
‫‪19. Mountbatten Plan (1947):‬‬
‫‪ Lord Louis Mountbatten presented a plan on June 3, 1947, outlining the partition of‬‬
‫‪British India into India and Pakistan.‬‬
‫‪ It proposed a transfer of power to both dominions by August 14, 1947.‬‬
‫‪ The plan was accepted by the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the‬‬
‫‪Sikh leaders, leading to the creation of India and Pakistan.‬‬
‫‪20. Partition and Independence (1947):‬‬
‫‪ On August 14, 1947, India and Pakistan gained independence from British rule.‬‬
‫‪ The partition was accompanied by massive communal violence and the migration of‬‬
‫‪millions of people.‬‬
‫‪ India adopted a democratic, secular constitution, while Pakistan became an Islamic‬‬
‫‪republic‬‬
‫‪History Of Pakistan‬‬
‫دایماپاتسکن‬
‫‪ 1‬دورسیگنجمیظعںیمدنہواتسنیکومشتیلےساعمیشانتؤاورایسیسزجنلیچاسےنمآےئ۔‪1117‬ںیم‪،‬دنہواتسنوھچڑورحتکیاہمامتاگادیھیکدایدتںیماڈننیلنشیناکرگنسیےن‬
‫رشوعیک‪،‬سجںیمرباطونیموک تےکناےمتاکاطمہبلایکایگ۔فلیسوگرسننےکڑبےتھئوےئاطمابلتےکوجابںیم‪،‬رباطونیموک تےن‪1111‬ںیمٹنبیکنشموکدنہواتسناجیھب‬
‫اتہکآینیئاالصاحترپابتتیچاوروجتزییکاجےکس۔‬
‫‪-‬وجالیئ‪1117‬ںیم‪،‬کلیمنٹاٹییکدایدتںیمربیلاپریٹےنرباطونیاعمااختنابتںیماھبریارثکتیےساکایمیباحلصیک۔اسےنرباطونیایستسںیماکیامہیدب یلیکناشادیہیک‬
‫اوردنہواتسنیکآزادیےکوحاےلےساپیسیلںیمیدب یلاکرمہلحےطایک۔‬
‫‪-‬رفوری‪1111‬ںیم‪،‬یئبمب(ابیئبمم) ںیماکیرحبیاغبوتئویئ‪،‬سجںیمرالئاڈننیوینیںیمدنہواتسینالمحاشلمےھت۔ہیاغبوترباطونیاپویسیلںاوررحبہیںیمدنہواتسین‬
‫ااکلہروںےکاسھتروارےھکاجےنواےلولسکےکالخفاکیامہااجتحجاھت۔‬
‫‪-‬امرچ‪ 1111‬ںیم‪،‬رباطونیموک تےندنہواتسناکدورہرکےناورآینیئاالصاحتاوردنہواتسینرمکحاینےکلبقتسمرپابتدہلایخلرکےنےکےیل‪،‬نیترباطونیاکہنیبےکوزراءرپ‬
‫لمتشمٹنبیکنشملیکشتدای‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ٹنبیکنشم‪،‬سجیکدایدتالرڈکھتیپالرسن‪،‬رسااٹسوفرڈرکسپ‪،‬اور‪ .A.V‬ازگیلڈنیر‪،‬آینیئاالصاحترپاھبریترامنہؤںےسابتتیچرکےنےکےیلاھبرتےچنہپ۔‬
‫‪-‬اکہنیبنشمےناانپوصنمہبشیپایک‪،‬سجںیموافیقڈاھےچنےکاسھتاکیدحتمہدنہواتسنیکوجتزیشیپیکیئگ۔اساکدصقماڈننیلنشیناکرگنسیاورملسمگیلدوونںےکاطمابلتوک‬
‫وپرارکاناھت۔اسوصنمےبںیمدنہواتسنےکےیلآنیئاکوسمدہایتررکےنےکےیلاکیدوتسراسزایلبمسےکدایماکاطمہبلایکایگاھت۔‬
‫‪11 -‬وجالیئ‪ 1111‬وک‪،‬دمحمیلعانجحیکدایدتںیمملسمگیلےناکیدحیلعہملسمرایتس‪،‬اپاتسکنےکاےنپاطمےبلیکامحتیںیم"ڈارئٹکیانشکیڈے" انمےناکاطمہبلایک۔اس‬

‫دنہتکلک(ابوکہتکل) اوردرگیرہشوںںیمرفہقواراہندشتددےنھکیںیمآای۔‬
‫‪-‬رفوری‪ 1112‬ںیم‪،‬یئبمبںیماکیاوررحبیاغبوتئویئ‪،‬اوردنہواتسنےکفلتخموصحںںیموسلانرفامینیکرحتںیکیزورڑکپریہںیھت‪،‬سجےسرباطونیاالخنےکےیلدابؤںیم‬
‫ااضہفئوا۔‬
‫‪-‬الرڈولسئامؤٹننٹیب‪،‬دنہواتسنےکآریوارسئاےئےن‪2‬وجن‪1112‬وکاکیرظناثیندشہوصنمہبشیپایک۔اسوصنمےبےندنہواتسنوکدواگلاگلرایوتسں‪،‬دنہواتسناور‬
‫اپاتسکنںیممیسقترکےنیکوجتزیشیپیکاور‪1 4‬اتسگ‪1112‬وکآزادیےکےیلاکیاٹ مالنئرقمریک۔‬
‫‪-‬رباطونیاپرٹنمیلںیم‪27‬وجالیئ‪1112‬وکدنہواتسینآزایساکاٹکیشیپایکایگاور ‪ 11‬وجالیئ‪1112‬وکدنہواتسینآزادیاٹکیاپسایک۔اساٹکیےندنہواتسنیکآزادیاورمیسقت‬
‫ےکےیلاقونینڈاھہچنرفامہایک۔اسںیمدنہواتسناوراپاتسکنےکآزادطلستےکوطررپدایمےکرطہقیاکریکواضتحیکیئگ۔اور‪71‬وجالیئ‪1112‬وکاپاتسکنیکاقونناسزایلبمساک‬
‫م‬
‫وننشیکیفیٹاجریرکدایایگ۔اسا گلیےکلکربممانیکدعتاد‪11‬ول ۔سجںیمرصفاکیناوتن مگیباشہتسئرہسوردیاشلمںیھت۔دعبںیمدایماپاتسکنےکدعباکیاورناوتنرتحمہم‬
‫افہمطانجحاورھچکآزادرایوتسںےکراہجاشلمرکےکایلبمسےکربممانیکدعتاد‪21‬ئویئگ۔‬
‫‪12‬اتسگ‪1112‬وک اپاتسکنیک یلہاقونناسزایلبمساکاالجسرکایچںیمدنسھایلبمسیکڈلبگنںیمئوا۔اور‪11‬اتسگاقدئامظعدمحمیلعانجحےن یلہدہعفرکیپسایلبمس(دصرایلبمس)‬
‫اپاتسکنیکدوتسراسزایلبمسوکاطخبایک۔اور‪ 17‬اتسگوکاقدئامظعےکبقلوکایلبمسےسوظنمریےکدعباطخباکدرہجدےدایایگ۔ایسدناکیاورلبوظنمرئواسجںیماریمادلنی‬
‫دقوایئاکانبایایگاپاتسکنےکڈنھجےیکوظنمریدییئگ۔ہیدوونںلبایلتقیلعنانےنشیپےیکےھت۔اور‪2‬وجنےکوصنمےبےکاطمقب‪ 11‬اتسگ‪72 ،1112‬راضمناابملرکوک‬
‫الرڈاموٹنےناپاتسکنایلبمسںیمرکایچآرکاطخبایکاوراباقدئہاپاتسکنیکربشٹاڈنایےسآزادیاکالعنایکاوراپاتسکنرعمجووجدںیمآای۔‪17‬اتسگوکالرڈاموٹننٹیباڈنایایگاوررھپ‬
‫‪17‬اتسگوکاڈناییکآزادیاکاالعنایک۔ویںاپاتسکناکویمآزادی‪11‬اتسگہکبجاڈنایاکویمآزادی‪17‬اتسگرہھٹا۔‪17‬اتسگوکاقدئامظعدمحمیلعانجحاپاتسکنےکےلہپوگررن‬
‫رنجل‪،‬ایلتقیلعنانےلہپوزریامظع‪،‬سٹسجدبعارلدیشےلہپفیچسٹسجاوررباطونیرنجلرفکنیوارٹلرسیمویاپاتسکنآر یےکےلہپامکڈنرافیچنےنب۔دایماپاتسکناکیآینیئدجودہج‬
‫ےکےجیتنںیمرعمضووجدںیمآای۔رگمدایماپاتسکنےکوتقاپاتسکناکاانپوکیئآنیئوموجدہناھتانچہچنرباطونیاڈننیاٹکی‪1127‬وکرضوریرتامیمےکدعبوبعریوطررپراجئرکدایایگ۔‬
‫۔اپاتسکن‪22‬ربمتس‪1112‬وکاوقامدحتمہاکرنکانب۔اپاتسکنوکبسےسےلہپ(‪11‬اتسگ) اریانےنمیلستایکاوررھپایسدنوعسدیرعباوررتیکےنیھباپاتسکنوکمیلسترکایل۔اپاتسکناک‬
‫بسےسالہپدورہاڈنوایشینےکدصرادمحاکسرولےنایک۔اسےکدعباشہاریانےنیھبایساسل‪1172‬مہناپاتسکناکدورہایک۔ رھپ‪17‬اتسگوکاپاتسکنوکاکنموھتلیےنیھبمیلست‬
‫رکایل۔رفاسنںیمبسےسےلہپاپاتسکناکوق یرپمچرہلاایایگ۔اپاتسکننیمبسےسےلہپرصمےناانپافسراختہناق مایک۔اوراپاتسکنےناانپبسےسالہپافسراختہناریانںیموھکال۔اورداین‬
‫ںیمرصفاکیکلمااسیاھتسجےناپاتسکنوکمیلسترکےنےسا راررکدایوہکلماھتربادراالس یکلماسنا۔ناتن۔مکیوجالیئ‪1111‬وکاقدئامظعےنٹیٹسکنیبآفاپاتسکناکااتتفحیھب‬
‫رکدای ۔ٹیٹسکنبےکدایمےسےلہپاپاتسکنیکوکیئرکیسنںیہنول اوراڈننیرکیسنیہیتلچریہ۔وجہکٹیٹسکنبےکدایمےکدعبہ دئویئگاوراپاتسکنیکاینپرکیسناجریرکدی‬
‫یئگ۔دایماپاتسکنےکوتق‪17‬الھکاہمرجنییھباپاتسکنںیمرجہترکےکآےئ۔‬
‫آزادرایوتسناکااحلق‬
‫دایماپاتسکنےکوتق‪717‬آزادرایںیتسوموجدںیھت۔رےبقےکاحلزےسبسےسڑبیرایتسریمشکہکبجآابدیےکاحلظےسبسےسڑبیرایتس‬
‫دیحرآابددنکول ۔ انرایوتسںےنیسکاپاتسکنایاھبرتںیمےسیسکاکیےکاسھتااحلقرکاناھت۔انںیمےسرصف‪12‬رایوتسںےناپاتسکنےک‬
‫اسھتااحلقایک۔اپاتسکنےکاسھتبسےسےلہپ رایتسوساتےنااحلقایک۔اپاتسکنےکاسھتدورسےربمنرپااحلقرکےنوایلرایتسرتچالےہ۔اس‬
‫ب‬
‫ےکالعوہااحلقرکےنوایلرایںیتس ام‪،‬دری‪ ،‬ھلرا‪،‬زنہا‪،‬رگن‪،‬اہبووپلر‪،‬ریخوپر‪،‬القت‪،‬اھکران‪،‬ہلیبسل‪،‬رکمانںیہ۔ اپاتسکنےسااحلقرکےنوایلبس‬
‫ےساریمرایتساہبووپلرول ۔سجاکرہجوناباصدقنانمجنپےھت۔‬
‫ولباتسچنیکنیترایوتسںاھکران‪،‬رکمان‪،‬ہلیبسلاورالقتاکااحتداھت۔اناکداراوکحل تالقتاھت۔ہیبسےسآرںیم‪11‬اوتکرب ‪1177‬ںیماپاتسکن‬
‫ےکاسھتاشلمئوںیئ۔‬
‫ھچکرایوتسںرپاڈنایےنزربدیتسہضبقرکایل۔نجںیمرگداوپسر‪،‬وجانڑگھ‪،‬ریفوزوپر‪،‬اوروھباپلوہشمرںیہ۔‬
‫اپاتسکناکلحمووقع‬
‫واںہکبجآابدیےکاحلظےساٹھچڑباکلمےہ۔‬27‫اپاتسکنونجیباایشیءںیماپایاجےنواالرہبقےکاحلظےساپایاجےنواال‬
‫امشیلوکرہی)ںیمےس‬،‫ارمہکی‬،‫رباطہین‬،‫رفاسن‬،‫اچہنئ‬،‫روس‬،‫اڈنای‬،‫ااٹکماطوتقں(اپاتسکن‬1‫ہیاڈنوایشینءےکدعبملسمدایناکدورساڑباکلمےہ۔داینیک‬
‫درےجوطلدلب‬22- 12‫اور‬،‫امشیل‬222‫درےجرعضدلب‬22‫درےجےساسڑےھ‬72‫رصفاالیکاالس یااٹکماپورےہ۔داینےکےشقنںیماپاتسکناسڑےھ‬
‫ربیخوتخپوخناہ) اپاتسکنیک‬،‫دنسھ‬،‫اجنپب‬،‫ واعقےہ۔اپاتسکناکداراوکحل تاالسمآابدےہ۔اپاتسکنےکاچروصےبںیہ۔(ولباتسچن‬272‫رشمقںیم‬
‫امشلنیماچہنئاورونجبںیمریحبہرعبواعقےہ۔‬،‫رغمبںیماریاناوراسنا۔ناتن‬،‫دصیفآابدیاملسمنےہ۔اپاتسکنےکرشمقںیماڈنای‬12
History of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan for the first
time. According to the plan of June 3, 14 August 1947, the 27th of Ramadan, Pakistan came into
existence. And British General Frank Walter Meseravi became the first Commander-in-Chief of
Pakistan Army. The establishment of Pakistan came into being as a result of a constitutional struggle.
However, at the time of the establishment of Pakistan, Pakistan did not have its own constitution, so the
British Indian Act 1935 was provisionally enacted after necessary amendments. Pakistan became a
member of the United Nations on September 30, 1947. Pakistan was first recognized by Iran and the
first national flag of Pakistan was hoisted in France.
Accession of Independent Princely States

At the time of creation of Pakistan, there were 565 independent states. These states had to accede to
either Pakistan or India. Only 13 of these states acceded to Pakistan. Swat was the first state to be
annexed to Pakistan. The second acceding state to Pakistan is Chitral. Apart from this, the annexed
states are Amb, Dir, Phalra, Hunza, Nagar, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Kalat, Kharan, Lasbela, Makran. The
richest state was Bahawalpur.
There was a union of three states of Balochistan: Kharan, Makran, Lasbila and Kalat. Its capital was
Kalat. It finally joined Pakistan on 14 October 1955. Some states were forcibly occupied by India. In
which Gurdaspur, Junagadh, Ferozepur, and Bhopal are famous.
Location of Pakistan
Pakistan is the 35th largest country in terms of area and the sixth largest in terms of population in South Asia.
It is the second largest country in the Muslim world after Indonesia. Among the 8 atomic powers of the world
(Pakistan, India, Russia, China, France, Britain, America, North Korea), only one is an Islamic atomic power. In
the world map, Pakistan is located at 23 and a half degrees to 37 and a half degrees latitude 370 north, and 60-77
degrees east longitude 75. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. Pakistan has four provinces. (Baluchistan, Punjab,
Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 97% of Pakistan's population is Muslim. Pakistan is bordered by India to the east,
Iran and Afghanistan to the west, China to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south.
Past Papers questions

1. What was the date of Pakistan's formal establishment according to the June 3, 1947, plan?
a) August 14, 1947
b) August 15, 1947
c) July 1, 1947
d) July 14, 1947
2. Who was the first Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army?
a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah

b) Frank Walter Meseravi
c) Field Marshal Ayub Khan
d) General Zia-ul-Haq
3. How did Pakistan initially address the absence of its own constitution after its establishment?
a) Enacted the British Indian Act of 1935
b) Adopted the Indian Constitution
c) Drafted a new constitution immediately
d) Ruled under martial law
4. When did Pakistan become a member of the United Nations?
a) August 14, 1947
b) September 30, 1947
c) October 14, 1955
d) November 3, 1947
5. Which country was the first to recognize Pakistan as a sovereign nation?
a) India
b) Iran
c) France
d) United Kingdom
6. How many independent princely states had the option to accede to Pakistan or India at the
time of its creation?
a) 545
b) 565
c) 585
d) 605
7. Which was the first princely state to accede to Pakistan?
a) Swat
b) Chitral
c) Amb
d) Bahawalpur
8. Among the annexed princely states, which one was considered the richest?
a) Amb
b) Dir
c) Bahawalpur
d) Hunza
9. Which union of princely states in Balochistan joined Pakistan in 1955?
a) Kalat, Makran, Lasbela
b) Swat, Dir, Amb
c) Nagar, Hunza, Phalra
d) Khairpur, Kharan, Lasbela
10. Which of the following princely states were forcibly occupied by India?
a) Kalat, Dir, Hunza
b) Junagadh, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur
c) Chitral, Amb, Phalra
d) Makran, Bahawalpur, Kharan
11. What is the rank of Pakistan in terms of population in South Asia?
a) 4th
b) 2nd
c) 3rd
d) 6th
12. How many atomic powers exist in the world, and how many of them are Islamic atomic powers?
a) 6 atomic powers; 1 Islamic atomic power

b) 7 atomic powers; 2 Islamic atomic powers
c) 8 atomic powers; 1 Islamic atomic power
d) 8 atomic powers; 2 Islamic atomic powers
13. In which latitude range is Pakistan located on the world map?
a) 23 and a half degrees to 37 and a half degrees south
b) 23 and a half degrees to 37 and a half degrees north
c) 37 and a half degrees to 60 degrees north
d) 60 degrees to 77 degrees east
14. What is the capital of Pakistan?
a) Karachi
b) Lahore
c) Islamabad
d) Rawalpindi
15. How many provinces does Pakistan have?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
16. What percentage of Pakistan's population follows Islam?
a) 85%
b) 90%
c) 97%
d) 100%
17. Which country shares the eastern border with Pakistan?
a) Afghanistan
b) Iran
c) India
d) China
18. Which body of water lies to the south of Pakistan?
a) Bay of Bengal
b) Persian Gulf
c) Indian Ocean
d) Arabian Sea
19. Pakistan is the second-largest Muslim country in the world after?
a) India
b) Saudi Arabia
c) Indonesia
d) Iran
20. Which province of Pakistan is known for its rich natural resources and is often referred to
as the "Land of Five Rivers"?
a) Punjab
b) Sindh
c) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
d) Baluchistan
‫اپکاھبرتگنج‪1111‬‬
‫دایماپاتسکنےکوتق‪ 17‬الھکاہمرجنییھباپاتسکنںیمرجہترکےکآےئ۔اپاتسکنربشٹاڈننیےسدحیلعہئوااھترگماسوتقربریغص‬
‫ںیم‪717‬آزادرایںیتسیھبوموجدںیھتنجوکاینپرسدحاورآابدیےکاحلظےساپاتسکنایاڈنایےکاسھتااحلقرکاناھت۔اننیمےس‪12‬‬
‫رایوتسںےناپاتسکنےکاسھتااحلقاکاالعنایک۔ریمشکیھبایہنرایوتسںںیمےساکیول ۔‪1111‬ںیمالگبھگنسےن‪27‬الھکروےپ‬
‫ںیمارگنزیوںےسردیااھت۔دایماپاتسکنےکوتقریمشکاکاہمراہجرہیھگنساھت۔ریمشکںیماملسمونںیکارثکتیول اورریمشکیکرسدح‬
‫یھباپاتسکنےسیتلمول ۔اسےیلریمشکاکاپاتسکنےسااحلقاکیرطفیابتول ۔رگمریمشکےکاہمراہجرہیھگنسےن‪71‬اوتکرب‪1112‬وک‬
‫اھبرتےسااحلقاکاالعنرکدای۔اھبرتےن‪72‬اوتکرب‪( 1112‬ویمایسہریمشک) وکریمشکںیموفجااتردی۔اوراپاتسکنیکامحتیرکےن‬
‫واےلاملسمونںاکلتقاعمرشوعرکدای۔سجرپریمشکیاملسمونںےناالعناہجدرکدایاوراپاتسکنےکابقیلئاملسمنیھباےنپاملسمن‬
‫اھبویئںیکدمدوکچنہپےئگ۔اہمراہجرہیھگنسدیلہاھبگایگاوراجرکاڈنایےسااحتداکاالعنرکدای۔اڈنایےناینپوفجریمشکںیمااتر‬
‫دی۔ریمشکیاملسمونںےنیدہ ننیےسلمرکلب تا ناتسناورھچکالعہقحتفرکایلسجوکآجآزادریمشکاہکاجاتےہ۔اوراسوتقےک‬
‫اپاتسکنےکآر یےکامکڈنرا فیچنرنجلرگےن ےناقدئامظعےکواحضاتامامتےکابووجدریمشکںیموفجااترےنےسا راررکدای۔رھپ‬
‫بجاڈنایاکیفوبضمطرٹنکولچ لاھلھت اھتوترنجلرگےن یھبوفجرپ ےنجرپراوہئوایگرگمکتکتتہبدریئوھت ول ۔ویںاپاتسکنوک‬
‫رعمضووجدںیمآےتیہگنجاکاسانمرکانڑپا۔اورویں‪77‬اوتکرب‪1112‬وکاپکاھبرت یلہگنجڑھچیئگ۔ہیاپاتسکنیک یلہگنج‬
‫‪1111‬ےکانمےساجیناجیتےہ۔اسگنجںیمرنجلرگےن یکدریےکابووجداپکآر یاورریمشکیاملسمونںےناھبرتےکدا تےٹھ‬
‫رکدےیاوراھبرتہیہلئسماوقامدحتمہںیمےلایگاورریمشکںیماوصتسابراےئیکرشطرپگنجہ دییکرقاردادوظنمرئویئاوراپاتسکنوک‬
‫اینپاوفاجواسپالبےناکاہکایگسجوکاقدئامظعےن درتدرکدای۔اقدئامظعاندونںتخست لیےھتاورولباتسچنےکالعےقزایرت‬
‫ںیمدایمزپریےھت۔ااہتنیئت لیاقدئامظعدمحمیلعانجحوکزایرتےساسوتقےکاپاتسکنےکداراالخلہفرکایچالایایگ۔اقامظعوک‬
‫اریئوپرٹےسالےنےکےیلاکیااہتنیئہتسخاحلال وبب سنگ یجییئگسجںیموکیئرنسیھبوموجدہنول اورال وبب سنراےتسںیمیہ‬
‫رابئویئگاوررتحمہمافہمطانجحاےنپاھبیئوکال وبب سنںیمیھکنپیتلھجرںیہ۔دورسیال وبب سنآےنںیماکیہٹنھگگلایگ۔اور‬
‫اقدئامظعرھگےنچنہپرپانآریاافلظےکاسھت (اہللاپاتسکن)اہجنافینےسوکچرکےئگ۔اقدئامظعیکامنزانجزہالعہم ریبادمحنامثین‬
‫ےنڑپاھیئوجہکاقدئامظعیکوتیصول ۔اقدئامظعیکوافتےکدعبوخاہجان مادلنیوکاپاتسکناکوگررنرنجلانبدایایگ۔اقدئامظعیک‬
‫وافتےکدعبایلتقیلعنانےکدنکوھںرپاپاتسکنےکامہ ںولصںاکوبآ آایگ۔وزریامظعایلتقیلعنانےناوقامدحتمہیکریمشکرقار‬

‫ولکرٹیمیبملالنئآف‬212‫دادامنیل۔اورانتجالعہقسجےکاپساھتادرھادرھیہاسوکرٹنکولدےدایایگاورانالعوقںےکدرایمن‬
‫انکئفیسیلع‬،‫وکریمشکںیمگنجہ دیئویئگ۔اسگنجےکریہو نٹپیکراہجوساردیہش‬1111‫رٹنکولچنیھکدییئگاورمکیونجری‬
‫وجنجعدیہش)ںیہ۔اوکنناشندیحرےسونازاایگ۔‬
Indo Pak War 1948

Some important dates related to the Indo-Pak War of 1947-1948:
1. October 22, 1947: The war officially began when tribal militias, supported by Pakistan,
invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
2. October 26, 1947: Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir formally requested military
assistance from India, leading to the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India.
3. January 1, 1948: The United Nations brokered a ceasefire agreement between India and
Pakistan, effectively ending the hostilities. This date is often considered the official end of
the war.
4. April 21, 1948: The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 47, which called for
a ceasefire and a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir to determine its future status.
5. July 15, 1948: The first United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
(UNMOGIP) observers arrived in the region to monitor the ceasefire and the situation in
Jammu and Kashmir.
6. December 31, 1948: The ceasefire agreement formally came into effect, leading to the
establishment of the Ceasefire Line, which later became the Line of Control (LoC), dividing
Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
Important Persons from both sides:

Indian Side:
Maharaja Hari Singh: The ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir who sought
India's assistance during the conflict, leading to the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to
India.
Jawaharlal Nehru: The first Prime Minister of India, who played a crucial role in handling
the situation diplomatically and seeking United Nations intervention in the conflict.
Sardar Patel: The first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs of India, who
supported the integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.
General K. M. Cariappa: The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, who
oversaw the Indian military's operations in Jammu and Kashmir during the war.
Lt. General S. M. Shrinagesh: The commander of the Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir
during the conflict, responsible for the defense of the region.
Pakistani Side:
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, who was
involved in the early stages of the conflict and advocated for Pakistan's territorial claims in
Kashmir.
‫‪Lt. General Sir Douglas Gracey: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army‬‬
‫‪during the early stages of the war.‬‬
‫‪Major General Akbar Khan: A senior Pakistani military officer who played a significant role‬‬
‫‪in planning and executing military operations in Jammu and Kashmir.‬‬
‫‪Liaquat Ali Khan: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, who worked to garner international‬‬
‫‪support for Pakistan's position on the Kashmir issue.‬‬
‫‪Sardar Ibrahim Khan: The President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, who led the government‬‬
‫‪of Pakistan-administered Kashmir during the war.‬‬
‫‪Brigadier Sher Khan: A Pakistani officer who posthumously received Pakistan's highest‬‬
‫‪military honor, the Hilal-e-Kashmir, for his bravery during the 1948 war.‬‬
‫رقاردادماقدص‬
‫ایہندونںںیماپاتسکناکآنیئیھبلیکشترکےنےکےیل‪17‬امرچ‪1111‬وکرقاردادماقدصیھبشیپرکدییئگ۔رقاردادماقدصںیمدو‬
‫دڑھےنبےکچےھتنجوکداایںاورابایںدڑھایھباہکاجاتےہ۔داایںدڑھااپاتسکناکآنیئاالس یہکبجابایںدڑھاوکیسرلاپاتسکنےک‬
‫قحںیماھتاورہلصیفایلتقیلعنانےنرکاناھتانچہچنایلتقیلعنانےنداںیئدڑھےںیماانپوزنراھکاوراپاتسکنیکآنیئاسزیوک‬
‫االس ی دایدرفامہرکدییئگ۔اسھتیہاسھتاپاتسکنوکاکیاورامہہلصیفیھبرکاناھت۔وہہلصیفاھتروساورارمہکیگنجںیمسکاکااحتدی‬
‫انباجےئ۔ایلتقیلعنانوکوستیوینینےکرامنہوجزف ریہیاورارمیکیدصرریہیرٹونیمدوونںیکرطفےسدوعتول رگم‬
‫ایلتقیلعنانےناموکسیکاجبےئوانٹگنشینعیارمہکییکدوعتوبقلیکاوروانٹگنشرواہنئوےئگ۔اھبرتاسگنجںیمریغاجدبنارراہ۔‬
‫اسےلصیفےساپاتسکناورروسےکاقلعتترابئوےئگاوراپاتسکنیکآزادنارہجاپیسیلرشوعئوےنےسےلہپیہمتخئویئگاوراپاتسکن‬
‫اکیریبوینآہلاکرنبایگ۔ایلتقیلعناناکدورموک تاکآریاسلاکیفااشتنراکاکشرراہ۔رجیمرنجلاربکنانےنموک تاکہتختاےنٹل‬
‫یکوک شیکرگماناکمراہاوررگاتفررکایلایگ۔ہیاپاتسکنیکاترخیںیمموک ںوتمںاکہتختاےنٹلیک یلہریغایسیسوک شول ۔رھپ‪11‬اوتکرب‬
‫‪1171‬اکدنآایگایلتقیلعنانراوڈنپلیےکاکی ملسمگیلےکہسلجںیماطخبےکےیلآےئاوردوراناطخبےسلجںیموموجد‬
‫اکیلدساربکان یصخشےناپاتسکنےکےلہپوزریامظعایلتقیلعنانوکےنیسںیموگیلامررکزہاروںولوگںےکاسےنملتقرکدای۔ایلتق‬
‫یلعےکآریاافلظےھتاہللاپاتسکنیکافحتظرکے۔ایلتقیلعنانےکلتقےکسیکوکااہتنیئریغدیجنسیگےسئالایایگاورآجکت‬
‫اقیقحتتںیہنئویکس۔ویناپاتسکنرپارمہکیااحتدیئوےنیکزسارشوعئویئگوجہکآجکتاجریےہ۔ایلتقیلعنانےکدعباپاتسکین‬
‫وزریامظعیکرکیساکیذماقنبرکرہیئگاوررموہیکھٹکایلتپںاھٹبیئاورااتریاجےناکہلسلسرشوعئوایگ۔‬
‫‪Liaqat Ali khan Assasination‬‬
In the same days, in order to create the Constitution of Pakistan, the Resolution Objectives was also
presented on March 12, 1949. In the Resolution Objectives, two factions were formed, which are also
known as the Right and Left factions. The Right faction is the Islamic Constitution of Pakistan while the
Left faction The faction was in favor of secular Pakistan and the decision was to be made by Liaquat Ali
Khan, so Liaquat Ali Khan put his weight in the right faction and the constitution of Pakistan was
provided with an Islamic basis. At the same time, Pakistan also had to make another important decision.
It was the decision of who should be Russia's and America's allies in the war. Liaquat Ali Khan was
invited by both Soviet Union leader Joseph Harry and American President Harry Truman, but instead of
Moscow, Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the invitation of Washington, i.e. America.
India remained neutral in this war. With this decision, relations between Pakistan and Russia
deteriorated and Pakistan's independent foreign policy ended before it began, and Pakistan became an
external tool. The last year of Liaquat Ali Khan's reign was quite turbulent. Major General Akbar Khan
tried to overthrow the government but failed and was arrested. This was the first non-political attempt to
overthrow the government in the history of Pakistan. Then on October 16, 1951, Liaquat Ali Khan came
to address a Muslim League meeting in Rawalpindi, and during the address, a man named Syed
Akbar, who was present in the meeting, said that Pakistan The first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
was shot in the chest and killed in front of thousands of people. Liaquat Ali's last words were May Allah
protect Pakistan
Objective resolution
The Objective Resolution of Pakistan, adopted in 1949, was a pivotal constitutional document that
laid the foundation for Pakistan's future as an Islamic republic. Presented by Prime Minister Liaquat
Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly, it aimed to define the fundamental principles of the new state.
Key points about the Objective Resolution include:
1. Islamic Foundation: It declared that Pakistan would be a state based on the principles of Islamic law
(Sharia) and that the Quran and Sunnah would be the supreme sources of law.
2. Religious Freedom: While emphasizing Islam as the state's guiding principle, it also guaranteed
religious freedom for all citizens of Pakistan.
3. Democratic Values: It affirmed the importance of democracy, social justice, and individual rights
within the framework of Islamic teachings.
4. Unity of Muslims: It emphasized the need for Muslim unity and the protection of the rights of
religious minorities.
5. Constitutional Impact: The Objective Resolution later became part of the preamble of the 1973
Constitution of Pakistan, solidifying its significance in the country's constitutional and political history
:‫ایلتقیلعناں‬
‫ونابایلتقیلعناناصبحوکاقدئامظعاکدتسراتساہکاجاتاجاتےہ۔آپاکقلعتاڈنایےکوصہبارترپدشیےکعلضرکانلےساھت۔آپےنیلعڑگھویوینریٹسےسمیلعت‬
‫یکوبعریموک تںیمآپےنوطبروزریزخاہنرغبیآد یٹجبشیپایک۔رھپدایماہاتسکنےکدعبآپاپاتسکن‬1111‫ںیمملسمگیلوکاجنئایک۔‬1172‫احلصیک۔آپےن‬
‫ںیمایلتقیلعناناصبحےناوتیلقںاوراہمرجنیےکوحاےلرہنوےساکی‬1172‫ںیمایلتقیلعناںاصبحےنارمہکیاکدورہایک۔‬1172‫ےکےلہپوزریامظعےنب۔یئم‬
‫ںیمآپیہےکدورںیمئویئ۔سجوکایلتقرہنوٹکیپاہکاجاتےہ۔ایلتقیلعناناصبحےکالخفراوڈنپلیاسزش‬1171‫اعم نہایک۔اپاتسکنیکبسےس یلہرمدمامشری‬
‫ںیمروساکبسےسڑباننیلسیپرپازئےسونازاایگ) ےکانمرسرہفتسںیہ۔رگمہیاسزشاناکمانبدی‬1117‫اوررنجلراتیرئڈضیفادمح(اشرعسجوک‬،‫ںیمرنجلاربکنان‬
‫وکراوڈنپلیںیماکیہسلجںیماطخبےکدورانایلتقیلعناناصبحوکلدساربکان یاسنانابدنشےےنوگیلامردی۔آپومعقرپاجنقحب‬1171‫اوتکرب‬11‫رگم‬،‫یئگ‬
‫ئوےئگ۔اورآپوکرکایچںیماقدئامظعےکاسھتدنفایکایگ۔آپیکمگیبرانعءایلتقیھبایستسںیماکیفرسرگمںیھت۔آپ‪1122‬ےس‪1121‬کتدنسھیکوگررنیھب‬
‫ریہ۔‬
‫اساسلںیم‪2‬رفوری‪1171‬وکاپاتسکناکانموجتزیرکےنواےلوچ نریرتمیلعیکیھبوافتئویئ۔آپاکزمارربمیکجںیمےہ۔آپےن‪1122‬ںیماپاتسکناکانموجتزیایک‬
‫اھت۔اوراکیٹلفمپ(انؤآروینر)یھبآپےناجریایکاھت۔‬
‫ایلتقیلعناناکہنیب‬
‫‪ .1‬وخاہجان مادلنی‪-‬وزریزخاہن‬
‫‪ .7‬رسدمحمرفظاہللنان‪-‬وزرینارہج‬
‫‪ .I. I .2‬دنچررگی‪-‬وزریراجرت‬
‫‪ .1‬رسداردبعارلبرتشن‪-‬وزریوماالصت‬
‫‪ .7‬مالمدمحم‪-‬وزریزخاہن(اپاتسکنےکوگررنرنجلےکوطررپدخامتااجنمدںی)‬
‫‪ .1‬ادنکسررمزا‪-‬وزریدافع(دعبںیماپاتسکنےکدصرےنب)‬
‫‪.2‬ریفوزنانونن‪-‬وزریالپسیئ‬
‫‪ .1‬ایمںاتممزدواتلہن‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوماالصت‬
‫‪ .1‬ریممالمیلعاتوپلر‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوخراکوزراتع‬
‫‪ .12‬بیبحاربامیہرمیحوتہل‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئتعنصودقریتواسلئ‬
‫‪ .11‬ےکامییشنم‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوخراکوزراتع(ایلتقیلعنانیکموک تےناعمیشاعمالمترپانےسوشمرہبلطایک)‬
‫ایلتقیلعناناکہنیب‬
‫‪ .1‬وخاہجان مادلنی‪-‬وزریزخاہن‬
‫‪ .7‬رسدمحمرفظاہللنان‪-‬وزرینارہج‬
‫‪ .2‬اربامیہاامسلیعدنچررگی‪-‬وزریراجرت‬
‫‪ .1‬رسداردبعارلبرتشن‪-‬وزریوماالصت‬
‫‪ .7‬مالمدمحم‪-‬وزریزخاہن(اپاتسکنےکوگررنرنجلےکوطررپدخامتااجنمدںی)‬
‫‪ .1‬ادنکسررمزا‪-‬وزریدافع(دعبںیماپاتسکنےکدصرےنب)‬
‫‪ .2‬ریفوزنانونن‪-‬وزریالپسیئ‬
‫‪ .1‬ایمںاتممزدواتلہن‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوماالصت‬
‫‪ .1‬ریممالمیلعاتوپلر‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوخراکوزراتع‬
‫‪.12‬بیبحاربامیہرمیحوتہل‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئتعنصودقریتواسلئ‬
‫‪ .11‬ےکامییشنم‪-‬وزریتکلممرباےئوخراکوزراتع(ایلتقیلعنانیکموک تےناعمیشاعمالمترپانےسوشمرہبلطایک)‬
‫کلممالمدمحم‪:‬‬
‫ایلتقیلعنانیکاہشدتےکدعب‪12‬اوتکرب‪1171‬وکوخاہجان م ادلنیوکوزریامظعہکبجاکیولفمجویبرورکٹیکلممالمدمحموکوگررنرنجلانبدایایگ۔کلممالمدمحمیکزابنوکافجلاھتاورانیک وگتفیسکوک‬
‫ھجمسںیہنآیتول ۔انیک وگتفےکرتہمجےکےیلاکیارمیکیرکیسرٹیول وجہکاتبیتول ہککلماصبحابایکرفامرےہںیہ۔ایدرےہہکاسوتقاپاتسکناکاانپآنیئوموجدںیہناھتاوراڈننیاٹکی‬
‫‪1127‬ےکتحتاپاتسکنلچراہاھتاوروگررنرنجلےکاپساکیفاجاتخراتےھتاوراسھتیہاسھتہکلمرباطہینیھباپاتسکینہلصیفاسزیںیمقحر یتھول ۔کلممالمدمحمےن‪12‬ارپلی‪1172‬وکوخاہجان م‬
‫ادلنی وکربرطفرکدایاورارمہکیےساپاتسکینریفسدمحمیلعوبرگہوکالرکاپاتسکناکوزریامظعانبدایایگ۔وخاہجان مادلنیےنہکلمرباطہینےسکلممالمدمحمےکمکحوکاکدعلمرقاردےنییکادتساعیکرگمہکلمےن‬
‫کلممالمدمحماکمکحاکدعلمرکےنےسا راررکدای۔اوراسھتیہاسوتقالئورںیماقدایوینںےکالخفےنلچوایلرحتکیوکےنلچکےکےیلکلممالمدمحمےنالئورںیم‪1172‬ء امرلشالءیھباگلدای۔ہیاپاتسکناک‬
‫الہپامرلشالءاھت۔اوراسھتیہاسھترغمیباپاتسکنںیماگنبیلزابنیکامحتئرکےنواولںرپوگایلںیھبرباسدیںیئگ۔اسےکاسھتاسھتبجاپاتسکنیکدوتسراسزایلبمساپاتسکناکآنیئانبےنےکرقبی‬
‫ول اوراسںیموگررنرنجلےکاجاتخراتوکدحمودرکےنیکافسراشتیھباشلمںیھت۔مال یےکدورےکاڈننیاٹکی‪1127‬ںیمدےیےئگاجاتخراتوکاامعتسلرکےتئوےئکلممالمدمحمےن ‪1171‬ءوک‬
‫آزادونطاکآنیئانبیتئویئدوتسراسزایلبمسیھبوتڑدی۔اورکلممالمدمحمےناحرضرسوسآر یفیچرنجلاویبنانوککلماکوزریدافعیھبانبدای۔ویںادتقارےکاویاونںںیموفیجوبوٹںیکوگ جیھب‬
‫انسیئدےنییگل۔دوتسراسزایلبمسےکرکیپسومولیزیمتادلنیےنکلممالمدمحماکایلبمسوتڑےناکہلصیفدنسھاہوکیئرٹںیمجنلیچرکدایاورومفقاانپایہکاپاتسکناکیآزادوخداتخمرکلمےہاسیکدوتسراسز‬
‫ایلبمسمال یےکدورےکاٹکیےکتحتںیہنوتڑیاجیتکس۔دنسھاہوکیئرٹےنایلبمساحبلرکدی۔رگمرپسمیوکرٹےکفیچسٹسجدمحمرینمےندنسھاہوکیئرٹاکہلصیفاکدعلمرقاردےدایاورویںایلبمس‬
‫رھپوٹٹیئگ۔‬
‫وخاہجان مادلنی‪:‬‬
‫اپاتسکنےکدورسےوزریامظعاوروگررنرنجلاکانموخاہجان مادلنیےہ۔ایدرےہاپاتسکنںیملک‪1‬وگررنرنجلرےہںیہ۔اسےکدعب‪1171‬ےکآنیئںیمہیدہمتخرکےکدصراپاتسکناکدہانبدای‬
‫ایگ۔وخاہجان مادلنیاکقلعتاگنبلےساھت۔آپ‪1112‬ےس‪1112‬کتاگنبلےکوزریامظعیھبرےہ۔رھپآپایلتقیلعنانےکدعبآپ‪ 1171‬ےس‪1172‬کتاپاتسکنےکوزریامظعرےہ۔آپ‬
‫ےکدورموک تںیمذمیبہاسفداتاوروق یزابنےکاسملئئوےئ۔زمیبہاسفداتےکےجیتنںیمالئورےکاحالتتہبزایدہرابئوےئ۔اوررھپ‪1172‬ںیمالئوراکالہپامرلشالءیھبگلایگ۔اس‬
‫امرلشالءوکرنجلامظعنانےنڈیلایک۔اورذمیبہرامنہءومالانومدودیاوردبعااتسلرناناینزیوکرگاتفررکایلایگ۔اوراھپیسنیکزسادییئگ۔رھپ‪1172‬ںیماحالتزایدہرابئوےئاوروگررنرنجلکلم‬
‫مالمدمحمنانےنآپےساٰیفعتسےلایلاورارمہکیںیماپاتسکینریفسدمحمیلعوبرگہوکوزریامظعانبدایایگ۔‬
‫دمحمیلعوبرگہ‪:‬‬
‫دمحمیلعوبرگہاکقلعتیھباگنبلےساھت۔آپارمہکیںیماپاتسکنےکریفسےھت۔آپےکدورںیم‪ 1171‬ںیمرشمیقاپاتسکنںیمانشکیلئوےئ۔اورلضفقحیکوگرٹنمنینب۔لضفقحرپدغاریاکااظلماگلرک‬
‫اسوکرھگجیھبدایایگ۔دمحمیلعوبرگہےناپاتسکنےکوزریامظعےکوطررپاینپاکہنیبانبیئ۔اکہنیباکانمرٹسنمیآفٹنلیٹےکانمےسوہشمرےہ۔آپےنانجباویبناناصبحوکوزریدافعاوردنکسررمزا‬
‫وکوزریداہلخانبای۔آپاکاکیرعنہتہبوہشمرئواہک"اپدیئارانمےکےیلوبظمطوفجاکئوانرضوریےہ۔"‬
‫دمحمیلعوبرگہاصبحےنارمہکیےکاسھتاکیفاعم نےےیک۔وٹیساوروٹنیساسںیماکیفامہںیہ۔‬
‫یش‬
‫‪1171‬ںیمےننبوایلوٹیس(اسؤھتاٹسیا گینرٹیٹیآرانگزئنشی)وکاپاتسکنےن‪1171‬ںیمدمحمیلعوبرگہیکموک تںیماجئنایک۔اوررھپ‪1122‬ںیموٹھباصبحیکموک تںیموھچڑدای۔‬
‫‪1177‬ںیمےننبوایلوٹنیس(رٹنیسلرٹیٹیآرانگزئنشی) وکیھباپاتسکنےندمحمیلعوبرگہیکموک تںیمیہاجنئایک۔اوررھپ‪1121‬ںیمایضءاصبحیکموک تںیماپاتسکنےناسوھچڑدای۔‬
‫‪117‬ںیمیہاادوایشینےکاکیزجریہاجواںیمئوےنوایلہ دوگناکرفنسنںیمیھبدمحمیلعوبرگہےناپاتسکنیکامنئیگیک۔‬
‫ہیدنمرہجابالامتمآرانگزئنشیارمہکی‪،‬رباطہیناوررفاسنےنلمرکاےنپدافداتےکےیلنومیمزمینعیروساوراچہنئےکالخفونبایئںیھت۔‬
‫وبرگہافرومال‪:‬‬
‫‪22‬اوتکرب‪1172‬وکدمحمیلعوبرگہےناپرٹنمیلاکاینیئافرومالشیپایک۔سجےکاطمقبابیئرمیکلاپرٹنمیلسجںیموق یایلبمس(‪222‬ںیٹیس) وکاویانزریںیہکبجٹنیس(‪72‬ںیٹیس) وکاویانابالوجتزیایک۔‬
‫اسےکاطمقبوگررنرنجلاوروزریامظعدوونںاکیوصہب(رشمیق‪،‬رغمیب) ےسںیہنئواگ۔رگماسرپلمعںیہنئوا۔‬
‫ونویٹنافرومال‪:‬‬
‫‪7‬ونربم‪ 1171‬ںیمونویٹنافرومالیھبدمحمیلعوبرگہےنشیپایک۔اسےکاطمقبرشمیقاپاتسکناوررغمیباپاتسکندوونںوکاکیاکیوصہبانبرکایلبمسیکںیٹیسرباربمیسقترکدیںیئگ۔رگمدمحمیلعوبرگہ‬
‫اسرپلمعںیہنرکوااکس۔‬
‫وگررنرنجلکلممالمدمحمامیبرییکوہجےس یٹھرپ ےلےئگاوردنکسررمزاوکاق مماقموگررنرنجلانزمدایک۔دنکسررمزااوردمحمیلعوبرگہدوونںاگنبلےسےھترگموبرگہافرومالےکاطمقبدوونںرشمیق‬
‫اپاتسکنےسںیہنئوےتکس۔ویںدنکسررمزاےندمحمیلعوبرگہےساٰیفعتسےلایل۔اوروچدھریدمحمیلعوکوزریامظعانبدای۔اورکلممالمدمحموکیھبلقتسموطررپافرغرکدای۔‬
‫رنجلراٹیرئڈدنکسررمزا ‪:‬‬
‫‪1177‬اپاتسکناکالہپدصراورآریوگررنرنجلرنجلدنکسررمزاںیہ۔ ءںیمرنجلاویبناناوررنجلراٹیرئڈدنکسررمزاےنکلممالمدمحموکریبونکلمالعجرکواےنےکےیلوبجمرایکاوراسےس‬
‫سی‬
‫ا عفییھبےلایل۔کلممالمدمحمےکدعبونابرساجادلوہلاکدغارریمرفعجاکڑپوپاتدنکسررمزااپاتسکناکاینوگررنرنجلنبایگ۔ادنکسررمزااکقلعترشمیقاپاتسکنےساھت۔دنکسررمزااےنپادتقانیم‬
‫یسکوکاشلمںیہنئوےندانیاچاتہاھتاوراسےناپاتسکنےکوزریامظعیکرکیسوکاکیذماقانبرکرھکدای۔دنکسررمزاےنرصفنیتاسولںںیماپچنوزراےئامظعوکرھگاجیھباھت۔ایسرپاھبریت‬
‫وزریامظعرہنوےناہکاھتہکںیما یندوھایتںںیہندباتلےنتاپاتسکنںیموزریامظعدبےتلںیہ ۔دنکسررمزاےناکیاتکبیھبیھکلسجاکونعانےہالپیسوٹاپاتسکن۔‬
‫وچ نریدمحمیلع‪:‬‬
‫دنکسررمزااکالہپاکشر‪1177‬ںیموزریامظعدمحمیلعوبرگاےھتںیہنجاٹہرکاکیویبرورکٹیوچ نریدمحمیلعوکوزریامظعانبایایگ۔وث نریدمحمیلعےندمحمیلعوبرگہےکونویٹنافرومال‪11‬اوتکرب‪1177‬‬
‫وکایلبمسےسوظنمررکواایاوراسرپرپلمعدرآدمرکواای۔وچ نریدمحمیلعےن‪71‬رفوری ‪1171‬ءوکاپاتسکناکالہپآنیئایلبمسےسوظنمررکواایاوررھپ‪72‬امرچ‪1171‬وکدایماپاتسکنےک‪1‬اسلےکدعب‬
‫اپاتسکناکالہپآنیئراجئرکدایایگ۔اسآنیئےک‪721‬آرلکیٹےھت۔اسںیمویینرمیکلوافیقاپرامیلیناظنمموک تراجئایکایگ۔اوروٹلٹںیٹیس‪222‬ر ۔یںیئگ۔‪172‬رشمیقاپاتسکناور‪172‬رغمیب‬
‫اپاتسکنوکدیںیئگ۔‪1171‬ےکآنیئںیم اردواوراگنبیلدوونںوکوق یزابناکدرہجدایایگ۔اسآنیئںیموگررنرنجلاکدہمتخرکےکاسدےاکانمدصراپاتسکنراھکایگ۔دصراپاتسکنیکدمت‪7‬‬
‫اسلر ۔ییئگاوردصراپاتسکنےکےیلاملسمنئوانالزمرقاردایایگ۔دنکسررمزااصبحوجآریوگررنرنجلےھتویہاپاتسکنےکےلہپدصریھبنبےئگ۔ادنکسررمزاوک ‪1171‬اکآنیئ انوگارزگرا‬
‫ویکںہکاسآنیئںیموگررنرنجلاکدہمتخرکےنیکافسرشیھبیکیئگول ۔رنجلراتیرئڈدنکسررمزا‪1171‬ءےکآنیئےکتحتیہاپاتسکنےکےلہپدصریھبنبےئگ۔رگم ‪1171‬ںیموچ نریدمحم‬
‫یلعوکیھبرھگجیھبدایایگ۔‬
‫)‪(Emergence of Pakistan‬ےکاٹلٹئےس وچ نریدمحمیلعےنوزریامظعیکٹیسےسافرغےیکاجےنرپاکیاتکبیھکل۔‬
‫نیسحدیہشرہسوردی‪:‬‬
‫وچدھریدمحمیلعوکاٹہرکنیسحدیہشرہسوردیوکوزریامظعانبدایایگ۔نیسحدیہشرہسوردیاکقلعتاگنبلےساھت۔آپدایماپاتسکنےسےلہپاگنبلےکوزریامظعےھت۔آپربمتس‪1171‬اتاوتکرب‪1172‬‬
‫کتاپاتسکنےکوزریامظعرےہ۔آپیہےکدورموک تںیمیہاپاتسکنااٹکمارنیجنشیمکانباوراپاتسکنےنارمہکیےسالہپااٹکمریارٹکیایل۔آپاکریشمزامہنرعنہاھتہکانمےکےیلا۔مٹ۔اور‬
‫دورسارعنہاھت" دویتسبسےسرگمدینمشیسکےسیھبںیہن" آپیہےکدورےساچہنئاپاتسکناقلعتتاکآاغذئوا۔وطبروزریامظعآپےنبسےسےلہپاچہنئاکدورہایک۔‬
‫اربامیہاامسلیعدنچررگی ‪:‬‬
‫‪1172‬ںیمرہسوردیوکیھبافرغرکےکاربامیہاامسلیعدنچررگیوکوزریامظعانبدایایگ۔ا راقلعتیئبمبےساھت۔رصف‪77‬دنےکدعبیہایکنہگجکلمریفوزنانوننکلمےکاسوتںیوزریامظعےنب۔‬
‫کلمریفوزنانونن ‪:‬‬
‫اپاتسکنےکاسوتںیوزریامظعکلمریفوزنانونناوقامدحتمہںیمدایماپاتسکنےسےلہپاوقامدحتمہںیماڈنایےکرت نانےھت۔وزریامظعریفوزنانوننےنوگادرہ دراگہوکاوامن(طقسم)ےساکی‬
‫رکوڑڈارلےکوعضردیرکاپاتسکنںیماشلمایک۔ وگادروپرٹوکطقسمےنارگنزیوںےسردیااھتاوررھپ‪121‬اسلےکدعبکلمریفوزنانوننیکرسربایہںیماپاتسکنےنوگادرہ دراگہ واسپ‬
‫یل۔ملسمگیل‪،‬ویانئرفٹن‪،‬وعا یگیلےکہیآریہقفتموزریاؑ مےھت۔کلمریفوزنانوننیکموک توکدصرادنکسررمزاےن‪1‬اوتکرب‪1171‬وکاپاتسکناکالہپامرلشالءاگلدای۔اورکلمریفوزیک‬
‫موک تاکناناپئوایگ۔‬
‫رنجلاویبنان‪:‬‬
‫رنجلاویبنان‪1122‬ںیمرہیوپرزہارہےکاگیوھچےٹےساگؤںراحیہنںیمدیپائوےئ۔‪1171‬ںیمآپےنربشٹاڈننیآر یوکاجنئایک۔اوردورسیگنجمیظعےکدورانربامںیموطبررکلن‬
‫امکڈنٹناینپرسوزسرسااجنمدںی۔دایماپاتسکنےکدعبآپاہاتسکنآر یاکھصہےنباور‪1171‬ںیماپاتسکنآر یےکرسیتےامکڈنرافیچنےنب۔آپےلہپاملسمنامکڈنرافیچنےھت۔آپےسےلہپ‬
‫دوونںامکڈنرارگنزیےھت۔‬
‫آھٹاوتکرب‪1171‬ءوکدنکسررمزاےنامرلشالءانزفرکدای۔اورآنیئوسنمخرکدای۔ویںکلمںیمبسےسالہپامرلشالءاکیوفیجےنںیہنہکلباکیویبررکٹیدصرےناگلای۔اوراسوتقےکآر یےک‬
‫امکڈنرافیچنرنجلاویبنانوکفیچامرلشالءاڈیرٹسنمرٹیاگلدای۔ویںرنجلاویبناناپاتسکنےکےلہپفیچامرلشالءاڈیرٹسنمرٹینبےئگ۔رنجلاویبےنبجداھکیہکاطتقابانےکاپسےہاوہنں‬
‫ےنرصگ‪71‬دنےکدعب‪72‬اوتکرب‪1171‬وک دنکسررمزاےسادتقارنیھچرکانوکالجونطرکدای۔دنکسررمزایکدبیتمسقدےئھکیہکوجیھبکاپاتسکنےکایسہدیفسےکامکلےھترہدنچامہدعباےنپومڈےک‬
‫اطمقبوزریامظعدبلدےتیےھت۔رھپویںئواہکالجوینطےکدعباوکنونطیکیٹمیھببیصنانئویکس۔‪1111‬ںیمدنلنںیموافت اپےنواےلدنکسررمزااریانےکداراوکحل ترہتانںیمدنف‬
‫ئوےئ‪،‬بجکتزادہرےہاوکنہکلمرباطہینےسوہفیظاتلمراہویکہکنوہایسےکوافدارےھت۔اباطتقاویبنانےکاہھتںیمول ۔‬
‫گکی‬‫ف‬ ‫لن‬
‫‪1171‬ںیماریاناپاتسکنیکابرڈرسیگلمنٹئویئ۔‪121‬ولکرٹیماپکاریانابرڈروکوگڈلڈمالنئاکانمدایایگ۔اویبنانےن‪1171‬ںیمایو(انلکگڈابڈیڈسوکا شنآرڈر) اوررباڈاےسیجوقانینانبرک‬
‫‪2‬زہارایسدتساونںرکنشپاورکلمدینمشےسیجااظلامتاگلرکوک‪2‬اسلےکےیلانالہرقاردای۔رھپ‪1171‬ںیمیہآپےنزریعاالطصاھتیکاوراپاتسکننیمرگنیرویوویلنشاکببسینب۔آپےنزنیمیک‬
‫تیکلمیکدحرقمریکہکاکیامکلزایدہےسزایدہریغابراین‪722‬ہگکز ےا‪722‬اڑکیرابرایناقلباکتش‪122‬ہگکز ای‪1222‬ارٹکیابراینزنیمرھکاتکسےہ۔(‪21‬ہگکز ںیم‪7‬۔‪12‬اڑکیئوےتںیہ)۔‬
‫‪ 1112‬ںیمرکایچںیمورڈلکنیبیکدمدےساڈنای‪،‬اپاتسکنےکدرایمندنسھاطساعم نہئوا۔رھپ‪1112‬ںیمیہارمیکیاہجز(وی‪ )7‬یکوہجےساپاتسکناورروسیکگنجئوےتئوےترہیئگ۔‪1111‬ںیمیہ‬
‫اپاتسکنیکسیپسایسنجیاپسروکیھباویبنانےکدورںیمینب۔اسایسنجیاکچنیمڈارٹکدبعاالسلماورڈیہوکاررٹرکایچوکانبایایگ۔‬
‫‪1111‬ںیمسٹسجاہشبادلنییکرسربایہںیم اویبنانےن‪1171‬اکآنیئزعمولرکےکاینپرموہاکاکیدصاریتآنیئانبےنےکےیلاکییٹیمکانبیئ‬
‫‪21‬وجن‪1117‬ںیماہاتسکناکدورساآنیئیھبشیپرکدایاورایسآنیئےکتحت‪1117‬ںیم دایدیوہمجروتیںےکااختنابتاکاالعنیھبرکدای۔ اوراسھتںیماویبناناکہیہلمجیھبوہشمرئواہکوعام‬
‫ایھباےنتابوعشرنئوےہکاوکنووٹاکقحدایاجےئ۔اوررھپاسےن‪12‬زہارارٹکیلولاکزجلانبےئ۔‬
‫‪1112‬ںیماویبنانےناپاتسکن‪،‬اچہنئابرڈرسیگلمنٹیھبیک۔‪1111‬ںیماویبنانےنروساکدورہایک۔ہیاپاتسکناکروسںیمالہپدصاریتدورہاھت۔‬
‫‪1117‬ںیمدصاریتانشکیلئوےئ۔اوررنجلاویبناناوراقدئامظعیکنہبافہمطانجحےندصاریتادیموارےکوطررپانشکیلںیمماقہلبایک۔اویبناناکااختنیبناشنالنیٹلاوراویبناناکااختنیبناشن‬
‫وھپلاھت۔اویبنانےنرتحمہمافہمطانجحوک اھبریتاٹنجیاوردغاراہکاورایکنرکداریشکںیموکیئرسکانوھچڑی۔‪1117‬ےکیلھکداھادیلزدہانشکیلںیماویبنانانشکیلتیجےئگرگموعامیکرظنوںےسرگ‬
‫ےئگاورانےکالخفوپرےکلمںیمہگجہگجاظمرہےرشوعئوےئگ۔ اورایسدورانریمشکیکآزادیےکےیلاپاتسکنےنآرپنشیربجارٹلرشوعایک۔اوراسوہجےساڈنایےن‪21‬ربمتس‪1117‬وکالئوراور‬
‫ایسوکلٹرپہلمحرکدای۔رگماڈنایوکربعانتکتسکشئویئاور‪12‬دنےکدعب‪72‬ربمتس‪1117‬وکگنجہ دیئویئگ۔ اسگنجیکوہجےسارمہکیاپاتسکنےسانراضئوایگاوراپاتسکنیکامیلادمادروک‬
‫دی۔ارمہکیاکاپاتسکنےساعم نہاھتہکاپاتسکنارمہکیےسردیےےئگایھتہراھبرتےکالخفاامعتسلںیہنرکےاگرگماپاتسکنےکاپس‪1117‬ءیکگنجںیماسایھتہروںوکاامعتسلرکےنےکوساوکیئ‬
‫اچرہاناھت۔‬
‫‪1111‬ںیمروسےکوزریامظعےناللاھبدراشرتسیاوراویبنانےکدرایمناکیاعم نہرکواای‪،‬اوراویبنانےناعم نہاتدنقش‪1111‬ءرکےک‪1117‬ءیکیتیجئویئگنجذمارکاتیکزیمرپاہردی۔‬
‫گنجہ دیےکدعب‪1111‬ںیموعسدیگنکامیلسنےندورہاپاتسکنایک۔گنکامیلسنےندودہعفاپاتسکناکدورہایک۔الہپدورہ‪1111‬رھپدورسادورہ‪1121‬۔‬
‫‪1112‬ںیمرتحمہمافہمطانجحےنوافتاپیئ۔‬
‫سی‬
‫ذوااقفلریلعوٹھباسوتقاویبنانےکوزرینارہجےھتاورےلھکاعماویبنانوکڈڈیییھبےتہکےھت۔رگموٹھبےناساعم نےیکوہجےساویبنانیکاخمتفلیکاورا عفیٰدےدای۔اوررھپاحالت‬
‫دبےتلدےھکیوت اوہنںےنیھبویہایکوجرنجلاویبےندصردنکسررمزاےسایکاھت۔اوہنںےناویبےکالخفارھبےئوےوعا یذجابتاکافدئہااھٹایاور‪1112‬ںیماپاتسکنزلپیپاپریٹیک دایدرھکدی‬
‫اوررغمیباپاتسکنےکبسےسوبقملڈیلرنبےئگ۔ ‪77‬امرچ‪ 1111‬ںیماسوتقےکآر یفیچرنجلخ ٰیینانےناویبنانوکاٰیفعتسدےنیرپوبجمررکدای ۔اویبنانےناپاتسکنرپ‪12‬اسل‪21‬امہ‬
‫موک تیکآپےن‪1121‬ںیموافتاپیئ۔آپاکزماراالسمآابدنیمےہ۔اویبنانےکدورںیماپاتسکن یلہدہعفلھکرکارمیکیالبکںیماشلمئوااورارمیکیادمادےساپاتسکنےنالگنماوررتالیبڈمییک‬

‫ریمعترشوعیک۔اپاتسکنیکوتعنصںاورزراتعوکیھبرفوغالم۔اپاتسکن یلہابردنگمیکدیپاوارںیموخدلیفکئوا۔ نکیہیارمیکیادمادےکاہسرےئوےنوایلریقارمیکیادمادہ دئوےنےکاسھتیہزنیم‬
‫وبسئویئگ۔الگنمڈمیوتلمکئوایگرگمرتالیبڈمیےکےیک ےسیمتخئوےئگ۔رتالیبڈمیرھپوٹھبدورںیملمکئوا۔‬
‫رنجلخ ٰیینان‪:‬‬
‫امرچ‪ 1111‬ءںیماسوتقےکآر یفیچرنجلیحیٰنانےندصراویبنانوکاٰیفعتسدےنیرپوبجمررکدایاورویںرنجلیحیٰاکییہوتقںیمفیچامرلشالءاڈیرٹسنمرٹی‪،‬دصراپاتسکناورامکڈنرافیچن‬
‫آفآر یاٹسفےھت۔وہوچہکناویبنانےکزوالےکاابسبےکدھکیےکچےھتاسےیلاوہنںےنایسدتساونںےسیسکمیکڑلایئےسرگزیایکاوراوییبدورںیمایسدتساونںرہیگلاپہ دایںیھبمتخرک‬
‫دںی۔رنجلیحیٰنانےندصراویباکانبایئواانتزئآآنیئیھبوسنمخرکدای۔اوہنںےندربمس‪1122‬ںیماپاتسکنیکاترخیےکےلہپاعمااختنابترکواےئ۔اںیہناپاتسکنےکبسےسافشفااختنابتاہک‬
‫یشش‬
‫اجاتےہ۔انااختنابتںیمرشمیقاپاتسکنےکخیشبیجمارلنٰمحےنرغمیباپاتسکنںیمنیلکوسپیایکاور‪ 112‬گینتیجںیل۔ نکیانیک ناتعرغمیباپاتسکنںیماکیٹیسیھبہنتیجیکس۔ادرھ‬
‫رغمیباپاتسکنںیمذوااقفلریلعوٹھبیکزلپیپاپریٹ‪11‬ںیٹیستیجںیل۔اوررشمیقاپاتسکننیمذوااقفلریلعوٹھباکیٹیسیھبہنتیجےکس۔اپاتسکنواحضوطررپدووصحںںیمٹبھت اھت۔وپرارشمیقاپاتسکنخیش‬
‫بیجمےکاسھتڑھکااھتاورآینیئوطررپادتقارخیشبیجموکلقتنمئواناھترگمزوااقفلریلعوٹھباسےکےیلایترہنےھت۔مکیرفوری‪1122‬ںیمرنجلیحیٰےنڈاھہکںیموق یایلبمساکاالجسالبایرگمرٹسموٹھبےن‬
‫اینپ ناتعتیمساالجساکاباکیئٹرکدای۔وٹھبوکخیشبیجمےکھچ راترپاارتاضاھت۔رٹسموٹھبےکاسادقامیکوہجےسرنجلیحیٰےناالجسیوتلیرکدای۔االجساکیوتلیئواناھتہکرشمیقاپاتسکنںیم‬
‫اکیرطحےسآگگلیئگ۔اوروہےنھجمسےگلہکرغمیباپاتسکنواےلامہراقحدےنیوکایترںیہن۔رشمیقاپاتسکنںیموسلانرفامینیکرحتکیلچڑپی۔اھبرتوجےلہپےساتڑںیماھٹیباھتاسےنابیغرگوہیتک‬
‫ابینہےکذرےعیحلسماغبوترشوعرکوادی۔رنجلیحیٰےنادتقارلقتنمرکےنیکاجبےئاغبوتانلچکرشوعرکدی۔اپکوفجےنیتمکابینہیکاغبوتوکونامہںیم لچدای۔بجاھبرتیکہیاسزشاناکمئویئوت‬
‫اس ےنومعقےسافدئہااھٹےتئوےئرشمیقاپاتسکنرپہلمحرکدای۔اورویںاپکوفجریھگےںیمآیئگ۔تسکشونہشدویارول ۔ نکیہیاکیاہریئویئگنجول سجوکوطلوتدایاجاتکساھترگماتیجںیہناج‬
‫اتکساھتویکہکناپکوفجاچروںرطفےسریھگےںیمآھت ول اوراپکوفجیکالپسیئالنیئیھبٹکھت ول ۔اپاتسکنوکاینپاترخییکبسےسرشانمکتسکشاکاسانماھت۔‪12‬زہاروفیجدیقئوےکچ‬
‫ےھت۔اور‪11‬دربمس‪1121‬ءاککلماکایسہرتنیدنبجکلمدووصحںںیموٹٹھت اھت۔ہلگنبدشیاباقدعہوطررپوت‪11‬دربمس‪1121‬وکانبرگمہلگنبدشیےکولگاانپوق یدن‪71‬امرچوکیہانمےتںیہویکہکن‬
‫اسدنےسایکندجودہجرشوعئویئول ۔ابرشمیقاوررغمیباپاتسکناکووجدمتخئوھت اھتاوررصفاپاتسکنیہرہھت اھت۔ادتقارلقتنمرکےککلموکوٹےنٹےسرصفاکیصخش اچاتکساھت اکسانماھتیحیٰ‬
‫نانرگماسےنااسیںیہنایک۔‬
‫ذوااقفلریلعوٹھب‪:‬‬
‫اسہحنرشمیقاپاتسکنےکاسھتیہرنجلیحیٰےکادتقاراکوسرجیھبرغوبئوایگ۔رنجلیحیٰےناکیاسدہاکذغیکرحتریےکذرےعیادتقا ررٹسموٹھبےکوحاےلرکدای۔رٹسموٹھبفیچامرلشالءاڈیرٹسنمرٹیاور‬
‫اپاتسکنیکدوتسراسزایلبمسےک رسرباہنبےئگ۔ذوااقفلریلعوٹھبےنرنجلیحیٰوکرظنہ درکدای۔اورویںابیقزادیگوقسطڈاھہکاکہیرکداررظنہ دییکزادیگیہزگاررکاسداینےسر تصئوایگ۔وقسط‬
‫ڈاھہکےکدعببسےسڑباہلئسماھبرتےکہضبقںیموموجد‪12‬زہارتاپاتسکینوفیجدیقیاور‪12‬زہاررمعبولکرٹیماکالعہقاھت۔وٹھبےن‪1127‬ںیماھبرتےسہلمشاعم نےےکتحت‪12‬زہاررمعبولکرٹیم‬
‫العہقواسپےلایل۔ابہلئسماھت‪ 12‬زہاروفیجدیقویںاک۔وٹھبےناچہنئیکدمدےساوقامدحتمہںیمہلگنبدشیاکراہتسرواکاور‪12‬زہاروفیجواسپےنیلیکرشطرپہلگنبدشیاکراہتسہنروےنکیکاح یرھبیوجہکاکم‬
‫رکیئگاورویں‪12‬زہاروفیجیھبراہئوےئگ۔‪1121‬ءیکاسگنجںیمارمہکیےنوچہکناپاتسکنیکوکیئدمدںیہنیکول اسےیلاپاتسکنےنارمہکیےکاسھتےیکےئگوٹیساوروٹنیسےکاعم نےیھبوتڑ‬
‫دےی۔ نکیاپاتسکنوکاطوتقراع یملااحتدیوتاچ ئینتےھتاسےکےیلرٹسموٹھبےنےناالس یااحتدانبانرشوعایک۔‪1121‬ءںیمالئورنیماالس یرسربایہاکرفنسندقعنمرکوایئ۔ایساسلاپاسکنےنہلگنبدشی‬
‫وکمیلستیھبرکایل۔وٹھبیکبسےسڑبیاکایمیباپاتسکناکہقفتمآنیئایتررکاناورادمحویںوکریغملسمرقاردانیول ۔‪ 1122‬اکآنیئلمکئوااوراسانئںیموزریامظعےکاجاتخراتںیمااضہفرکدایایگاور‬
‫رٹسموٹھباپاتسکنےکےلہپوزریامظعنبےئگ۔وٹھبےنالنشینینشییکاپیسیلےکتحترنجلاویباوراسےکدورےسےلہپےنگلوایلوتعنصںاوراداروںوکوق یولیںیمےلایل۔ یتعنرتیقےکےیلروسےس‬
‫دمدیھببلطیک۔اپاتسکنلیٹسزلمیھبوٹھبدورںیماق مئویئ۔دصراویبےکدورںیمرشوعئوےنواالرتالیبڈمییھبوٹھبدورںیملمکئوا۔ارپ یرپورگامانبےنیک دایدیھبوٹھبےنرھکدی۔وٹھباکرعنہ‬
‫''اھگساھکںیلےگرگما۔مٹمبرضورانبںیئےگ'' وعامںیماکیفوبقملئوا۔ارپ یرپورگاماوراالس یالبکانبےنیکوکوششںیکوہجےسارمہکیوٹھبےکالخفرسرگمئوایگاوروٹھبوکناشنربعتانبےنیک‬
‫دیکمھیھبدےڈاھیل۔اعمااختنابت‪1121‬ںیمئوانےھترگمرٹسموٹھبےناکیاسلےلہپیہااختنابترکوارک‪1122‬ءےکااختنابتںیمدیمانامرایل۔وٹھبیکاپریٹاپاتسکنزلپیپاپریٹےن‪177‬وٹیسںرپدیمان‬
‫امرایلاوراخمفلاپریٹیپ۔انی۔اےرصف‪ 21‬ںیتسشنےلیکس۔رگمااختنابترپداھادیلےکااظلامتگلےئگ۔یپانیاےڑسوکںرپلکنآیئاورہیایسیسرحتکیذمیبہرحتکیاظنمٰیفطصمںیمدبلیئگ۔اس‬
‫رھتکیےکےجیتنںیماظنمٰیفطصموتہنآایرگمرٹسموٹھباکاگلایئوادنسپدیہرنجلایضءاقحلوجاسوتقاکآر یفیچاھتوہآایگاورکلمںیماکیدہعفرھپامرلشالءاگلدایایگاورآنیئلطعمرکدایایگ۔رٹسموٹھبوک‬
‫رگاتفررکایلایگاورراضوصقریےکلتقےکوشمرہےکسیکںیم‪21‬ارپلی‪1121‬ءوکوٹھبوکراوڈنپلییکلیجںیماھپیسنرپاکٹلرکوایعقناشنربعتانبدایایگ۔وٹھبیکاھپیسنےکاکیاسلدعبرنجلیحیٰیھب‬
‫ااقعنلرکےئگ۔وقسطڈاھہکےکونیتںامہرتنیرکداررٹسموٹھب‪،‬رنجلیحیٰاورخیشبیجم ارلنٰمحرصفدسےکاادراادرومتیکوادیںیماجاہ ےھئوےئرگمکلمےکدوےڑکےآجکتاہ ےھانئوےکس۔رٹسم‬
‫وٹھبوکاپاتسکنےکوفیجاسالرےکدورموک تںیماھپیسندےدی‪،‬یئگاورخیشبیجمارلنٰمحوکاکیونوجانوفیجارسفےنوگیلامررکلتقرکدای۔وقسطڈاھہکیکووجاہتاج ےنےکےیلاکینشیمکیھبانبایگسج‬
‫یکرسربایہاگنبلےسقلعترےنھکواےلاکیاسقبفیچسٹسجومحدارلنٰمحےنیک۔نشیمکےناقیقحتترٹسموٹھبےکدورموک تںیمیہلمکرکیلرگمآجکتوہاقیقحتیتروپرٹاش عںیہنیکیئگ۔‬
‫رنجلایضءاقحل‪:‬‬
‫‪1171‬نیماجدنلرھںیمدیپائوےنواےلایضءاقحلےن‪1112‬ںیمربشٹآر یوکاجنئایک۔اوررھپدایماپاتسکنےکدعبرجہترکےکاپاتسکنےکعلضاہبووپلرںیمراہشئذپریئوےئ۔‪1122‬ںیمارسالیئ‬
‫ےکالخفگنکنیسحآفاجرڈانیکدمدےکےیلئوےنواےلآرپنشیوکایضءاقحلےنڈیلایک۔اوررھپگنکنیسحیہےکےنہکرپوٹھباصبحےنایضءاقحلوک ‪1121‬ںیمفیچآر یاٹسفانبدای۔رھپ‪27‬‬
‫ارپلی‪1122‬وکرنجلایضءاقحلےنکلمںیمامرلشالءاگلدایاوروٹھباصبحوکرگاتفررکےک‪21‬ارپلی‪1121‬وکاھپیسنرپاکٹلدای۔اوررنجلایضءاقحلےناالسامزئنشیاکرعنہاگلایاوراالس یابلدہاوڑھایل۔اور‬
‫ٹگی‬
‫رحتکیاظنمٰیفطصموکوپسرٹایک۔‪1121‬ںیمایضءاقحلےندحودآرڈ گیسدای۔‪ 1121‬ںیمیہاپاتسکنےنانناالڈیئوموٹنموکاجنئایک۔ایساسلںیمروسےناسنا۔ناتنرپہلمحرکدای۔اوراپاتسکنےن‬
‫نی‬
‫ارمہکیےکےنہکرپروسےکالخفاالعنگنجیھبرکدای۔اوراپاتسکنںیمالوھکںاسناناہمرجنیآانرشوعئوےئگ۔اوررھپ‪1112‬ںیماسےنزٰوکۃاوررشعاکآرڈ گیساجریایک۔‪1111‬ںیمارسالیئےن‬
‫آریپاےکذرےعیرعاقاکنولکرپورگامابتہرکدایایگ۔رگمایضءےناپاتسکناکوینلکرپورگام اچایل۔ایضءاصبحےن‪1111‬ںیمامیویکامیانبیئ۔اورزلپیپ رعاقےکوینلکرپورگامرپہلمحایکاورآرپنشی‬
‫اپریٹوکاورامیآرڈیوکیہدابےنںیمرصموفرےہ۔اوراےنپرسدحیرفاضئیکرطفوتہجہندی۔اورویں‪1111‬ںیماڈنایےنایسہنیچرپہلمحرکےکہضبقرکایل۔رگمایضءاصبحوکاینپموک تیکرکفول ‬
‫اور‪1111‬ںیمآپےندصاریتررفیڈنیمرکواایاور‪11‬دصیفووٹےلرکدصراپاتسکننبایگ۔رھپوہمجرتیاکڈوھگنراچےنےکےیل‪1117‬اکانناپریٹانشکیلرکوادای۔اوررھپامتمےنتیجواےلادیموارانوک‬
‫ااھٹکرکےکموک تانبدیاوردمحمنانوج وجیوکوزریامظعانبدایایگ۔‪ 1117‬ںیمایضءاصبحےناےنپوزریزخاہنایمںونازرشفیوکوزریاٰیلعاجنپباگلدای۔ایساسلانجبرشفیادلنیریپزادہوکاوآیئیس‬
‫ےکرکیسرٹیرنجلےکےیلانزمدایکایگ۔وہ‪1117‬ےس‪1111‬کترکیسرٹیرنجلرےہ۔ ‪1121‬ںیمرشوعئوےنوایلروساسنانگنج‪1111‬ںیموینجااعم نہےکتحتمتخئویئ۔وینجااعم نہںیمدمحمنان‬
‫وج وجیےناپاتسکنیکامنئیگرکےنےکےیلایضءاقحلےسوشمرہیھبہنایک۔۔اوررھپ‪12‬ارپلی‪1111‬ںیمیہآر یےکاوڑجیپمیکراوڈنپلیںیمایضءاقحلےندامھہکرکوادای۔اسےکالخفوزریامظع‬
‫وج وجیےناوکنارئیرشوعرکدی۔اسرپایضءاقحلاصبحوج وجییکموک توکآوھٹںیرتمیمےکتحتاحلصئوےنوایل‪71‬وٹیبیکاپوروکاامعتسلرکےتئوےئ‪71‬یئم‪1111‬وکوج وجیاصبحیکموک توکرھگ‬
‫جیھبدای۔اور‪12‬دنںیمانشکیلرکواےناکودعہایک۔‬
‫رحتکیاظنمٰیفطصمےکےجیتنںیماپاتسکنرپرنجلایضءاقحلیکموک تاق مئویئگ۔وٹھبیکاھپیسنےکےجیتنںیماپاتسکنزلپیپاپریٹدووصحںںیممیسقتئویئگ۔وٹھبیکیٹیبرتحمہمریظنیبوٹھبےنایضءاقحلےکالخف‬
‫ایسیسدجودہجرکےناکارادہایکہکبجوٹھبےکدوونںوں(رمٰیضتاوراشونہاز) ےنحلسمدجودہجاکہلصیفایکاوراسنا۔ناتناجرکاکیحلسممیظنتاذلواقفلراق میک۔ایضءاقحلےناینپ یلہرقتریںیم‪12‬دنںیم‬
‫ااختنابترکاےناکودعہایکاھت۔رگمہیودعہ‪11‬اسلےککتوپراںیہنئوا۔رنجلایضءےناےنپدور ادتقارںیمفیچآر یاٹسفاکدہیھباےنپاپسراھک۔ویںاوہنںےناموہےکرمکحاونںےکربسکعاےنپ‬
‫ادتقارںیمیسکوکیھبرشکیںیہنئوےندایاوروکیئیھبانےکدوروکھ تںیمانرپاحویانئواکس۔رگمھچکایسیسولوگںوکرنجلایضءےناانپااحتدیانبےئراھک۔انںیمایمںونازرشفیاوروچدرھی‬
‫وہظرایہٰلےکانمرسرہفتسںیہ۔رکایچںیمااطلفنیسحیکرسربایہںیمامیویکامییھبرنجلایضءیکدیپاوارےہ۔رنجلایضءےکدورموک تںیماکیااسیواعقیھبروامنئواسجےنوپریملسماہموکالہےک‬
‫رھکدای۔‪722‬حلسمارفادےنناہنہبعکرپہضبقرکایل۔وعسدیموک تہضبقڑھچاےنںیماناکمریہاوراپاتسکنےسدمدیکدروخاتسرکےنرپاپکوفجےکاسیاسییجامکڈنوزےن‪1‬دنےکآرپنشیےکدعب‬
‫ناہنہبعکآزادرکواایلاورابویغںےکرسرباہنیہماانوک‪12‬اسویھتںتیمسزادہڑکپایل۔اسواےعقےکدعبایضءاقحلوکملسمداینےکریہویکرطحداھکیاجےناگل۔االس یرظناییتوکلس‪،‬رشتعیوکرٹ‪،‬روتی‬
‫الہلیٹیمک‪ٰ،‬ولصۃایٹیمکں‪،‬آرلکیٹ‪17‬اور‪12‬ےسیجاالس یوقانینرنجلایضءےکدورںیمانبےئےئگ۔وتنیہذمبہرپومتیکزسایھبایہنےکدورنیمرقمرئویئ۔دربمساسینوسوچرایسںیمرنجلایضءےن‬
‫االسمےکانمرپکلمرھبںیمررفیڈنیمیھبرکواایسجےکاطمقبوجولگکلمںیماالسماچےتہںیہوہاےلگ‪7‬اسلکترنجلایضءوکووٹدںیاوروجاپاتسکنںیماالسمںیہناچےتہوہرنجلایضءوکووٹان‬
‫دںی۔ررفیڈنمںیموچبںوکیھبووٹڈاےنلاکقحدایایگاوررنجلایضء‪11‬دصیفووٹےلرکاکایمبئوےئگ۔دصررنجلایضءاقحلےنامتماجاتخراتاےنپےضبقںیمےلرک ‪1117‬ںیمریغ ناا یانشکیلیھبرکوا‬
‫دےی۔اورانشکیلےکدعبایلبمسںیمووگنٹرکواےنیکاجبےئدمحمنانوج وجیوکوزریاؑ مانبدای۔۔ وینجاونکنشنےکتحتاسنا۔ناتنےسرویسوفیجاالخنءےکاعم نےرپدطختسےسےلہپوج وجیےنرنجلایضءےس‬
‫وشمرہیھبہنایک۔ویںرنجل ایضءوج وجیےکالخفئوےئگاوراایسایلبمسےسآوھٹںیرتمیمےکذرےعییسیلیئگاپورآنیئیکدہعف‪7(71‬۔یب) اکاترخیںیم یلہدہعفاامعتسلرکےکوج وجییکایلبمسوتڑدی۔اور‬
‫‪12‬روزےکاادر ناا یانشکیلرکواےناکاالعنرکدای۔اسوتقےکاجنپبےکوزریاٰیلعایمں ونازرشفییکرسرپیتساجریر ۔یاورموک تربرطفرکےنےکابووجدونازرشفیوکرگنانوزریاٰیلعےکوطر‬
‫رپدےرپربرقارراھک۔ارپلی‪1111‬ںیماپاتسکن‪،‬اسنا۔ناتن‪،‬روساورارمہکیےکامنیبئوےنواےلوینجااعم نےےکتحتروسےنرفوری‪1111‬وکاسنا۔ناتنوھچڑےناکاالعنرکدای۔رویسلمکاالخنء‬
‫ےسےلہپرنجلایضءاقحلےکآریاایمآےکچےھتویکہکنارمہکیاکرنجلایضءوکاسناناہجدںیماامعتسلرکےناکنشملمکئوھت اھتاورروسےڑکےےڑکےئوھت اھتاورویںارمہکیاکنشموپریئوھت اھت۔رنجل‬
‫ایضءوکہیفخایسنجییکروپرٹآھت ول ہکانےکلتقاکوصنمہبایترئوھت ےہ۔رنجلایضءاےنتوخزفدہئوےکچےھتہکوہآر یاہؤسںیمدیقئورکرہےئگےھتاہیںکتہکآر یاہؤسںیمےگلدروتخںوکیھب‬
‫سگکنووریٹرکسرقاردےرکوٹکادایایگاور‪11‬اتسگ‪1111‬یکرقتبییھبآر یاہؤسےکاادریہدقعنمرکوایئیئگ۔رقتبیےک‪2‬دندعب‪12‬اتسگ‪1111‬ءرنجلایضءاقحلاہبووپلرےکوفیجدورےرپےئگ‬
‫وایسپرپارمیکیریفساوراکیارمیکیاٰیلعدےداریھبانےکاسھتیس‪122‬ایطرےںیمھٹیبےئگ۔اورایطرہوھتڑییہاڑانےکدعباہبوپلریکاکییتسباللامکلںیمرگرکابتہئوایگ۔ایضءاقحلیکامنزانجزہ‬
‫‪11‬اتسگوکاالسمآابدںیمادایکیئگاورآپاکزماراالسم آابدیکلصیفدجسمےکااحہطںیمواعقےہ۔ایضءاقحلےکدعباسوتقےکچنیمٹنیسمالمااحسقنانکلمےکےئندصرنبےئگاوررمزااملس‬
‫گیبکلمےکےئنفیچآر یاٹسفنبےئگ۔ایضءاصبحےکوحاےلےسےکامیاعرفےناتکبیھکلسجاکونعانےہورگنکودایضء۔‬
‫ےبریظنوٹھب‪:‬‬
‫رتحمہمےبریظنوٹھبوکاپاتسکنیکدودہعفوزریامظعےننباکازاازاحلصےہ۔آپوکاپاتسکناورملسمداینیک یلہناوتنوزریامظعےننباکیھبازاازاحلصےہ۔آپاسقبوزریامظعاپاتسکنذواقفلریلعوٹھب‬
‫اصبحیکاصزبحادیںیھت۔آپ‪1172‬ںیمرکایچںیمدیپائوںیئ۔آپوکدواھبیئےھترساشونہازوٹھباورریمرمٰیضتوٹھب۔‪21‬ارپلی‪1121‬وکبجذوااقفلریلعوٹھبوکاھپیسندیوتوٹھباصبحےک‬
‫دووننےٹیبکلمےسابرہ ےلےئگاوراکیمیظنتانبیئسجاکانماھتاذلوااقفلر۔اسمیظنتاکدصقموٹھباصبحاکدبہلروا اوردصرایضءاقحلوکلتقرکاناھت۔‪1111‬ںیمرکایچےساشپوراجےنواالاہجزاس‬
‫میظنتےناشپورےساہیئکیجرکایل۔اوراساہجزوکاکلبےلےئگاوررھپواہںےسدقشمرعاقےلےئگ۔رھپ‪77‬دیقویںےکابتدےلںیماہجزواسپایکایگ۔‪1117‬ںیمرساشونہازوٹھبوکرفاسننیملتق‬
‫رکوادایایگ۔ےبریظنےناذلواقفلروکاجنئرکےنیکاجبےئ‪1111‬ںیماکیوہمجریرحتکی(ومٹنمآفروٹسیرنشیآفڈومیرکےن ) ئالیئ۔ایسوہجےسےبریظنوکرظنہ درکدایایگ۔اور‪1111‬ںیم‬
‫آپکلمےسابرہیلچیئگ۔اوررھپ‪1111‬ںیمکلمواسپآںیئاور‪1112‬ںیمآپےنآفصیلعزرداریےساشدییک۔‪1111‬ںیمبجےبنبمگڈےسںیھتآپیکڈویلریےکدونںںیم‪1111‬اک‬
‫کیم‬
‫انشکیلاکاالعنرکدایایگاتہکےبریظناصہبحانشکیل گینانرکرےکس۔‬
‫الہپدورموک ت‪1117-1111:‬‬
‫سگی‬
‫‪12‬اتسگ‪1111‬ںیمدصرایضءاقحلایطرہاحدےثںیمالہکئوےئگ۔رگمایھبابیقامادہ گلیشمنٹ ےنیھبےبریظنیکاخمتفلیکاور‪21‬ایسیس ناوتعنوکالمرکاالس یوہمجریااحتدےکانمرپاکیایسیس‬
‫ااحتداق مایک۔اوراکیرعنہاگلاییکوناتسرےاھبیئاھبیئ۔۔ےبریظنیکاش تآیئ۔رگمانشکیلںیمزلپیپاہریٹےن‪12‬ںیٹیستیجیئگاورآیئےجآیئوکرصف‪72‬ںیٹیسلمیکس۔اسانشکیلنیمامیویکامییھب‬
‫سی‬
‫‪ 12‬گینتیجیئگ۔اپاتسکنزلپیپاپریٹےنامیویکامیےکاسھتلمرکمموک تانبیل۔اوروینےبریظناکالہپدورموک ت ‪1111‬ےسرشوعئواتےہ۔ےبریظنوٹھبےنرکایچںیمرفنبوونیمکنیبانبای۔‬
‫‪1111‬ںیماسرکٹمسوکڈیہایک۔‪1111‬ںیمےبریظنےناکنموھتلیوکدابہرہاجنئرکایلویکہکنذواقفلریلعوٹھبےنہلگنبدشییکوہجےساکنموھتلیوک‪1127‬ںیموھچڑدایاھت۔ےبریظنےکالخفذمیبہ‬
‫سگی‬
‫ہقبطاورا گلیشمنٹرحتمکئوایگ۔ےبریظنیکاکہنیبںیمانےکوشرہآفصیلعزرداریاصبحیکرکنشپےکڈنیکسلاسےنمآانرشوعئوےئگ۔اورےبریظناوردصرمالماقٰحسنانےکدرایمناحالت‬
‫دیشکہئوانرشوعئوےئگ۔اوررھپ‪1112‬ںیمدیحرآابدںیماکپہعلقاکواہعقئواتےہ۔اسواہعقںیم‪12‬اہمرجےچباوروعرںیتوپسیلےکاہوھتںلتقرکدےیےئگ۔اورویںامیویکامیاورزلپیپاپریٹاکااحتدمتخ‬
‫ئوایگ۔سجےسےبریظنیکموک تزمکورئویئگ۔اور‪71‬وٹیباکاامعتسلرکےک‪ 1112‬ںیممالماقحسنانےنےبریظنیکموک تاکناناپرکدای۔اورایمںونازرشفیاصبحوزریامظعنباجےتںیہ۔رگم‬
‫ایکنموک تیھبزایدہدریانلچیکساور‪1112‬ںیمدوابرہانشکیلرکواےنےکےیلنیعمرقیشیوزریامظعانبدےیاجےتںیہ۔‬
‫ےبریظناکدورسادورموک ت‪1111-1112 :‬‬

‫‪1112‬ےکااختنابتزلپیپاپریٹےن ‪11‬ںیٹیستیجیل۔اوررتحمہمےبریظنوٹھباکیابررھپآزادادیمواروںوکاسھتالمرک وزریامظعنبںیئگاوراےنپتہبیہاقلباامتعدوزرینارہجافروقاغلریوکدصر‬
‫اپاتسکنےکےیلانزمدایکاتہکےلہپیکرطح‪71‬وٹیبےکرطخہےس اچاجےکس۔ےبریظنےکاھبیئریمرمٰیضتوٹھبیھبکلمواسپآےکچےھت۔اوروہوخدوکذواقفلروٹھباکیقیقحوارثاتہکاھت۔رگم‪1111‬ںیم‬
‫وپسیلاورآر یےکاکیآرپنشیںیمرمٰیضتوٹھبوکلتقرکدایایگ۔ےبریظنےناےنپوشرہآفصیلعزرداریوکوزریرسامہیاکرییھباگلدای۔اظبرہبسھچککیھٹلچراہاھترگمآفصیلعزرداریاورافروق‬
‫اغلریاصبحیکآسپںیمنبںیہناپریہول اورویںاکیرم ہبرھپ‪71‬وٹیباکاامعتسلئوایگاورونرب‪1111‬ںیمےبریظناصہبحیکموک توکرکنشپکیس ںیماتلچایکایگ۔انجبرعماجنادلاصبحکلم‬

‫ےکرگنانوزریامظعنبےئگ۔اوررفوری‪1112‬ںیماعمااختنابتاکاالعنرکدایایگ۔‬
‫ےبریظنیکالہتک‪:‬‬
‫‪7221‬ںیمملسمگیل ونازاورزلپیپاپریٹےکدرایمندیئبںیم اچررٹآفڈومیرکےن ےکانمرپاکیاعم نہئوا۔‬
‫نی‬
‫‪7222‬ںیماپاتسکنںیم انی۔آر‪،‬او۔(لنشینریوکیلسنانشیآرڈ گیس) اجریایکایگسگںیمامتمایسیسکیس متخرکدےیےئگ۔‬
‫ویںےبریظناصہبحوکدوابرہاپاتسکنآےنرپآامدہایکاور‪72‬دربمس‪7222‬ءںیمراوڈنپلی ےکایلتقابغںیمہسلجعکدعبلتقرکدایایگ۔آپالڑاکہنڑگیھدخاشخبںیمدنفںیہ۔‬
‫ےبریظنیکاتکںیب‪:‬‬
‫ےبریظنیکدنمرہجذلیاچراتکںیبںیہ۔‬
‫‪1.Daughter of East 2. Daughter of destiny 3. Islam , democracy and west 4. Pakistan the gathering storm‬‬
‫مالمااحسقنان‪:‬‬
‫ایضءاقحلیکوافتےکدعبٖمالمااحسقناناپاتسکنےکدصرےنب۔آپاسےسےلہپچنیمٹنیس‪،‬وزریزخاہن‪،‬رکیسرٹیدافعےسیجامہدوںرپافزئرہےکچےھت۔آپاپاتسکنےکبسےسزایدہر‬
‫واےلدصربختنمئوےئ۔آپےن‪1111‬ںیموطبردصراپاتسکنفلحااھٹایاور‪1111‬ےکااختنابتےکسلشتںیماپاتسکناورملسمدانییک یلہناوتنوزریامظعرتحمہمےبریظنوٹھبےنفلحااھٹای۔انجب‬
‫مالمااحسقنانےنےبریظنیکموک تےکرصف‪72‬امہدعبیہاکیابررھپ‪71‬وٹیباکاامعتسلرکےتئوےئایلبمسوتڑدیاورےبریظناکماقہلبرکےنےکےیلاسوتقےکآر یفیچرمزااملسگیب‪،‬ڈییج‬
‫آیئاسیآیئرنجلدیمحلگاوردصرمالمااحسقنان( رٹسٹیجکرٹایکی) ےناالس یوہمجریااحتد(آیئےجایئ) انبیئ۔اوردنسھےسیہمالمٰےفطصموتجیئوکایئےجآیئاکرسرباہانبایاتہکدنسھاکرڈاکیھب‬
‫اامعتسلایکاجےکس۔اور‪ 1112‬ےکااختنابتںیمآیئےجآیئوتاکایمبئویئگرگممالمٰیفطصموتجیئاصبحوخدانشکیلاہرےئگاورویںانجبایمںونازرشفیاصبحےنوزریامظعاکفلحااھٹای۔رگمایمں‬
‫ونازرشفیاصبحےسیھبدصراصبحےکاالتخافتئوےئگاور‪1112‬وکاکیرم ہبرھپ‪71‬وٹیباکامعتسلئوایگ۔اوریلبمسوتڑدییئگ۔رگمایمںونازرشفیاصبحےندصراکادقامرپسمیوکرٹںیم‬
‫جنلیچرکدایاورایلبمساحبلہیئگ۔رگماحالتاسدقردیشکہرےہہکدوونں(دصراوروزریامظع) ےناٰیفعتسدےدای۔اوراسوتقےکچنیمٹنیسانجبومیساجسداصبحکلمےکاق مماقمدصرنب‬
‫ےئگ۔اوردوابرہانشکیلرکواےناکاالعنرکدایایگ۔‬
‫م‬
‫ایمں حمڈونازرشفی‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1112‬ےکاعمااختنابتںیمایمںونازرشفیاھبریارثکتیےستیجےئگاورکلمےکوبضمطرتنیوزریامظعنبےئگ۔ایمںونازرشفیےکاپسا یناھبریارثکتیول ہکوہوکیئیھباقونناپس‬
‫رکواےنیکوپزنشیںیمےھت۔دصراغلریاوراسوتقےکفیچسٹسجسٹسجاجسداشہےنایمں ونازرشفیاکراہتسروانکاچاہرگمونازرشفیےکاپساھبریڈنیمٹیاھتاورویںانجبدصراغلریاور‬
‫فیچسٹسجاصبحوکاٰیفعتسدانیڑپا۔ایمںونازرشفیےنفیچسٹسجےکالخفاسھتدےنیواےلرپسمیوکرٹےکججسٹسجرقیفاترڑاصبح( وجہکاسوتقراٹیرئئوےکچےھت) وکدصراپاتسکن‬
‫انزمدرکدای۔رقیفاترڑاصبحےکالخفوطبرججروشتےسیجنیگنسااظلامتیک دایدرپانشکیلنشیمکےنانےکانزمدیگرپیپلسنیکرکدےیرگمسٹسجمویمےن ےٹآرڈردےدایاورویںرقیفاترڑدصر‬
‫اپاتسکننبےئگ۔آپرشفیناادانےکوافداررےہاورآنیئاپاتسکنیکوہرئوںی‪،‬وچدوھںیاورہ دروھںیرتامیمرپک رییسکاارتاضےکدطختسرکےتےئگاور‪71‬وٹیبیکدصراپاتسکنیکاپوریھباےنپ‬
‫اہھتےسمتخرکدی۔ابوچہکناپرٹنمیلاوردصرلمکوطررپایمںونازرشفیےکرٹنکولںیمےھتاسےیلوہابلکلاانیمطنےکاسھتموک ترکےنےگلاورڑبےڑبےےلصیفیھبرکےنےگل۔اور‪71‬‬
‫یئم‪1111‬وکاچیغیکاہپڑیراسوکہںیم‪7‬ارپ یدامھےکرکدےی۔اسدنوکاپاتسکنںیمویمریبکتےکانمےسانمایاجاتےہ۔رھپ‪71‬یئموکاکیاوردامھہکرکےکاھبرترپارپ یربرتییھباحلصرکیل۔‬
‫ایمںونازرشفیاصبحریمشک ا وکوکیھب ررکےنےکےیللکنڑپےاورالٹاہبریواک ییئوکاپاتسکنآےنیکدوعدیھبدےڈایلاورواک ییئےنانیمراپاتسکنرپرقترییھبرکدی۔رگمایہندونںاپک‬
‫اھبرتاکرلگگنج‪1111‬یکوہجےسہیاعمہلمپھٹئوایگ۔ایمںونازرشفیاےنپآپوکوبضمطےتھجمس ےھتاورفیچآر یاٹسفانجبرپوزیرشمفاصبحوکیھبزعمولرکےکاسوتقےکڈییج‬
‫آیئاسیآیئرنجلایضءادلنیٹبوکآر یفیچیھبانزمدرکدای۔رگمایمںاصبحاسدہعفڑبییطلغرکےھٹیبےھتاوررپوزیرشمفاصبحےن‪17‬اوتکرب‪1111‬وککلمںیمںیمارمییسنجانذفرکےکایمں‬
‫اصبحیکوگرٹنمناکہتختاٹلدایاوروخدادتقارچ لاھلایل۔رگمدصررقیفاترڑاصبحوکدبوتسردصراپاتسکناق مراھک۔اوررپوزیرشمفکلمےکفیچازگیوٹکینبےئگ۔‬
‫رپوزیرشمف‪:‬‬
‫رپوزیرشمف‪1112‬ںیمدیلہںیمدیپائوےئ۔دایماپاتسکنےکدعبرجہترکےکاپاتسکنآےئاوررکایچںیمراہشئزپریئوےئ۔‪1111‬ںیماپاتسکنآر یوکاجنیئایک۔‪1117‬اور‪1121‬یکوگنجںںیم‬
‫ہصحایل۔‪1121‬ںیمآپینپمکامکڈنرےھت۔‪2‬اوتکرب‪1111‬وکایمںونازرشفیاصبحےنآپوکوطبرفیچآر یاٹسفانیعتتایک۔یئم‪1111‬ںیماکرلگگنجئویئ۔اسگنجےکریہونٹپیکرکلن‬
‫ریشنان(ناشندیحر) ںیہ۔اسگنجیکوہجےسایمںونازرشفیاوررپوزیرشمفںیماالتخافتئوےئگ۔رسیاکنلےکاکیوزٹرپےئگئوےئرپوزیرشمفوکایمںونازرشفیےنرپوزیرشمفوک‬
‫آر یفیچےکدےےسربرطفرکےکرنجلایضءادلنیٹبوکآر ینگگفانبدای۔رگمرپوزیرشمفےکاح یرجںولیںےنایضءادلنیٹبوکآر یفیچام ےنےسا راررکدایاوررنجلنامثینیکدمدع‬
‫رپوزیرشمفاکایظرہیھبڈنیلرکایگاورکلمںیمارمییسنجانذفرکدییئگ۔‬
‫‪17‬اوتکرب‪1111‬یکارمییسنجےکدعبآنیئلطعمئوھت اھت۔رگموسنمخںیہنئوا اھت۔اسےیلرپوزیرشمفوکاملشالءاڈیرٹسنمرٹیںیہناہکاجات۔ہکلبفیچازگیوٹکیآفاپاتسکناہکاجاتےہ۔دصررقیف‬
‫اصبحےکاپچناسلوپرےئوےنےکدعب‪7221‬ء ںیمرپوزیرشمفاصبحےندصاریتررفیڈنمرکواایاوردصرایضءاقحلاصبحیکرطح‪11‬دصیفووٹےلرکاپاتسکنےکاپچناسلےکےیلدصر‬
‫بختنمئوےئگ۔رھپدصراصبحےن‪7227‬ےکاعمااختنابترکواےئ۔انااختنابتےکےجیتنںیماسقبدصرافروقاغلرییکاپریٹتلماوراپاتسکنملسمگیلاقدئامظعاورانجبومالانلضفارلنٰمحےنلم‬
‫رکوگرٹنمنانبیئ۔رپوزیرشمفاصبحیکوپسرٹےسےننبوایلموک تدصراصبحیکوافدارریہاور‪7222‬ںیم‪12‬وںیرتمیمےکذرےعی ‪ 71‬وٹیباکاجاتخردوابرہدصراصبحوکلمایگ۔دصر‬
‫اصبحےنےلہپانجبریمرفظاہلل نایلرھپوچ نریعاجتعنیسحاوررھپاریمہکیےسانجبوشتکرتنیاصبحوکالبرکوزریامظعانبای۔وع یااجتحجاوررپ رشےکاسھتاسھتاسوتقےکفیچسٹسج‬
‫ااختفروچ نرییکربرطیف(‪2‬ونربم‪ )72272‬یکوہجےسوالکءومیظنتناکااجتحجاوررھپاربکنگییلتق(‪71‬اتسگ‪ )7221‬اوراللدجسمآرپنشی( ‪1‬ات‪17‬وجالیئ‪ )7222‬اوررتحمہمےبریظنیکاہشدت(‪72‬‬
‫دربمس‪ )7222‬رشمفاصبحےکزوالاکبسےنب۔رپوزیرشمفاصبحےن ‪ 2‬ونربم‪7222‬ںیماکیرم ہبرھپآنیئلطعمرکےککلمںیمارمییسنجاکالعنرکدای۔رگمابتہبدریئوھت ‬
‫ول ۔اسےسےلہپآپےناوتکرب‪ 7222‬ںیماانپآر یفیچاکدہرنجلاافشقرپوزیایکیناوراانپوجاٹنئفیچاکدہرنجلاطرقدیجمےکرپسدرکدایاھت۔اورویںوردییکاطتقےسرحمومئوےکچےھت۔‬
‫اسےیل‪12‬اتسگ ‪7221‬ںیماعمااختنابترکواےنڑپے۔اسےکےیلدمحمایمںوسرمواصبحوکرگنانوزریامظعرقمرایکایگاھت۔‪12‬اتسگےکانشکیلےکدعبانجبویفسراضالیگینوزریامظعےنب‬
‫اور‪11‬اتسگ‪7221‬وکرپوزیرشمفےناٰیفعتسدےدای۔آپےناےنپآریاایمدیئبںیمزگارےاور‪21‬اسلیکرںیمآپےن‪7‬رفوری‪7272‬ںیمدیئبںیمااقتنلایک۔آپےن‪ 7221‬ںیماکی‬
‫”‪ “In the line of fire‬اکونعان اتکبیھبیھکل۔‬
‫رشمفاصبحےکدورےکامنایںاکرانےمدنمرہجذلیںیہ۔‬
‫ٹ‬
‫‪1‬۔بین(لنشینااکو گیگلییویبرو)‪ :‬آپےن‪1111‬ںیمایسدتساوننیکرکنشپےکااستحبےکےیلبیناکادارہانبای۔‬
‫‪7‬۔سگکنووریٹاڈنیاجنیچسکینشیمکآفاپاتسکن‪1111 :‬ںیمیہاٹسکاجنیچسکیعکروگیٹیلرکےنےکےیل ہیادارہانبای۔‬
‫‪2‬۔اندرہ‪7222 :‬ںیماندرہانبای۔‬
‫نی‬
‫‪1‬۔وللکوگرٹنمنآرڈ گیس‪7221‬۔‬
‫‪2‬۔‪1/11‬اکواہعق‪11 :‬ربمتس‪7221‬ںیمارمہکیےکورڈلرٹڈیرٹنسںیم‪7‬اہجزرکٹاےئاوراسےلمحںیمنیتزہارارمیکیامرےےئگ۔رشمفاصبحےنوطبراننوٹیناالسنیئارمہکیوکاجنئایک۔‬
‫‪7‬۔وپسیلآرڈر‪7227‬۔‬
‫‪1‬۔ٹیمرا‪ :‬۔‪ 7227‬ںیمڈیمایوکرٹنکولرکےنےکےیلٹیمراوکانبایایگ۔‬
‫‪2‬۔اثیمقوہمجرتی‪ :‬یئم‪ 7221‬ںیمایمںونازرشفیاوررتحمہمےبریظنوٹھبےندنلنںیمالماقتیکاوررشمفےکالخفاثیمقوہمجرتیرکایل۔‬
‫‪Amylodosis .8‬ان یامیبریےسآپاکااقتنلئوا۔‬
‫آفصیلعزرداری‪:‬‬
‫لی‬
‫‪72‬دربمس‪ 7222‬ےکدنایلتقابغراوڈنپلیےکہسلجےساطخبرکےنےکدعبرتحمہمےبریظنوٹھبوکدیہشرکدایایگاورےریظناکاٹیبالبولوٹھبزرداریاپاتسکنزلپیپاپریٹاپر مگیگز نیاکاینچنیماور‬
‫آفصیلعزرداریاصبحرشکیچنیمنبےئگ۔‪7221‬ےکااختنابتںیماکایمیبےکدعبویفسراضالیگینوزریامظعےنب‪،‬اپاتسکنیکاترخییک یلہناوتنرکیپسوق یایلبمسڈارٹکدیمہفہرمزاںینب۔اور‬
‫آفصیلعزرداریاصبحدصراپاتسکننےئگ۔رپوزیرشمفےکزعمولرکدہفیچسٹسجااختفروچ نریوکایمںونازرشفیےکااجتحجےکےجیتنںیماحبلرکدایایگ۔رھپایسااختفروچ نریےنویفس‬
‫راضالیگینوکوتنیہدعاتلےکسیکںیمربرطفرکےکانالہرکدای۔ویںویفسراضالیگینیکہگجاسوتقےکوزریاپینویلجبراہجرپوزیارشفکلمےکےئنوزریامظعنبےئگ۔‪7222‬یکایلبمسےناینپ‬
‫س‬
‫‪7‬اسہلآینیئدمتوپریکی۔اورویںہیاپاتسکنیک یلہآینیئدمتوپریرکےنوایلا ملیرہھٹی۔ریمزہارنانوھکوسوکرگنانوزریامظعرقمررکدایایگ۔اور‪11‬یئم‪7212‬وکےئنانشکیلرکواےناکاالعنرک‬
‫دایایگ۔‬
‫ایمںدمحمونازرشفی‪:‬‬
‫‪ 7212‬ےکاعمااختنابتےکےجیتنںیماپاتسکنملسمونازوکواحضربرتیاحلصئویئاورایمںونازرشفیرسیتیدہعفوزریامظعنبےئگ۔اورانجبرکایچےکاکیاترج ںونںنیسحاصبحوکدصراپاتسکن‬
‫انزمدرکدایایگ۔ںیمونازرشفیوکاسدہعفدصراپاتسکنایآر یفیچےسابلکلیھبوکیئرپاشیینہنئویئ‪،‬ویکہکنوہاینپ یلہدوموک ںوتمںںیمانےساگنپےنیلیکزساتگھبےکچےھتاسےیلاوہننےناس‬
‫وتقےکآر یفیچرجلرالیحرشفیےسایھچاپررنٹپشر ۔ی۔رگماسدہعففیچسٹسجآفاپاتسکنسٹسجاث براثراضبحےکڑڈیاررپآےئگاوراپانہمسیکںیم‪71‬وجالیئ‪7212‬وکدعاتل‬
‫س‬
‫ٰیمظعیکرطفےسانالہرقاراپےئ۔اوراسوتقےکوزریرٹپو میانجباش ننااقنسابیساصبحکلمےکےئنوزریامظعنبےئگ۔وینہیا ملییھباینپآینیئدمتوپریرکےکوٹٹیئگاور‪77‬یئم‬
‫‪7211‬وکےئنانشکیلرکواےناکاالعنرکدایایگ۔سٹسجراٹیرئڈانرصاکلملکلمےکرگنانوزریامظعنبےئگ۔‬
‫راننان‪:‬‬
‫سگی‬
‫یئم‪7211‬ےکانشکیلےکےجیتنںیمیسکیھباپریٹوکاھبریارثکتیانلمیکس۔رگماسوتقےکآر یفیچرنجلرمقاجودیابوجہاورا گلشمنٹیکدمدےساپاتسکنرحتکیافاصف‪،‬اپاتسکنملسمگیلق‪،‬امی‬
‫ویکامی‪،‬ولباتسچنوعا یاپریٹ‪،‬یجڈیاےاورخیشردیشیکوعا یملسمگیلوکالمرکاکیزمکوریسموک ترعمضووجدںیمآیئگاوراپاتسکنرحتکیافاصفےکچنیمراننانوکوزریامظعاورہکبجرکایچ‬
‫ےکاکیداوتنںےکڈارٹکانجباعرفولعیاصبحوکدصراپاتسکنانبدایایگ۔رانناناصبحاکیانرجتہباکراورزمکوروزریامظعےھتوجہکرنجلرمقاجودیابوجہےکاہوھتںاکیف کیل لیئوےترےہ۔‬
‫بجرانناناصبحوکموک تیکوھتڑیتہبھجمسوبآ آےنیگلوترنجلابوجہاصبحےساالتخافتئوےنرشوعئوےئگاورویں‪1‬ارپلی‪7277‬وکدعماامتعدیکرحتکیںیمامتمااحتدیاسھتوھچڑےئگ‬
‫اورادتقاراکییئنااحتدیموک ت(یپڈیامی) ےکاپسئالایگ۔اورملسمگیلنےکدصرابہشزرشفیاصبحکلمےکوزریامظعنبےئگ۔‬
‫اوناراقحلاکڑک‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬اتسگ‪7272‬وکوزریاؑ مابہشزرشفیےندصراپاتسکناعرفولعیوکاایلبمسںوتڑےنیکرمسیگ یجیسجرپدصرےندطختسرکدےی۔اوروزریامظعابہشزرشفیاوراوپزنشیڈیلرراہجرایضےنابیمہ‬
‫اشمورتےسولباتسچنوعا یاپریٹےکرٹینیساوناراقحلاکڑکوکرگنانوزریامظعانزمدرکدای۔اکڑکاصبحیکاکہنیبدنمرہجذلیےہ۔‬
‫اکڑکاکہنیب‬
‫‪1. Senator Sarfaraz Ahmed Bugti — Interior/ Overseas Pakistanis/ NARCO‬‬
‫‪2. Jalil Abbas Jilani — Foreign Affairs‬‬
‫‪3. Shamshad Akhtar — Finance and Revenue / Economic Affairs /Statistics/‬‬
‫‪Privatization‬‬
‫‪4. Lt General (retd) Anwar Ali Hyder — Defence/ Defence Production/ Aviation‬‬
‫‪5. Murtaza Solangi — Information and Broadcasting‬‬
‫‪6. Sami Saeed — Planning Development‬‬
‫‪7. Shahid Ashraf Tarar — Communication (Railways/ Postal Services/ Ports/‬‬
‫)‪Maritime Affairs‬‬
‫‪8. Ahmad Irfan Aslam — Law and Justice / National Resources / Climate Change‬‬
‫‪and Water‬‬
‫‪9. Muhammad Ali — Energy and Power / Petroleum‬‬
‫‪10. Gohar Ejaz — Commerce/ Textile / Industries / Production‬‬
‫‪11. Umar Saif — Information Technology and Telecommunication /Science and‬‬
‫‪Technology‬‬
‫‪12. Nadeem Jan — National Health Services, Regulation and Control‬‬
‫‪13. Khalil George — National Health Services, Regulation and Control‬‬
‫‪14. Aneeq Ahmad — Religious Affairs/ Hajj/ Interfaith Harmony‬‬
‫‪15. Jamal Shah — National Heritage and Culture‬‬
‫‪16. Madad Ali Sindhi — Federal Education / National Harmony / Youth Affairs‬‬
‫پاکستان کے معاہدے‬
‫دنسھاطساعم نہ‪:‬‬
‫‪11‬ربمتس‪1112‬ءوکاپاتسکناوراھبرتدوونںاممکلےندرایؤںےکوحاےلےساےنپرتشمہکدافداتوکمیلسترکےتئوےئاکیلقتسماڈنسنشیمکاق مایک۔وجاھبرتاوراپاتسکنےکرنشمکوںرپ‬
‫لمتشم اھت۔اہڈیئرووللکیجاورومایمسیترمازکاکاکیرموبطاظنماق مایکایگ۔سجیکولعمامتکتراسیئدوونںاممکلوکاحلصول ۔دنجنپےکنیترشمیقدری(راوی‪،‬جلتس‪،‬ایبس)ااکیرقمہدمت‬
‫ےکدعبسجےکدوراناپینیکاکیہطدشہدقماراپاتسکنوکایہمیکاجینول ۔لمکوطررپاھبرتےکرپسدرکدےیےئگ۔درایےئدنسھاوردنجنپےکدودرایملہجاورانچبرپاپاتسکنیکاحتیمکمیلست‬
‫ےیکےئگاوراھبرتےنودعہایکہکوہاپاتسکنںیمانےکاہب َوںیمیھبکیھبوکیئدماتلخںیہنرکےاگ۔‬
‫اعم نہاتدنقش‪:‬‬
‫دوعیاھتہکالئوراورایسوکلٹرٹکیسوںرپاھبریتےلمح اپسرکےکاپاتسکنےنگنجیتیج‬
‫ھچےس‪72‬ربمتس‪1117‬ءکتاپاتسکناوراھبرتےکدرایمناالعہینگنجئویئوجریغہلصیفنکریہ۔اپاتسکناک ٰ‬
‫دوعیاھتہکوجالیئ‪1117‬ءےکآریےتفہےسریمشکںیماناکممہموجیئرپاپاتسکنوکتسکشئویئےہاوراھبرت‪،‬ریمشکاکدافعرکےنںیماکایمبراہےہ۔اپکاھبرت‬
‫ےہ۔دورسیرطفاھبرتاک ٰ‬
‫گنج‪1117‬ء‪،‬ےکدعب‪12‬ونجری‪ 1111‬وکاھبرتاوراپاتسکنےکدرایمناکیانماعم نہئواسجوکاعم نہاتدنقشاہکاجاتےہ۔۔گنجہ دی‪72‬ربمتساسوتقیکمیظعاطوتقںیکدماتلخیکوہج‬
‫نل سی‬
‫ےسئویئگول ویکہکندخہشاھتہکدورسیاطںیتقیھباسگنجںیماشلمئویتکسںیہ۔ہیاعم نہوموجدہازاتسکبنےکرہشاتدنقشںیمئوا۔وستیوینینےکوزریامظعا کشیوک جنےناڈننی‬
‫وزریامظعاللاہبدراشرتسیاوراپاتسکیندصراویبنانےکدرایمناثیثلاکرکداراداایک۔اسوتقذوااقفلریلعوٹھباپاتسکنےکوزرینارہجےھت۔ہیاعم نہوٹھباویباالتخافتیکوہجیھبانب۔اڈننی‬
‫وزریاؑ ماساعم نےےکاےلگروزیہوافتاپےئگ۔‬
‫ہلمشاعم نہ‪:‬‬
‫زوااقفلریلعوٹھبےکمیظعاکرانومںںیمےساکیتہبڑبااکرانہمہلمشاعم نہاھتسجںیماوہنںےناکیاترخیاسزاکایمیباحلصیکول اوردیمانگنجںیماہریئویئابزیذمارکاتیکزیمرپتیج‬

‫یلول ۔اڈنایاوراپاتسکنےنہنس‪1121‬یکگنجےکدعب‪،‬سجےکےجیتنںیمرشمیقاپاتسکناکیآزادکلمہلگنبدشییکوصرتںیمووجدںیمآایاھت‪،‬دوونںاممکل’رپانمذرا عےساےنپاالتخافتوک‬
‫ابیمہابتتیچےکذرےعیاییسکاوررپانمذرا عےسابیمہاافتقراےئےس ررکےنےکزام‘ رپقفتمئوےئےھت۔‬
‫اپاتسکنیکایسیس ح‬
‫وصرتالہیول ہکاپاتسکنںیموکیئآنیئںیہناھت۔ہنس‪1122‬ےکاعمااختنابتےکےجیتنںیمبختنمئوےنوایلوق یایلبمسےکلبقتسمےکابرےںیموکیئیمتحابتںیہنیہکاجیتکس‬
‫ول ۔ااختنابتںیمتسکشاھکےنوایل نا ںیتانااختنابتوکاکدعلمرقاردےنیاکاطمہبلرکریہںیھت۔‬
‫ادرھاڈننیوزریحامظعاادرااگادیھاکیافحتکلمیکڈیلرےکوطررپاےنپوعامںیمزایدہوبقملڈیلرنبھت ںیھت۔اُسوتقےکزحباخمفلےکاکیرامنہالٹاہبریواک ییئےناادرااگادیھوک‬
‫دنہودویی’ ُدراگ‘ اکاطخبدایاوراڈننیاابخراتںیماںیھن’دنہواتسنیکاہمراین‘ اھکلاجراہاھت‬
‫اےسیںیماڈنایےکاسےنم’اپاتسکنوکزمدیقبساھکسےن‘ ےکوصنمےبیکابتیکاجریہول اوریئکاابخراتںیماہکاجراہاھتہکاکی’تسکشوخردہاپاتسکن‘ وکوبجمرایکاجےئہکوہریمشکتیمسابیق‬
‫انتزاعتوکاڈناییکرشاطئےکاطمقبلقتسم دایدوںرپےطرکے۔‬
‫رشمیقاپاتسکنںیمایھتہرڈاےنلےکدعباپاتسکنیکوفجںیمےبینیچڑبھھت ول اوردیقوفویجںیکراہیئاکوکیئراہتسرظنںیہنآراہاھتویکہکنوکیئآنیئںیہناھتذٰہلاامرلشالروگیلیسز اجریرکےک‬

‫ادتقاراکیوسنیلیوکلقتنمایکایگ۔اسرطحاکیوسنیلیفیچامرلشاڈیرٹسنمرٹیاکرقترئوا۔‬
‫اادرااگادیھحتفےکےشنںیموچراپاتسکنےسذمارکاتےکےیلایترہنںیھت۔اپاتسکنےکوسنیلیفیچامرلشاڈیرٹسنمرٹیدصرذوااقفلریلعوٹھبےنروساکدورہایکاوراہکایگہکاپاتسکناےنپ’دریہنی‘‬
‫دوتسروسےکذرےعیاڈنایرپذمارکاتےکآاغزےکےیلدابؤڈولااناچاتہاھت۔اکیفافسریتوکوششںےکدعباادرااگادیھاپاتسکنےسذمارکاتےکےیلراوہئویئںیھت۔اعم نےےک رات‬
‫دنمرہجذلیںیہ‪:‬‬
‫اھبرتاوراپاتسکنیکموکںیتمدرکیتںیہہکدوونںاممکلانانتزاعتاوراالتخافتوکمتخرکںیےگوجابکتابیمہاقلعتتوکاصقنناچنہپےترےہںیہ۔دوونںاممکلدواتسہنرمامس‪،‬ابیمہاامتعد‬
‫ےکرفوغاوراپدیئارانمےکدایمےکےیلاکمرکںیےگ۔زیندوونںاممکلاےنپواسلئاوروتاانایئںاےنپوعامیکرتہبالفحووبہبدےکےیلوفقرکںیےگ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬اوقامدحتمہےکرامنہاوصولںاورماقدصےکتحتدوونںاممکلےکدرایمناقلعتتاوتسارئوںےگ۔‬
‫‪ .7‬دوونںاممکلاےنپابیمہاالتخافتوکرپانمرطےقیےسدورطہفذمارکاتےکذرےعی ررکےنےکےیلرپزامںیہاییسکدورسےرپانمرطےقیےسسجرپانےکدرایمنابیمہاافتقئو۔‬
‫دوونںاممکلےکدرایمنیسکیھبےلئسمےکیمتحےیفصتکتوکیئیھبرفقیکی رطہفوطررپوصرتاحلوکیدبلیںیہنرکےاگاوردوونںاممکل‪،‬انماورمہآیگنہوکربرقاررےنھکےکےیلاصقنندہ‬
‫اکررواویئںںیمولمثومیظنتںیکدمدایوحہلصازفایئوکروںیکےگ۔‬
‫‪ .2‬دافتمہ‪،‬ایھچاسمہیگیئاوراپدیئارانمےکےیلدوونںاممکلاکیدورسےیکالعاقیئاستیملاوروخداتخمریےکارتحاماوراکیدورسےےکاادرویناعمالمتںیمدعمدماتلخےکرپانمئاقےئ‬
‫ابیمہاکدرکےتںیہ۔زین دایدیاسملئاورانتزاعتےکاابسبوہنجںےنزگہتش‪77‬ربوسںےسدوونںاممکلےکدرایمناقلعتتوکاگبڑدیپاایکےہ‪،‬انوکرپانمرطےقیےس رایکاجےئاگ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬دوونںاممکل‪،‬ہشیمہاکیدورسےیکوق ییتہجکی‪،‬العاقیئاستیمل‪،‬ایسیسآزادیاوروخداتخمریاکارتحامرکںیےگ۔‬
‫‪ .7‬اوقامدحتمہےکاچررٹےکاطمقب‪،‬اکیدورسےیکالعاقیئاستیملایآزادیےکالخفدویکمھںاوراطتقےکاامعتسلےسرپزیہرکںیےگ۔‬
‫‪ .1‬دوونںموکںیتماکیدورسےےکالخفاخمافلہنرپوڈنگیپےوکروےنکےکےیلرہنکممادقاامترکںییگ۔دوونںاممکلاےن ولعمامتیکرتلیسیکوحہلصازفایئرکںیےگسجےسانےکدرایمن‬
‫دواتسہناقلعتتوکرفوغےلماگ۔‬
‫‪Past Papers Questions‬‬

‫?‪1. Who served as the last Gove rnor-General of Pakistan before it became a Republic‬‬
‫‪a) Malik Ghulam Muhammad‬‬
‫‪b) Sikandar Mirza‬‬
‫‪c) Molvi Tameez‬‬
‫‪d) Liaquat Ali Khan‬‬
‫?‪2. Which leader held the position of President of Pakistan immediately after Sikandar Mirza‬‬
‫‪a) Ayub Khan‬‬
‫‪b) Iskander Mirza‬‬
‫‪c) Yahya Khan‬‬
‫‪d) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto‬‬
‫?‪3. During which decade did Malik Ghulam Muhammad serve as the head of the state‬‬
‫‪a) 1930s‬‬
‫‪b) 1940s‬‬
‫‪c) 1950s‬‬
‫‪d) 1960s‬‬
‫?‪4. What significant event marked the end of Sikandar Mirza's presidency‬‬
‫‪a) A military coup led by Ayub Khan‬‬
‫‪b) A peaceful transition of power to the elected government‬‬
‫‪c) His resignation due to health issues‬‬
‫‪d) An assassination attempt‬‬
5. Who succeeded Malik Ghulam Muhammad as the President of Pakistan?

a) Iskander Mirza
b) Ayub Khan
c) Yahya Khan
d) Molvi Tameez
6. What was Molvi Tameez's role in Pakistan's political history?
a) Prime Minister
b) Chief Justice
c) Chief Minister of a province
d) President
7. During which period did Pakistan transition from a Dominion to a Republic?
a) Malik Ghulam Muhammad's presidency
b) Sikandar Mirza's presidency
c) Ayub Khan's regime
d) Molvi Tameez's tenure
8. Who played a crucial role in the dismissal of Malik Ghulam Muhammad's government?
a) Sikandar Mirza
b) Molvi Tameez
c) Ayub Khan
d) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
9. Sikandar Mirza was associated with which political party?
a) Pakistan Muslim League (PML)
b) All-India Muslim League (AIML)
c) Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
d) Awami League
10. What was the primary reason for Sikandar Mirza's decision to dissolve the Constituent
Assembly in 1958?
a) Concerns about corruption within the government
b) A dispute with the Prime Minister
c) An attempt to consolidate power
d) Pressure from foreign powers
1. When did the Indo-Pak War of 1948 officially begin?
a) August 15, 1947
b) October 22, 1947
c) January 1, 1948
d) November 26, 1948
2. What was the main cause of the Indo-Pak War of 1948?
a) Border disputes in Kashmir
b) Water sharing conflicts
c) Religious tensions
d) Economic disagreements
3. Which country supported Pakistan during the 1948 war?
a) China
b) United States
c) United Kingdom
d) None
4. Who was the first Prime Minister of India during the 1948 war?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Sardar Patel
c) Lal Bahadur Shastri
d) Indira Gandhi
5. What was the role of the United Nations in the Indo-Pak War of 1948?
a) It intervened with military forces to stop the war.
b) It passed a resolution for a ceasefire and a plebiscite in Kashmir.
c) It supported Pakistan's territorial claims.
d) It remained neutral and did not get involved.
6. Which city in Kashmir became the focal point of the conflict during the 1948 war?
a) Islamabad
b) Muzaffarabad
c) Srinagar
d) Jammu
7. Who was the leader of the Pakistani forces during the 1948 war?
a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b) Ayub Khan
c) Iskander Mirza
d) Major General Akbar Khan
8. What was the outcome of the Indo-Pak War of 1948?
a) Pakistan gained control of all of Kashmir.
b) India retained control of most of Kashmir.
c) The conflict ended in a stalemate.
d) Both countries agreed to a partition of Kashmir.
9. Which international organization played a crucial role in brokering a ceasefire in 1948?
a) United Nations
b) NATO
c) European Union
d) ASEAN
10. What is the line of control established as a result of the 1948 war?
a) Radcliffe Line
b) Durand Line
c) McMahon Line
d) Ceasefire Line (now Line of Control)
11. When was the Objective Resolution of Pakistan adopted?
a) 1940
b) 1947
c) 1956
d) 1973
12. Who presented the Objective Resolution in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan?
a) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b) Allama Iqbal
c) Liaquat Ali Khan
d) Iskander Mirza
13. What is the primary purpose of the Objective Resolution?
a) To declare Pakistan an Islamic state
b) To establish a parliamentary system
c) To promote economic development
d) To foster cultural diversity
14. According to the Objective Resolution, what is the source of authority for the Constitution of
Pakistan?
a) Islamic law (Sharia)
b) British common law
c) Roman law
d) International treaties
15. Which political leader played a significant role in the passage of the Objective Resolution?
a) Allama Iqbal
b) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
c) Benazir Bhutto
d) Liaquat Ali Khan
16. What year was the Objective Resolution incorporated into the preamble of the Constitution
of Pakistan?
a) 1956
b) 1962
c) 1973
d) 1985
17. Which Islamic scholar's ideas greatly influenced the language and principles of the
Objective Resolution?
a) Ibn Khaldun
b) Ibn Taymiyyah
c) Abul Ala Maududi
d) Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
18. What fundamental principles were enunciated in the Objective Resolution?
a) Democracy and secularism
b) Socialism and equality
c) Islam and democracy
d) Federalism and nationalism
19. Which Pakistani leader is often credited with championing the cause of the Objective
Resolution?
a) Benazir Bhutto
b) Ayub Khan
c) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
d) Liaquat Ali Khan
20. What was the long-term impact of the Objective Resolution on Pakistan's political and
constitutional development?
a) It reinforced Pakistan's commitment to secularism.
b) It led to the promulgation of an Islamic constitution.
c) It had no significant impact on Pakistan's political landscape.
d) It promoted religious pluralism.
21. What significant event occurred during Liaquat Ali Khan's tenure as Prime Minister?
a) The adoption of the Objective Resolution
b) The signing of the Simla Agreement
c) The first military coup in Pakistan
d) The formation of the first Constitution of Pakistan
22. Who succeeded Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister of Pakistan after his assassination in
1951?
a) Iskander Mirza
b) Khwaja Nazimuddin
c) Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
d) Ayub Khan
23. In what year did Liaquat Ali Khan get assassinated?
a) 1947
b) 1948
c) 1950
d) 1951
24. Where did the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan take place?
‫‪a) Karachi‬‬
‫‪b) Lahore‬‬
‫‪c) Rawalpindi‬‬
‫‪d) Islamabad‬‬
‫?‪25. Who was held responsible for the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan‬‬
‫‪a) A lone gunman‬‬
‫‪b) A foreign intelligence agency‬‬
‫‪c) A political rival‬‬
‫‪d) A religious extremist‬‬

Pak Study (Complete)

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pak Study (Complete)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pak Study (Complete)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

!

One Paper Pak Study

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

 becoming the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in

2. Father of the Nation:

4. Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE)

5. Member of the Imperial Legislative Council:

7. President of the Indian National Congress:

8. Nishan-e-Pakistan (Order of Pakistan):

Career When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his

Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement

knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against

Dr. Allama Muhammad IQBAL

Period of life: 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938

2. Iqbal's concept of "Khudi" emphasizes:

4. Iqbal's vision for Muslims emphasized:

5. Allama Iqbal's role in inspiring the idea of Pakistan was to:

6. Iqbal's concept of "Shaheen" symbolizes:

7. Allama Iqbal's contributions extend to the fields of:

8. Iqbal's famous couplet "Mazhab Nahin Sikhata" emphasizes:

9. Allama Iqbal's legacy is celebrated as:

12. Jinnah's profession before entering politics was:

13. The term "Quaid-e-Azam" means:

15. The Lahore Resolution of 1940 called for:

16. Quaid-e-Azam's famous motto "Unity, Faith, Discipline" emphasizes:

18. The first Governor-General of Pakistan was:

19. Quaid-e-Azam's vision for Pakistan included:

20. The death of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah occurred in:

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

6. Madrasatul Uloom (later Aligarh Muslim University)

Past Papers Questions

1. When was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan born?

b) The 1857 Uprising: A Historical Analysis

‫۔*قلغتناادان‪11 ( 1111-1272 :‬اسل)‬

‫‪ .2‬دوراہین‪ :‬لدسناادانےن‪1111‬ےس‪1171‬کتدیلہتنطلسرپموک تیک۔‬

‫‪ .1‬احبیلیکوکںیشش‪ :‬لدسرمکحاونںےنقلغتناادانےکزوالےکدورےکدعبااکحتسماحبلرکےناوراینپرمکحاینوکمکحتسمرکےنیکوک شیک۔‬

‫‪ .2‬ومیتراکہلمح‪1211 :‬ںیمومیتر(ٹیمرنیل) ےکےلمحےندیلہتنطلسوکدشدیوطررپزمکورایکاوراسایسیسمیسقتںیمامہرکداراداایکسجیکوہجےسلدسنااداناکدایملمعںیمآای۔‬

‫‪ .12‬نااداناکناناپ‪ :‬لدسنااداناکناناپ‪ 1171‬ںیماےنپآریرمکحاناعملاشہیکومتےکاسھتئوا۔ولدیناادانےکدعباسنااداناکتختنیشنئوا۔‬

‫)‪Early history(English medium‬‬

 Mahmood Gaznawi invaded So manat temple 17Oct 1026.

Past Papers Questions

3. Who was the first ruler of the Khalji Dynasty?

5. The Sayyid Dynasty succeeded which dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

6. Who founded the Tughlaq Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

Answer: d) Delhi Sultanate

8. Which dynasty succeeded the Sayyid Dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate?

9. Bahlul Khan Lodi was the founder of which dynasty?

Suri Dynasty 1540-1556

Islam Shah Suri (reigned 1545-1553):

Grand Trunk Road:

Tomb of Sher Shah Suri:

Akbar Empire (1556 to 1605):

 Accession of Akbar (1556):

 Aurangzeb implemented strict revenue collection and taxation policies, aiming to

Past Papers Questions

1. Who founded the Mughal Empire?

2. The Taj Mahal was built in memory of:

3. The Mughal ruler associated with the Din-i Ilahi was: