ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS

JUNE 2014
Electric system
 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS

• The SE are components of the SEP where the power parameters (V and I) are modified, they serve as an
interconnection point to facilitate the transmission and distribution of electrical energy.
• The main element of an electrical substation is the transformer, which works with the induction principle, through a
series of windings, which allow the output voltage to be controlled.
 GUYS
OF
ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS
 ITEMS
OF
ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS
THE TRANSFORMER
POWER
 WHAT IS A POWER TRAFFIC?
It is an electrical machine of the “static” type, with two or more
windings that transfer electrical power through electromagnetic
induction, converting the current and voltage values of an alternating
current system to different values, preserving the frequency.
WHY ARE THEY USED?
power transformer
- Heat exchangers
2, Isolators (bushirE) ele alLa Lurisiúr J Pnessing sectors of k habinadus 4. Ge output high
temp. Commission
dul LuLinado bushing Al

B Cooling fans
6 Measuring toroids
? Pressure ring
 INTERNAL PROTECTION DEVICES

' Function.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY { 63 (nomenclature according to ANSI C37.2)
OVERPRESSURE VALVE: ' Function.
V 63 (nomenclature according to ANSI C37.2)
THERMOMETERS: • Function.
V 26 / 49 (nomenclature according to ANSI
C37.2)
OIL LEVEL: V
Function
V 71 (nomenclature according to ANSI C37.2)

Figure 2.—Oil Level Indicator.

THE SWITCH
POWER
WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?
<<Closed contacts>> <<Contacts separating…>> <<Open Contacts>>

Internal view of arc extinction chamber .

Classification according to the arc extinguishing
medium :
Dielectric oil level monitoring

In the case of sight glass level

indicators, the indication must be ¾ of
the length of the sight glass.

For switches with colored band

indicators, the level is normal when the
needle is in the green band.
SF6 gas pressure monitoring

Each type of switch has on its data plate

the pressure value of the SF6 gas for a
temperature of 20 °C, but because the
ambient temperature is higher, the
pressure value will also be higher.
OPERATING MECHANISM

It is what provides the energy

necessary to separate the
contacts (fixed and mobile) in
the arc extinction chamber.
 This includes accessories called energy accumulators, to store the
energy required for the operation of the switch.

TYPES OF OPERATION MECHANISMS:

• Spring mechanism : The contacts are moved by energy stored in a

spring that is stretched or compressed.

• Hydraulic mechanism : It moves the contacts through pressure oil,

compressed by a motor pump.

• Pneumatic mechanism : require compressors and pressurized air

storage elements.
 Switch Operation Modes

• REMOTE Operation: It is carried out through the UT through coordination

with the COT. The LOCAL/REMOTE or 43 L/R control knob in control room
and on the switch must be in the REMOTE position.

switch
 Switch Operation Modes

• CONTROL ROOM Operation: It is carried out from the control panels inside
the room. The LOCAL/REMOTE or 43 L/R knob must be in the LOCAL
position inside the control room and in the REMOTE position on the switch.
Additionally, the 25 S synchronization knob can be set to manual or normal in
the control room.
Control room switch
 Switch Operation Modes

• LOCAL Operation: It is carried out from the switch cabinet. The

LOCAL/REMOTE knob (43 L/R) in the control room can be in any position, but
the switch must be set to LOCAL or MAINTENANCE . To operate the switch,
use the OPEN/CLOSE buttons or operating knob.

Switch Operation Modes

• Manual emergency release: Performed from the switch cabinet, the positions
of the LOCAL/REMOTE knobs do not matter. The drive button is usually located
outside on the side of the control cabinet. It must be verified that the SF6 gas
pressure or dielectric oil level is normal.
 BANKS OF
CAPACITORS
 CAPACITOR BANKS

WHAT IS A CAPACITOR BANK AND WHAT IS IT

USED FOR?

_____--E ami 5 i " 4" It is an arrangement

of capacitive units whose main function is to
improve the power factor of the system, which is
affected by the type of connected load.
DEFINITION:
• Reactors : their main function is to limit inrush currents, harmonic filters.

• Lightning rod: its main function is to drain system surges to ground.

CAPACITORS

TYPES OF CAPACITIVE UNITS

 TRANSFORMERS
OF INSTRUMENT
WHAT ARE THEY, WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?
Its function is intended to power measuring instruments.
If I want to know the intensity of the R phase, we cannot put an
ammeter, it would not resist, so we reduce the voltage and the
current intensity with the instrument transformers.
Instrument transformers transform high voltage current and
voltages to values appropriate for measuring instruments and
protective equipment, which typically operate at 5 amps and 120
volts.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
The primary winding is connected in series with a circuit that carries the
current to be measured or controlled.

ITEM
Line
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
The secondary winding delivers a current proportional to the line current for
the operation of meters, instruments and relays.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
The primary winding is connected
Line in parallel with a circuit to sense the
voltage to be measured or
controlled.
The secondary winding delivers a
voltage proportional to the line
voltage for the operation of meters,
instruments, and relays.

VOATA.E OF THE SSSTEMA

P2 52
 CAPACITIVE COUPLING TRANSFORMERS

V,.
Line

1955 2005
CAPACITIVE COUPLING TRANSFORMERS
voltage, but obtains a proportional part of it through a voltage
divider composed of a group of capacitors connected in series.
BATTERY BANKS
• WHAT ARE THEY, WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?
The battery banks fulfill the purpose of supporting and maintaining
the supply of voltage and direct current (DC) throughout the control
and protection system of the substations, as well as supporting the
operation of the communication systems.

WHAT IS A BATTERY?
BATTERY: electrochemical device which stores energy in
chemical form, and energy can be obtained from it in electrical
form.
BATTERY BANK: set of batteries interconnected with each other
in series or parallel arrangements, and there may also be a
combination of both.
WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP A BATTERY?
A battery is formed by the series association of several elements or
cells, each of which consists of 2 electrodes of different material
(active matter) immersed in an electrolytic solution.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM (normal AC)
CONNECTION DIAGRAM (AC failed)
SUBESIATIONS
OF
DISTRIBUTION
 TYPE OF SUBSTATION BY ITS
CONSTRUCTION

•Indoor type substation.

•Shielded type substation.
•Outdoor auction
 TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

Power Substations
Substations Encapsulated
Substations Compact
Substations Surface Air
Substations
 Types of Substations by voltage
level, power and service
• Lifting substations
• Step-down substations
• Link substations
• Ring substations
• Radial Substations
• Switching Substations
MAIN PARTS OF A SUBSTATION

Medium Power and Medium Voltage

 MAIN PARTS OF A
SUBSTATION
1. Connector blades.
2. Switch.
3. TC.
4. TP.
5. Connector blades for measurement system.
6. Power transformer connector blades
7. Power transformers.
8. Connecting bars.
9. Support insulators.
10. Ground connection.
11. Control and measurement board.
12. Board bars
13. Fastening the board.
 TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS
STAR-STAR CONNECTION (YY): The windings of the 3 phases are
connected to a common point called neutral, which is generally connected
to the ground system, directly or through a limiting resistor.
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION ( Ä - Ä ); Both ends of the windings are
connected to the line voltage directly, which precisely determines the
voltage applied and developed in the windings DELTA-STAR
CONNECTION (Ä - Y); In this connection on the star side it can be 4
wires, the voltages on the delta side are 1,743 times higher than on the
star, since in the first case it is voltages between phases and in the second
case voltages from phase to phase. neutral.
STAR-DELTA CONNECTION (Y- Ä ); Its characteristics of this connection
are similar to the delta-star connection only that the star in this case is
located on the primary side.
POST TYPE TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER ASSEMBLY
 PLATE DATA

Plate of a distribution transformer, 13200 v line. CEL

 PLATE DATA

Plate of a distribution transformer, 4160 v line. (Clesa).

 PARTS OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Side view Front view Top view

P arties With stitutive s Approximate Dimensions and Weights

Power A (mm) B(mm) C(mm) Weight (Kg) Oil (I)
1. Pole Hanging Support
2. High Voltage Cover Pass 5 550 500 050 04 23
3. Lifting Device 10 600 550 050 110 30
4. Skinny Features 15 600 550 070 130 32
5. Overpressure Relief Valve
25 620 500 900 160 35
6. Oil level (marked on the inside of the tank)
37.5 650 610 950 195 45
7. Low Voltage Bushings
5. Branch Switch 50 750 660 900 260 70
9. Lightning Rod Support 75 050 750 900 360 00
"10. Neutral Grounding Terminal 100 900 000 1000 410 95
11. Tank Grounding Terminal
167.5 1100 050 1100 640 195
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
with laminated core
AIR TYPE THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
DRY TRANSFORMERS
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER PARTS
Top view

Front view Side view

 DIMENSIONS WEIGHTS AND PARTS OF
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Approximate Dimensions and Constituent Parts

Weights Weigh 1 .Passes High Voltage covers
Power A(mm) B(mm) C(mm) Oil (1}
t(Kg) 2 .Lifting Device
150 1300 1150 1000 800 100
3 .Rating plate
225 1600 1050 1200 070 200 4 .Overpressure Relief Valve

300 1060 1150 1200 1000 310 5 .Oil level

400 1900 1150 1320 1300 400 6 .Passes Low Voltage covers

7 .Tap Switch
500 2050 1250 1350 1505 430
8 .Neutral Grounding Terminal
: 630 2150 1450 1400 1050 470
9 .Recirculation and Drain Valve
1300 1500 2200 703
10 .Tank Grounding Terminal
750
1000 2400 1700 1600 2000
11 90° orientable wheels

1250 2500 1700 1700 3320 920 12 .Thermometer Pocket (from

630KVA)
1600 2650 1750 2000 4300 1180
13 .Filling Device
2000 2800 1300 2200 5000 1300
INTERPERIE SUBSTATION AND
ARMORED
THANKS FOR
HIS
ATTENTION