GRAMMAR 1

Plural
We enter fully into the most fun part of Turkish, harmony, in this case vocal. It's the only secret, getting the rules
of harmony into the loop.

The plural is formed by adding LER to the end of the word. Vocal harmony is always with respect to the last
letter of the word. With weak vowels we will add -LER, while after a strong vowel we add -LAR to form the
plural.

t a
o n
d

Y Y
o o
o } +lar o } +ler
r r
e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

Examples

arab → arabalar (car)

kız → kızlar (little girl)
yol → yollar (road)
erkek → erkekler (man)
kişi → kişiler (person)
taksi → taksiler (cab)

Demonstratives
In Turkish the demonstrative pronouns (this, that and that) do not have a strict use as in other languages.
Normally this is used when the object is close to the speaker, that when it is close to the interlocutor and that
when it is far from both of them.

bu this
his that
either that

In spoken Turkish the distinction between the three cases is not strict. The use of bu in a question can easily be
answered with şu or o .

Bu elma This apple

Demonstratives do not have plural, but rather the word they complement.

Bu This apples
elmalar
What is this?

To ask what something is, use the interrogative pronoun ne .

Bu ne? Bu bir kedi What is this? This is a cat

Şu ne? O bir inek What's that? That's a cow
Or ne? O bir köpek What is that? That's a dog

Vowel harmony -e
In Turkish there are several rules of vowel and consonant harmony, which is basically the way suffixes change
when added to a root. Vowel harmony is always with respect to the last vowel of the root to which the suffix is
added.

We start with the simplest vowel harmony, the -a/-e agreement.

t a
o n
d

Y Y
o o
} +a } +e
o o
r r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

Applications

o Plurals
o Locative , Ablative and Dative .
o Negative forms of the imperative and past

Vowel harmony -i
Catalan - English
The second rule of vowel harmony is slightly more complicated than vowel harmony in -e but we are not going
to scare us either. It is used very frequently so we will learn it right away.

It consists of four combinations as we see in the following table:

 t a
o n
d
} +ı } +i
Y Y
o o
e e
it it
h h
e e
} +u } +u
r r
o
o r
r

Applications

This list is a simple reference for you to see the number of uses that vocal harmony has, not for you to consult
these pages if you are following the articles in order.

o Interrogative particles
o Accusative
o Present continuous , imperative

Interrogative particles
When looking at the demonstratives we have seen that ne is the interrogative pronoun what. Now, when a
question does not have an interrogative pronoun, it requires the presence of the particle mi. For example:

Bu ev mi? (is this house?)

With the plurals we saw the vowel harmony with the letter -e here we will see the harmony with the harmony
with the letter -i .

t a
o n
d
} my } my

Y Y
o o

e } mu e } mü
it it
h h
e e
r r

o
o r
r

Examples

Bu araba (Is this car?)

me ?

Bu kapı mı ? (Is this door?)

Bu ev mi ? (Is this house?)

Bu peynir (Is this cheese?)

mi ?

Bu lemon (Is this lemon?)

mu ?

Bu kutu mu ? (Is this box?)

Bu göz mü ? (Is it this eye?)

Bu gül mü ? (Is this rose?)

These questions are answered with the adverbs evet (yes) or hayır (no). In the case of a negative answer we
must use the particle değil .

Bu araba Evet , bu araba

me ? Hayır , bu araba
değil

Bu ev mi ? Evet , or ev
Hayır , or ev değil

Locative
As we have already seen in the plural, adding suffixes to a word alters its meaning. Turkish has several cases of
the name, now we will introduce the locative, which is used to indicate the place where something is found or an
action takes place.

The locative is created by adding -de to the end of the word. As we already know, particles with the letter -e-
comply with vowel harmony and become -a- in front of a , ı , u , o .

t } +da a } +de
o n
d

Y Y
o o
o o
r r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

Examples

mass → masada (in the table)

okul → okulda (at school)

cadd → caddede (on the street)

e

goal → gold (in the lake)

It must be taken into account that proper names have an apostrophe between the word and the particle.

Istanbul Istanbul'da (In Estambul)

→

Ankara Ankara'da (in Ankara)

→

Taksim Taksim'de (in Taksim)

→

So far nothing very new. Now a new harmony comes into play: consonant harmony. There is a set of consonants
that it is essential that we learn by heart: f , s , t , k , ç , ş , h , p . After any of these letters the -d- becomes -t-. At
school, children learn these letters with the mnemonic fıstıkçı şahap , which means something like the Falling
Star pistachio seller :)

Examples

mutfak mutfakta (in the

→ kitchen)

packag package (in the

e → package)

çocuk çocukta (in the child)

→
 kitap kitap (in the book)
→

Exist (var/yok)
Now that we have seen the locative we are able to say if there is something in a place or not.

For this we will use the adjective var (existing) and the opposite yok (non-existent).

Examples

Masada tabak var (the plate is on the table)

Tabakta yemek var (the food is on the plate)

Caddede araba var (the car is on the street)

Masada kalem yok (the pencil is not on the

table)

You remember ne and -mi , right? Let's see how you ask what's in a place.

Masada ne var? (What's on the table?)

Masada kalem var. (The pencil is on the table)

Masada kalem var mı? (The pencil is on the table?)

Evet, masada kalem var. (Yes, the pencil is on the table)
Hayır, masada kalem yok. (No, the pencil is not on the
table,
lit. the pencil is non-existent)

Accusative
The accusative case serves to indicate the direct complement of the verbal action. Before entering to see how it is used

grammatically I was interested in presenting it before seeing the verbs to close the operation of vocal harmony

and consonantal.

So far we have seen -e harmony with plurals , -i harmony of interrogative particles and

the consonant harmony with the locative when the particle to be added is modified. We only need to see two new rules

to finish with the harmonies: the appearance of the euphonious letters and the softening of the final consonants.

The accusative case is formed simply by adding the vowel -i at the end of the word. As we already know this will become

in -ı , -u or -ü , as appropriate. Let's refresh our memory:

t } - a } -
o Y n Y
 d

o o
Y Y
o o

e e
it it
h h
e e
- -
r } r }
or or
o
o r
r

Examples

ev → evi (home)

kurs → kursu (course)

duvar → duvarı (Wall)

koy → köyü (town)

A euphonious letter is one that is introduced to soften and facilitate the pronunciation of a word. We will see

that Turkish uses this type of letters very frequently, when the word to which the suffix is added ends in a vowel. In the case of th

Examples

pencere pencereyi (window)

→

poop popoyu (ass)

→

elma elmayı (apple)

→

öykü öyküyü (tale)

→

So far we're doing well, right? We only have the last observation left. We have already seen in the case of the locative that

some consonants may change under some conditions. The D became stronger in T. With the accusative if
 word ends in p, ko ç. These change in:

Q → b

Ç → c

T → d

K → Ğ

To easily remember these consonants there is the mnemonic peçete which means napkin.

Examples

kitap kitabı (book)

→

yemek yemeği (meal)

→

ilaç ilacı (medicine)

→

kağıt kağıdı (paper)

→

Remember, yes, the vocal harmony after changing the consonant.

Once we have learned to compose the accusative, everything will be variations of the same :)

Infinitive
The infinitive, as in Spanish, is the form of the verb in which we will find them in the dictionary. This is

form by adding -mek to the root of it. At this point we have already overcome this vocal harmony, we use

that of the plural.

t } +mak a } +mek
o n
d

Y Y
o o

o
o r
r

e e
 it it
h h
e e
r r

Examples

ye yemek (eat)
→

iç içmek (to
→ drink)

aç açmak (open)
→

konuş konuşmak (talk)

→

gor görmek (see)

→

negative verb
We have already seen the infinitive of the verb. In Turkish, a sentence with a verb is expressed in the negative form by the

suffix -me added to the stem of the verb, which will then be conjugated in the corresponding tense. For example of this

form we have the infinitives in negative form, simply adding -me- or -ma- following the vowel harmony .

t a
o n
d

Y Y
o o

} +ma o } +me
o r
r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r
 Examples

yemek → yememek (not eat)

içmek → içmemek (do not

drink)

açmak → açmamak (do not

open)

konuşma → konuşmama (not speak)

k k

görmek → görmemek (not see)

By seeing the verb tenses we will understand the usefulness of seeing the negation of the verb in this way.

Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns are the following:

ben I biz us

sen you siz you

either he onlar they

None of the personal pronouns have gender, so they can be used interchangeably for men,

women or things.

possessives
Mine, yours, his, we will learn to express the possession of an object in Turkish. Actually the possessives are used with

much more frequently than in Spanish, hence they have a relevant importance. The endings change if

The suffix is added to a word that ends in a consonant or to a word that ends in a vowel. Again attention

with vocal harmony. As you can imagine it is the harmony of the accusative .

consonant vocal

benim -im -m

senin -in -n

onun -Yo -Yeah

 bizim -imiz -miz

sizin -iniz -niz

onların -leri -leri

Examples

benim pantalonum (My pants) kedim (my cat)

senin pantsun (your pants) kedin (your cat)

onun pants (his pants) kedisi (His cat)

bizim pantalonumuz (our pants) kedimiz (our cat)

sizin pantalonunuz (your pants) kediniz (your cat)

onları pantalonları (your pants) kedileri (their cats)

n

Present continuous
This is the most used tense in Turkish to describe actions that are happening in the present or that

They are carried out periodically, for example every day like an apple.

Affirmative

It is conjugated by adding the particle -iyor plus the ending of the person to the lexeme of the verb without the last letter. The

Vowel agreement is made on the letter -i- (see interrogative particles ).

ben um

sen sun

eithe
(root
r
without i yo
last letter)
biz uz

siz sunuz

onlar lar

Examples:

gelmek → geliyorum (I'm coming)

 oynamak → oynuyorsun (you are playing)

okumak → okuyor (is reading)

içmek → içiyoruz (we are drinking)

çalışmak → çalışıyorsunuz (you are working)

görmek → görüyorlar (they are

watching)

The present continuous softens the final consonant if the lexeme (after eliminating the vowel) ends in T.

gitme → gidiyorum (I'm going)

k

Negative form

We simply follow the same rule but using the negative form of the verb . We will remove the final -eo -a and the

We will conjugate with the corresponding vowel.

ben um

sen sun
(negate
eithe
d root
r
without i yo
the last
biz uz
vowel)
siz sunuz

onlar lar

Interrogative form

The concept is simple. We add the normal negative particles that we have already studied, we just have to

enter present that must be in vocal harmony :) The only exception is the third person plural, which

change the order slightly.

ben (root) yor Muyun?

sen musun?

eithe mu?
r

biz veryuz?
 siz musunuz?

onlar lar me?

Complete conjugation

almak

ben alıyorum almıyorum alıyormuyum?

sen alıyorsun almıyorsun alıyor musun?

eithe alıyor almıyor alıyor mu?

r

biz alıyoruz almıyoruz alıyormuyuz?

siz alıyorsunuz almıyorsunuz alıyor musunuz?

onlar alıyorlar almıyorlar alıyorlar me?

Accusative
We have already seen how the accusative declines, now that we know how to conjugate the present continuous let's see its main

use. We had already anticipated that the accusative is the direct complement of the sentence, that is, the object about which

falls the action of the verb, for example "like the apple", the apple is the direct object. However,

In Turkish, the accusative is only used if the direct object is determinate, otherwise the direct object

It does not have any suffix.

To refresh your memory, the accusative case fulfills the vowel harmony of the -i and the preceding finished words.

in p , ç , t , k are smoothed.

Examples

Elmayı yiyorum like the apple

Pencereleri açıyor Open the windows

Kitabı okuyor musun? Are you reading the book?

On the other hand, if we do not use the accusative the phrases change their meaning slightly.

elma yiyorum I eat apple

 Pencereler açıyor Open window

Kitap okuyor musun? You are reading a book?

I think it would also be correct to translate them using the indefinite article a/an, although this creates some

controversy with the Turks because it is confused with the number one :)

Dative
The dative is used primarily to indicate the idea of movement of the action towards a person.

It is conjugated with the vowel harmony in -e and has the euphonious letter -y-, that is, preceded by a vowel you must place

this letter.

t a
o n
d

Y Y
o o

} +(y)a o } +(y)e
o r
r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

Examples

ev → eve gidiyorum (I'm going home)

sinıf → sınıfa giriyorsun (you are entering the classroom)

arab → arabaya biniyor (he is getting into the car)

Barcelona → Barcelona'ya gidiyorsunuz (you are going to Barcelona)

If you look at the case of Barcelona, it is apostrophized, this always happens with all proper names, whether

person or place. I imagine that the origin of this rule is to avoid any confusion, otherwise Barcelonaya

would be ambiguous, we would not be able to know if the population is Barcelona or Barcelonay (in the event that we did not kn
 how to write Barcelona :P).

Ablative
If the dative was the destination of the action, the ablative is the origin of it. The declension is very simple since

We have seen the locative , it is exactly the same with the difference that the suffix to be declined is -den.

t a
o n
d

Y Y
o o
} +dan } +den
o o
r r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

As with the locative in front of f , s , t , k , ç , ş , h , p the -d- becomes -t- .

In the case of verbs of movement, their use is very intuitive, for example to come from a place (-den gelmek), to leave
somewhere (-den çıkmak), jump from a place (-den atlmak). Other verbs use it more figuratively,
For example, being afraid of something (-den korkmak), fear is the origin of the action of the verb. Other verbs
Related to emotions they also use this case: to like (-den hoşlanmak), to be ashamed (-den utanmak).

Examples

ağaç → çocuk ağaçtan atlıyor (the cat is jumping from the tree)

okul → okuldan çıkıyoruz (we are leaving school)

his → kediler suden korkuyor (cats are afraid of water)

sinem → sinemadan hoşlaniyorum (I like the cinema)

a

Genitive
The genitive is the case of the noun used to join a noun to another noun it complements. Yes in

Spanish uses the conjunction of , in Turkish the particle -in is used. Like any suffix that begins with a vowel

The genitive also has a euphonious letter, in this case the n is used.
 t a
o n
d
} +(n)ın } +(n)in

Y Y
o o

e e
it it
h h
e e
r } +(n)a r } +(n)ün

o
r o
r

The genitive, as with the adjective, precedes the noun. When the genitive is used, the noun to which
complements must be conjugated in its possessive form .

Examples

komşu → komşunun evi (the neighbor's house)

mutfak → mutfağın kapısı (the kitchen door)

koy → köyün okulu (the village school)

Ayşe → Ayşe'nin annesı (Ayşe's mother)

In the examples you can see that I have omitted a couple of rules. But these are common to all cases and the

We know: the consonants are softened and the proper names are apostrophized .

Present (imek)
The ending -imek is used as a suffix for nouns and adjectives and is equivalent to the verb ser or estar. His

conjugation is easy now that we have seen the present continuous.

ben im

sen withou
t
 eithe -
r

biz iz

siz siniz

onlar read

In the case of the first person singular and plural, the letter -y- is used as a euphonious letter when the

root ends in a vowel.

Examples:

ben + mutlu → ben mutluyum (I am happy)

sen + → sen oğrencisin (you are a student)

oğrenci

or + doctor → or doctor (He is a doctor)

biz + adam → biz adamız (We're men)

siz + iyi → siz iyisiniz (we are fine)

onlar + aktör → onlar aktörler (they are actors)

Negative form

In the negative form we conjugate the particle değil

ben değilim

sen değilsin

eithe (noun değil

r or
adjective
biz ) değiliz

siz değilsiniz

onlar değiller

Interrogative form

Exactly the same as in the present continuous, logically respecting the vocal harmony with the preceding word :)

ben (noun miyin?

or
sen adjective mission
?
 eithe my?
r

biz miyiz?
)
siz misiniz?

onlar lar mi?

Complete conjugation

almak

ben güzelim güzel değilim güzel miyim?

sen güzelsin güzel değilsin güzel

mission?

eithe güzel güzel değil güzel mi?

r

biz güzeliz güzel değiliz güzel miyiz?

siz güzelsiniz güzel değilsiniz güzel misiniz?

onlar güzeller güzel değiller güzeller mi?

Imperative
The imperative, as in Spanish, is used to give orders or ask for things. It only has two people, the second and

third and is very easy to conjugate, especially the second person singular, which is formed only with the

verbal root.

Complete conjugation

gelmek

sen gel gelme

eithe gelsin gelmesin

r

siz gelin gelmeyin

onlar gelsinler gelmesinler

Past
The past to describe actions that have already taken place and are finished.

Affirmative

The past tense is formed by adding the suffix directly to the root of the verb with the following endings:

ben dim
sen din
eithe gave
r (root)
biz dik
siz diniz
onlar diler

At this point we can already imagine how it will come together, right?

1. We will apply the vowel harmony in -i

2. The -d- becomes -t- before just as it happens with the locative

Examples:

gelmek → geldim (I'm coming)

oynamak → oynadin (you are playing)
okumak → okudu (is reading)
içmek → ictik (we are drinking)
çalışmak → çalıştını (you are working)
z
görmek → gördiler (they are
watching)
Negative form

We simply follow the same rule but using the negative form of the verb .

ben dim
sen din
eithe gave
(negate
r
d root)
biz dik
siz diniz
onlar diler
Interrogative form

The interrogative form has the same form as the affirmative one, adding the interrogative particle e at the end.

(logically with the vowel harmony in -i).

ben (root) dim mi?

sen din mi?
 eithe say my?
r
biz dik mi?
siz diniz mi?
onlar tell me?
Complete conjugation

almak
ben aldım almadım aldım me?
sen aldın almadın aldın me?
eithe aldı almadı aldı me?
r
biz aldık almadık aldık me?
siz aldınız almadınız aldınız
me?
onlar aldılar almadılar aldılar me?

Past (imek)
We have already seen that imek is used as an auxiliary to conjugate nouns and adjectives. We now see how
We conjugate this verb in the past.

Affirmative

It follows the same rules as the past tense of a verb, with the exception that the -y- is introduced as a euphonious letter.

ben -(And
dim
sen -(y)din
eithe -(and
r say
(noun/adjective)
biz -(y)dik
siz -
(y)diniz
onlar -
(y)diler

Just as in the past we apply the vowel harmony in -i Vowel harmony -i and the intensification of the -d- in -t- .

1. We will apply the vowel harmony in -i

2. The -d- becomes -t- before just as it happens with the locative

Examples

gelmek → geldim (I'm coming)

oynamak → oynadin (you are playing)
okumak → okudu (is reading)
içmek → ictik (we are drinking)
çalışmak → çalıştını (you are working)
z
görmek → gördiler (they are
 watching)
Negative form

We negate the word with the particle değil, then we conjugate the past

ben değil dim

sen değil din
eithe değil di
r (noun/adjective)
biz değil dik
siz değil diniz
onlar değil diler
Interrogative form

Following the same tone as the negative, first we add the negative particle and then we conjugate it

In the past tense, as it ends in a vowel we will add the euphonic consonant.

ben miydim?
sen miydin?
eithe miydi?
r (noun/adjective)
biz Miydik?
siz miydiniz?
onlar miydiler?
Complete conjugation

almak
ben tembeldim trembel değil dim tremble miydim?
sen trembeldin trembel değil din tremble miydin?
eithe tembeldi trembel değil di tremble miydi?
r
biz tembeldik trembel değil dik trembel miydik?
siz tembeldiniz tembel değil diniz trembel
miydiniz?
onlar trembeldile trembel değil trembel
r diler miydiler?

Future
The future, logically, is used for events that have not yet occurred.

Affirmative

It is conjugated by adding the suffix -ecek to the root of the verb and this is conjugated as the present. It is used as a letter

euphonious -y-.

ben (root) (y)eceğim

sen (y)eceksin
 eithe (y)ecek
r
biz (y)eceğiz
siz (y)eceksiniz
onlar (y)ecekler

As we can see the final -k is softened into -ğ- if it is followed by a vowel.

1. We will apply the vowel harmony in -e

2. The -k- is softened to -ğ- for the first person singular and plural
3. The letter -y- is added if the root ends in a vowel

Examples:

gelmek geleceğim (I'll come)

→
oynamak oynayacaksın (you will
→ play)
okumak okuyacak (will read)
→
içmek iceceğiz (we will
→ drink)
çalışmak çalışacaksınız (you will
→ work)
görmek görecekler (you will
→ see)
Negative form

We simply follow the same rule but using the negative form of the verb .

ben yeceğim
sen yeceksin
eithe yecek
(negate
r
d root)
biz yeceğiz
siz yeceksiniz
onlar yecekler
Interrogative form

The interrogative form follows the same pattern as the present continuous, we add the third person singular

the interrogative particle conjugating it with the person and number.

ben (y)ecek miyim?

sen (y)ecek mission?
eithe (y)ecek mi?
r (root)
biz (y)ecek miyiz?
siz (y)ecek misiniz?
onlar (y)ecekler mi?
 Complete conjugation

almak
ben alacağım almayacağım aldım me?
sen alacaksın almayacaksın aldın me?
eithe alacak almayacak aldı me?
r
biz alacağız almayacağız aldık me?
siz alacaksınız almayacaksınız aldınız
me?
onlar alacaklar almayacaklar aldılar me?

Past (imek)
We have already seen that imek is used as an auxiliary to conjugate nouns and adjectives. We now see how
We conjugate this verb in the past.

Affirmative

It follows the same rules as the past tense of a verb, with the exception that the -y- is introduced as a euphonious letter.

ben -(And
dim
sen -(y)din
eithe -(and
r say
(noun/adjective)
biz -(y)dik
siz -
(y)diniz
onlar -
(y)diler

Just as in the past we apply the vowel harmony in -i Vowel harmony -i and the intensification of the -d- in -t- .

1. We will apply the vowel harmony in -i

2. The -d- becomes -t- before just as it happens with the locative

Examples

gelmek → geldim (I'm coming)

oynamak → oynadin (you are playing)
okumak → okudu (is reading)
içmek → ictik (we are drinking)
çalışmak → çalıştını (you are working)
z
görmek → gördiler (they are
watching)
Negative form

We negate the word with the particle değil, then we conjugate the past
 ben değil dim
sen değil din
eithe değil di
r (noun/adjective)
biz değil dik
siz değil diniz
onlar değil diler
Interrogative form

Following the same tone as the negative, first we add the negative particle and then we conjugate it

In the past tense, as it ends in a vowel we will add the euphonic consonant.

ben miydim?
sen miydin?
eithe miydi?
r (noun/adjective)
biz Miydik?
siz miydiniz?
onlar miydiler?
Complete conjugation

almak
ben tembeldim trembel değil dim tremble miydim?
sen trembeldin trembel değil din tremble miydin?
eithe tembeldi trembel değil di tremble miydi?
r
biz tembeldik trembel değil dik trembel miydik?
siz tembeldiniz tembel değil diniz trembel
miydiniz?
onlar trembeldile trembel değil trembel
r diler miydiler?

Future
The future, logically, is used for events that have not yet occurred.

Affirmative

It is conjugated by adding the suffix -ecek to the root of the verb and this is conjugated as the present. It is used as a letter

euphonious -y-.

ben (root) (y)eceğim

sen (y)eceksin
eithe (y)ecek
r
biz (y)eceğiz
siz (y)eceksiniz
 onlar (y)ecekler

As we can see the final -k is softened into -ğ- if it is followed by a vowel.

1. We will apply the vowel harmony in -e

2. The -k- is softened to -ğ- for the first person singular and plural
3. The letter -y- is added if the root ends in a vowel

Examples:

gelmek geleceğim (I'll come)

→
oynamak oynayacaksın (you will
→ play)
okumak okuyacak (will read)
→
içmek iceceğiz (we will
→ drink)
çalışmak çalışacaksınız (you will
→ work)
görmek görecekler (you will
→ see)
Negative form

We simply follow the same rule but using the negative form of the verb .

ben yeceğim
sen yeceksin
eithe yecek
(negate
r
d root)
biz yeceğiz
siz yeceksiniz
onlar yecekler
Interrogative form

The interrogative form follows the same pattern as the present continuous, we add to the third person singular the

interrogative particle conjugating it with the person and number.

ben (y)ecek miyim?

sen (y)ecek mission?
eithe (y)ecek mi?
r (root)
biz (y)ecek miyiz?
siz (y)ecek misiniz?
onlar (y)ecekler mi?
Complete conjugation

almak
ben alacağım almayacağım aldım me?
 sen alacaksın almayacaksın aldın me?
eithe alacak almayacak aldı me?
r
biz alacağız almayacağız aldık me?
siz alacaksınız almayacaksınız aldınız
me?
onlar alacaklar almayacaklar aldılar me?

Want
The verb istemek (to want something) is a transitive verb, therefore for the object of the desire the accusative case is used

if it is definite or the nominative if it is indefinite. To express wishes in the present we will use the present continuous .

Examples

Waiter: Ne istersiniz? (Waiter: _What do you want?)

Müşteri: Bir sezar salata istiyorum (Customer: I want a Caesar salad)

ve yanında soda istiyorum (and I want a soda with it)

When it is used together with another verb, its use is very simple, it is only necessary to write the phrase in the infinitive and add

seeing it istemek at the end of it.

Examples

dondurma yemek istiyorum (I want to eat an ice cream)

Kars'a tatile gitmek istiyorlar (they want to go on vacation to

Kars)

o çocuk denizde yüzmek (that boy wants to swim in the

istiyor sea)

Must
Duty or have to this concept is expressed in Turkish by adding the particle -meli- to the root of the verb and then

conjugating it just as we do with -imek.

t } +malı +imek a } +meli +imek

o n
d

Y Y
o o
 o
r o
r

e e
it it
h h
e e
r r

Examples

yemek → yemeliyim (I have to eat)

içmek → içmeliler (they have to drink)

düşünmek → düşünmelisin (you have to think)

çalışmak → çalışmalısınız (you have to work)

boyamak → boyamalıyız (we have to paint)

The negative has no mystery, it is conjugated with the negative form of the verb .

Examples

gelmek → gelmemek → gelmemelisin (you shouldn't come)

koşmak → koşmamak → koşmamalıyız (we should not run)

Need
To express necessity in Turkish, the verb ihtiyacı olmak is used, using the form var/yok. I literally have the

need for XXX. The object of the need is expressed using the dative .

Examples

Sana ihtiyacım var (I need you)

Yoğurda ihtiyacım var (I need yogurt)

Ağrı kesiciye ihtiyacı (needs a painkiller)

var

When the need is expressed in an entire phrase, the verb needs to be conjugated into a gerund.
 Examples

Its içmeye ihtiyacım var (I need to drink water)

Doktora gitmeye ihtiyacım (I don't need to go to the

yok doctor)

Past -miş
The indefinite past tense is used in Turkish to describe actions that occurred in the past, but for which

It has not been a direct witness. It's something like saying "I heard that he left home yesterday", "Dün evinden çıkmış", to

difference from the definite past tense , used to describe actions for which we have been direct witnesses.

Affirmative

It is conjugated by adding the particle -miş plus the ending of the person to the stem of the verb. The endings are

exactly the same ones that we have already seen before for the present continuous with the exception that now the

let's conjure on -i-.

ben im

sen withou
t

eithe
r (verb root) miş

biz iz

siz siniz

onlar read

Examples:

gelmek → gelmişim (came)

oynamak → oynamışsın (you played)

okumak → okumış (you read)

içmek → içmişiz (we drank)

çalışmak → çalışmısını (you worked)

z

görmek → görmişler (they saw)

 Negative form

It is constructed from the negative verb by conjugating it normally.

yazmak → yazmamak mektubu yazmamışsın (you didn't write the

→ letter)

pişirme → pişirmemek ona akşam yemeği pişirmemiş (he didn't cook her
k → dinner)

Interrogative form

It does not have any major difficulties either, it is added to the interrogative particle and it contains the person of the verb such

as was the case with the present continuous .

yazmak → yazmamak mektubu yazmamışsın (you didn't write the

→ letter)

pişirme → pişirmemek ona akşam yemeği pişirmemiş (he didn't cook her
k → dinner)

Complete conjugation

almak

Statement Question

Affirmation Denial Affirmation Denial

ben almışım almamışım almış mıyım? almamış mıyım?

sen almışsın almamışsın almış mısın? almamış mısın?

eithe almış almamış also me? almamış me?

r

biz almışız almamışız almış mıyız? almamış mıyız?

siz almışsınız almamışsınız almış almamış mısın?

mısınız?

onlar almışlar almamışlar almışlar me? almamış mısın?

Simple present
The present simple is used less than the present continuous, for this reason it is learned later. Used
mainly for:

It can be used, for example, to make general statements.

His 100th derecedes (water boils at 100 degrees)

kaynar

Like the present continuous, it can also be used for statements of a general nature.

Her sabah geç uyanmım (every morning I get up early)

Affirmative

Without a doubt, the present simple tense has the most complicated conjugation of all of them. The difficulty is

It is found in that this verb tense uses both vocal harmonies at the same time, that is, -er and -ir. To determine

What harmony should be used, follow the following rules:

1. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, simply add -r

ödemek öder
→
anlamak anlar
→
2.
3. If the verb stem has two or more syllables add -ir

hissetmek → hissetir
bağırmak → bağırır
4.
5. If the root is monosyllabic:
1. If the vowel is A or E and the verb ends in L, N or R then add -ir

almak alır
→
vermek see
→
2.
3. In any other case add -er

bulmak → buula
r
bakmak → Baka
r
4.

The conjugation of all personal forms is as follows:

ben (root) irim

sen irsin
eithe go
r
 biz iriz
siz irsiniz
onlar irler
O well

ben erim
sen ersin
eithe er
r
(root)
biz hedgeh
og
siz ersiniz
onlar erler
Negative form

Once again the negative presents differences with respect to the way in which we usually construct negatives. Instead

After adding -me to the verbal stem (the negative form of the verb), we will add -mez to all people, except for

the first person singular and plural.

ben meme
sen mezsen
eithe mez
r (root)
biz meyiz
siz mezsiniz
onlar mezler

Complete conjugation

almak
ben alırım almam alır mıyım?
sen alırsın almazsan alır mısın?
eithe alır almaz alır me?
r
biz alırız almayız alır mıyız?
siz alırsınız almazsınız alır mısınız?
onlar alırlar almazlar alırlar me?

Conditional
The conditional is used to narrate situations that could have occurred, may occur or may occur or

that you would like them to happen or have happened differently. The conditional is formed through the suffix –se
which is conjugated in a similar way for all the different verb tenses. In Spanish the phrases often

conditionals are introduced by the particle "if", in Turkish, however, the fact that the verb is in

conditional is sufficient, no adverb is required, however, sometimes to give more emphasis to the phrase

The particle eğer is used, which warns the speaker of the beginning of a conditional phrase.

ben (y)sem

sen (y)sin

eithe (and
r

biz (y)sek

siz (y)seniz

onlar (y)seler

var/yok

Simply add -sa to the end of the words. It is used for phrases of the type, if this existed, then that,

or if I had this, then such a thing would happen.

Bir taksi yoksa burada kalalım (if there is no taxi, I'll stay
here)

Paranız varsa bana verin (if you have money, give it to

me)

Present continuous

For situations that could be occurring in the present.

ben (root) (y)sem

sen (y)sin

eithe (and
r

biz (y)sek
 siz (y)seniz

onlar (y)seler/
lerse

Examples
Buraya gelsen iyi edersen, çünkü yalnızım (If you come it will be better, because I am alone)

Comparatives
Comparatives are used to express the degree of one quality with respect to another. To indicate a higher degree

we use daha (more) in Turkish.

Examples

daha ağır heavier

daha mutlu happier

daha güzel prettier

To indicate a lower degree we will use daha az (lit. more little, but we can translate it as less).

Examples

daha az şişman less fat

daha az hızlı less fast

daha az aptal less stupid

Logically, we can conjugate adjectives with -imek as we have already studied.

Examples

daha şişmandım I was fatter

daha az hızlısın you are less fast

daha akılllar they are smarter

To compare two things, the preposition -den is added to the object with which it is being compared. The construction

of the comparative is not the same as in Spanish and it may seem somewhat strange to us, since the Turks say "Kadife

is prettier than Ayşe", if not something like "Kadife compared to Ayşe is prettier", literally "Kadife

since Ayşe it is prettier".

 Examples

Kadife Ayşe'den daha güzel Kadife is prettier than Ayşe

Kaplumbağa tavşan daha az hızlı The turtle is slower than the rabbit

Name cases

Cases of the name, the list contains the euphonious letter, the main ending and a description of the main use of the

case.

Accusativ a -Yo Defined direct object or after an adjective

e n
d

Genitive n -in name complement

Dative a -and Indirect complement, direction to

n
d

Locative - -of Place complement

Ablative - -den Source plugin, address from

Greetings
I personally don't like to start with greetings. Although they are the most used words in a language,

learning them at first means seeing grammar that is not yet understood. Anyway here you go.

Merhaba! (Hello!)

Hey gunler! (Good morning!)

İyi akşamlar! (Good afternoon!)

Hey geceler! (Good night!)

Tatlı rüyalar (sweet dreams)

Memnun oldum (pleased to meet you-) Lit. I was happy

Hoş geldiniz! (Welcome!) Lit. You arrived with pleasure

Hoş bulduk! (Thank you!, after the welcome) Lit. We meet with pleasure
 Allaha ısmarladik! (See you!, who's leaving) Lit. We ask God

Güle güle! (See you!, who stays) Lit. smiling smiling

Görüşürüz! (See you around!) Lit. see you

Adjectives 1
I must confess that adjectives are one of the words that I find most important to learn in a language. Here goes the

first list of adjectives. I have paired them by antonyms, learning them in pairs is always easier.

genç young

yaşlı old

enerjik energetic

yorgun tired

büyük big

küçük little

akılı intelligent

hazır ready

apt silly

sicak hot

soğuk cold

bekar single

evli married

zayıf slim

şişman fat

temiz clean

kirli dirty

uzun high

kısa low
 hafif light

ağır heavy

iyi Well

kötü bad

mutlu happy

mutsuz unhappy

tremble idle

çalışkan worker

Adjectives 2
New list of adjectives that expands the adjectives 1 previously seen.

yakin nearby

uzak far

ucuz cheap

pahalı expensive

güçlü strong

zayıf weak

hızlı fast

you are slow

going

taze fresh (food)

çürük past, rotten

Action verbs 1
Basic day-to-day actions. Most of them are transitive verbs, therefore they use the accusative case.

yemek -Yo eat

içmek -Yo drink/smoke
okumak -Yo read
yazmak -Yo write
açmak -Yo open
kapamak -Yo close
vermek -i -e give
 almak -Yo receive
ödemek -i -e pay something to someone
dans etmek dance

Movement verbs
A list of some verbs related to movement, go, come, walk, run, etc. As you can guess,

These verbs make frequent use of the locative , ablative and dative.

gelmek -den/-e come (from/to)

gitmek -and leave/leave
binmek -and get into (a vehicle)
inmek -den get out (of a vehicle)
yürümek -of walk
koşmak -of run
gezmek -of sightseeing
yüzmek -of swim
uçmak -of fly
atlamak -den jump (from a place)

Verbs of emotions 1
sevmek -Yo love/like
hissetmek -Yo feel
korkmak -den to be afraid of
kızmak -and get hot/angry
eğlenmek have fun
bıkmak -den Get bored of
utanmak -den be ashamed of
sinirlenmek -and get irritated
nefret etmek -den displease
gülmek laugh
ağlamak cry

Verbs of the senses

görmek -Yo see

gostermek -i -e show something to
someone
bakmak -and look
seyretmek -Yo observe/watch (TV)
dinlemek -Yo hear
aramak -Yo look for
 bulmak -Yo find
koklamak -Yo smell
dokunmak -and tap

Communication verbs
-ile talk
konuşmak
demek -Yo say
anlanmak -Yo tell, relate
çağırmak -Yo call
soylemek -Yo say, sing
bağırmak -Yo shout
fısıldamak -Yo to whisper
etmek phone -and call
phone konuşmak -and talking on phone

Action verbs 2

saklamak -Yo hide

bırakmak -e -i leave (something in a
place)
yapıştırmak -Yo hook, stick
çalışmak -Yo work
açmak -Yo open
satmak -Yo sell
(satin) almak -Yo buy
ödemek -Yo pay
kazanmak -Yo gain
unutmak -Yo lose
temizlemek -Yo clean
kirlemek -Yo dirty

In city 1

garden bahçe
banka bank
bina building
cadde avenue
mosque cami
çiçekçi florist
factory factory
untilne hospital
havaalani airport
kasap butcher shop
kilise church
kitapçı bookstore
kütüphane library
lokanta restaurant
manav greengrocer
müze museum
okul school
park park
pastry pastry
şehir city
sinema cinema
sokak street
university university
yol road

Second list of words that I have been finding related to the city and the shops that can be found in it.

bakkal grocery
mağaza store
kasap Butcher shop
dukkan store
bar bar
restaurant restaurant
hotel hotel
istasyon season
hamam Turkish baths

arab car
taksi cab
kamyon truck
otobus bus
dolmus minibus
train train
tramway trolley car
I groaned. ship
vapor steam boat
uçak plane
Family
The family ( aile ) has great importance in Turkish culture, so much so that various degrees of kinship have
a specific word without direct correspondence with Spanish.

aile family
slime father
Anne mother
ebeveyn parents
kardes brother
ağabey/abi eldest brother
abla older sister
kız kardeş little sister
 erkek kardes little brother
kuzen cousin
amca paternal uncle
hala paternal aunt
dayı maternal uncle
teyze maternal aunt
yenge uncle's wife
enişte aunt's husband
dede grandfather
nine grandmother
anneanne maternal grandmother
babaanne maternal grandfather
büyükbaba paternal grandfather)
büyükanne paternal grandmother)
oğul/çocuk son
kız daughter
torun grandson
kalın peder father-in-law
kalın validate mother-in-law
damat brother in law
gelin sister in law
karı husband
koca wife
esim wife/partner

Weekdays
azartesi I left çarşamba perşembe cuma cumartesi peace
Monday Tuesday Wednesda Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
y

Other words related to the week:

gün day
hafta week
hafta sonu weekend

Curiosities:

o The word hafta comes from the Persian haft/heft which means seven.
o son means final, extreme, last, it is joined with hafta through the accusative .

THIS YEAR
ilkbahar spring
yaz summer
sonbaha autumn
r
kış winter

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

ocak subat mart nisan

January February March April

mayıs haziran temmuz agustos

May June July August

eylül ekim kasım aralik

September October November December

The etymology of the months of the year is complicated, but interesting. They have different origins, from
Syrian, ancient Turkish or even Latin.

1. Ocak also means oven, kitchen. January is a cold month, when people stayed at home warming
themselves.
2. şubat comes from the Arabic ‫( شباط‬šubāṭ)
3. mart from Latin and refers to the God of War Mars
4. nisan again from the Arabic ‫( ِنيَس اٌن‬nisān) and this from the Sumerian nisag which meant first fruits
5. mayıs from the Greek Μάιος (Máios), and refers to the fertility goddess Maia
6. haziran same etymology as the Arabic ‫( َح زيراٌن‬ħazirān), comes from Syrian and means hot
7. temmuz is again shared with the Arabic ‫( َتّم وٌز‬tammūz), the word temu-z in ancient Turkish meaning
very hot. In Sumeria Tammuz was a god of fertility
8. Clearly following the same Latin etymology, the month was named in honor of the Roman emperor
Augustus Octavius.
9. eylül just like the Arabic ‫'( أْيلوٌل‬eilūl). September is harvest time and the name derives from the Syrian
and Arabic word for grape.
10. kasım also from the Arabic ‫( قاسم‬ḳāsim), which according to some sources would mean divider
11. aralık has a more direct and simple etymology, ara means intermission, rest, interval, so adding the
suffix -lık becomes distance, opening, corridor, passage.

Body parts
BAŞ HEAD
ağız mouth
alın forehead
boyun neck
burun nose
I ate dinner chin
 doubt lip
goz eye
kirpik eyelash
kulak ear
kaç eyebrow
saç hair
yanak cheek
yüz expensive

BEDEN BODY
bel waist
gobek belly
button
gögüs chest
karın belly
kalça buttock
poop ass
sirt back

KOLLAR ARMS
he hand
kol arm
omuz shoulder
parmak finger

BACAKLAR LEGS
ayak foot
bacak leg
baldır thigh
kasık groin
Furniture
mass table
sandalye chair
dolap cupboard
kütüphane bookshop
yatak bed
koltuk armchair
divan couch
banjo bathroom
küvet bathtub
tuvalet toilet
ayna mirror
kapı door
 pencere window

Home
before receiver
ode room
oturma odası living room
yemek odası dining room
yatak odası bedroom
mutfak kitchen
kiler pantry
banjo bathroom
merdiven ladder
balcony balcony
garage garage
bahçe yard

Geography
dağ mountain
ırmak river
ülke country
ada island
gezegen planet
kıta continent
dunya world
uydu satelite
vadi valley
cabbage desert
okyanus ocean
volkan volcano
yayla plateau
orman forest
buzul glacier
kanyon Canyon
deniz sea
sahil beach
goal lake

CORES

beyaz white gri gray siyah black turuncu orange pembe pink kırmızı red yeşil green mavi blue sarı yellow
kahverengi brown

Basic words
Adam man
 kadın women
çocuk child
kız little girl
kedi cat
köpek dog
sokak street
arab car
otobus bus
ağaç tree
çicek flower
şehir city
ev home
okul school
kapı door
koy town
pencere window
Kalem pencil
defter notebook
kitap book
gazette newspaper
mass table
sandalye chair
pants pants
gömlek shirt
elma apple
lemon lemon
saat clock
radio radio
resim painting/
drawing

Nouns related to day and time.

gün day
Sabah tomorrow
akşam late
gece evening
öğle noon
hafta week
hafta sonu weekend
Oh month
yıl year
In Turkish language

A notable characteristic of Turkish is its agglutinative language structure, the principle of which is to increase
suffixes to a word.

By attaching a suffix to a word or meaning can be increased or altered. This is one of the reasons why you can
express complex things in Turkish with just one word. Let's look at an example, an obscure word:

The first part of the word (okul) means "school" or "a school" (we cannot distinguish exactly, because it is not
defined in Turkish). The plural of escola is okullar. Okullarda can be translated as "nas escolas" in Portuguese.
Another example is Karşıdakiler, who wants to say "those who confront each other."

The Turkish has a very simple and logical grammar, which seems like a very beautiful mathematics. Not
generally, Turkish grammar is characterized by only a few exceptional cases, which is very useful for those who
want to learn Turkish. Além disso não há gênero e artigo (exceto bir "um", "uma").

No entanto, or initiator of the language must before everything deal with vowel harmony.

"Small" vowel harmony:

Vowel harmony controls the sequence and possible transformations of voices in words.

The following vogais belong to dark vogais: a, ı, o und u. They are formed on the back of the mouth.

The following vogais belong to clear vogais: e, i, ö, und ü. They are formed in the front part of the mouth.

Use the following table to compare the differences between light and dark voices when pronouncing the words
out loud:

ode (or quarto), lar ode (os quartos) gece (a night), gece ler (as nights)

hanım (a mulher), hanım lar (as mulheres) güneş (or sun), güneş ler (you are)

hatıra (a lembrança), hatıral ar (as lembranças) deniz (or sea), deniz ler (the seas)
The plural formation in Turkish depends on the previous word for clear or dark to add the suffixes -lar or -ler.

After a, o, u, ı = lar

After e, ö, ü, i = ler

A small vowel harmony occurs only in the plural form in Turkish, but also in the suffixes of the locative (-de/-
da), the ablative (-den/-dan) and not the case of the dative (-e/-a).

Go to next table:

Plural ev ev ler houses

ode lar ode quarters

Dative ev ev e to home
ode od a and a* not fourth

Locative ev ev of in the house

ode ode da not fourth

Ablative ev ev den away from home

ode ode dan fora do quarto

Ao increasing suffixes to a word or Turkish avoids the collision of vogais duas. For example, the word ends in
the vowel n, s, ş or é inserted between the suffix and the word.

"Big" vowel harmony:

This occurs when the suffixes do the genitive and accusative case, as in all endings two personal and possessive
pronomes, as the ordinais numerais ea question particle -e.

The table below gives examples based on the end of the first person of singular -im:

The last word of a word is The last word of a word is

e ou i Sekrt e rim Eu sou secretaria. a ou ı Avuk a t ım Eu sou advogado.

İngil i zim Eu sou ingles. Frans ı z ım Eu sou french.

ö ou ü Şöf ö r üm Eu sou motorista. o ou u Dokt o r um Eu sou doctor.

 T ü rk üm Eu sou turkish. R u s um Eu sou russian.

As you can see, these suffixes occur in four ways, as in our examples we find the suffixes: im, ım, um, üm.

A rule for this vowel harmony we can summarize as follows:

eei → i
ö and ü → ü
ae ı → ı
oeu → u

The table below shows an example of the formation of two regular numbers:

Cardinal Ordinal

um: b i r first: bir i nc i

three: ü ç third: üç ü nc ü

six: to ltı sixth: alt ı nc ı

nove: dok u z nono: dok u z unc u

Or Turkish noun

The nouns in Turkish have no grammatical gender. In Turkish, there is no definite and indefinite article.

To define a noun it can be placed or number bir (pt. um) before noun.

tabak dish

bir tabak um dish

bardak flake

bir bardak um flake

 bıçak faca

bir bıçak a faca

The plural in Turkish is formed by adding the suffix - ler or - lar to the noun. Here you have to follow the rules
of vowel harmony.

In Turkish there are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative and ablative.

The nominative is the basic form of each noun. This way we find editions and lists of words. The nominative is
not inflected.

All other cases are formed by attaching a suffix to the base form of the noun.

The formation of the genitive and accusative follows great vocal harmony. O dative, o locative e ablative seguem
as rules of small vocal harmony.

The 6 grammatical cases in Turkish

Cases suffix How to ask hair case

Nominative without suffix Kim? (Quem?) / Ne? (That?)

Genitive -(n)in / -(n)ün / -(n)ın / -(n)un Kimin? (De quem?) / Neyin (De quem?)

Dative -(y)e / -(y)a Kime? (To what?) / Nereye? (Where?)

Accusative -(y)i / -(y)ü / -(y)ı / -(y)u Kimi? (Quem?) / Ne? (Or what?)

Locative -de / -da Kimde? (Com quem?) / Nerede? (Where?)

Ablative -den / -dan Kimden? (De quem?) / Nereden? (From where?)

The adjectives in Turkish

The adjective in Turkish can have 4 functions:

 It may be an attribute referring to a noun (attributive use).

 It can be used as an adverb.
 It can be used as a predicate.
 can be substantiated.

Or adjective as an attribute:

The task of the adjective in this case is to determine the closest noun. In Turkish, the adjective is before the
noun.

As a general rule, you can memorize: Adjective + reference word

This rule stops the order of words changing slightly when used in Turkish or numeral Bir (pt. um) to express
something or some indefinite thing. The numeral is placed between the adjective and the reference word. Here,
the position of the words changes once more:

Adjective + bir (pt. um) + noun

Examples of adjectives of attributive use

güzel kız pretty girl

güzel bir kız a pretty girl

hızlı araba fast car

hızlı bir araba um fast car

ilginç müze interesting museum

ilginç bir müze an interesting museum

Barış güzel bir kız ile karşılaşır. Bariş finds a pretty girl.

Deniz hızlı bir araba alır. Deniz buys a car quickly.

İlginç müzemizi ziyaret edin. Visit our interesting museum!

Or adjective as an adverb:

Turkish adjectives can be used many times as adverbs as well. Here we present just three brief examples. More
information can be found in the chapter on adverbs.
 Examples of adverbial use of Turkish adjectives

Kız güzel yazıyor. A menina is beautiful .

Araba hızlı gidiyor. Or car goes fast .

Or adjective as a predicate:

Turkish adjectives can be used as predicates. Here, however, in order of the words, change the predicate and post
the reference word back.

The adjective in this case is not inflected, only or substantive, to which it refers. No entanto, or adjective can
have a suffix referring to people.

Examples of Turkish adjectives used as predicates

Kız güzeldir . Girl is pretty .

Araba hızlıdır . The car is fast .

Müze ilginçtir . The museum is interesting .

Türkiye müthiştir ! Turkey is spectacular !

Yemek lezzetlidir . Your food is tasty .

Yazıcı bozuktur . My printer is devastated .

Adverbs in Turkish

This chapter gives an overview of the various functions of adverbs in Turkish. The adverb in Turkish is generally
placed before the verb it refers to. There are three types of adverbs in Turkish:

 temporary adverbs
 local adverbs
 fashionable adverbs
 Examples of using two adverbs in Turkish

Türkçe`yi hızlı öğreniceksiniz!< You are going to learn Turkish quickly !

Lütfen yavaş sürünüz! Please direct wander !

Lütfen yavaş konuşunuz. Please stop wandering more.

O grau two Turkish adverbs

Türkçe`yi hızlı öğreniceksiniz! You are going to learn Turkish quickly !

Bu dil kursu ile Türkçe`yi daha hızlı öğrenirsin! With this Turkish course you will be faster !

Günlük alıştırma yaparsaniz Türkçe`yi en hızlı bir şekilde You learn Turkish or faster if you study every day.
ögrenirsiniz.

Grau de comparação dos adverbios

Ayşe Deniz`den daha çabuk öğreniyor.

Ayse learns faster than Deniz.

Deniz Ayşe`den daha iyi araba kullanıyor.

Deniz drives better than Ayse.
Temporary adverbs in Turkish

Yarın görüşürüz. See you amanhã .

Bugünüm boş. Have my tenth or free day.

Local adverbs in Turkish

Bardaklar üstte rafın içindedir. The flakes go on top of the prateleira.

Büronun yanına parketti. I park next to the desk.

Modal adverbs in Turkish

 Maalesef doğum gününü unuttum. Unfortunately, this is your anniversary.

Kesinlikle beni unuttu. With certainty he sketched me.

Şansa telefon numaranı hatırladım. Please sort the name of your phone.

The verbs in Turkish

The non-infinitive verbs in Turkish end with the suffixes -mek or -mak . To find the radical of two Turkish verbs
it is necessary to remove the infinitive suffix. Other suffixes can also be added to the radical.
A reflexive form of two verbs in Turkish

For the reflexive form, the suffix -in the verb radical is placed. To form a verb with a reflexive meaning, do the
following:

Radical of verb + - in + infinitive

Example:
yıkamak= wash
yıka n mak= wash

As many times in Turkish, you must observe certain Turkish phonetic rules when inserting the suffix. When the
radical of the verb ends in a vowel, it is used only um -n .
A passive form of two verbs in Turkish

Radical of verb + - il + infinitive

Example:
içmek = drink
iç il mek= to be drunk
A reciprocal form of two verbs in Turkish

Radical of verb + - iş + infinitive

Example:
öpmek = beijar
öpü ş mek= beijar-se (beijar um ao outro)
A causal form of two verbs in Turkish

Radical of verb + - dir/dır + infinitive

Example:
yapmak= fazer
yap tır mak= deixar fazer
The pronomes people in Turkish

1. Pes. Sg. ben eu

2. Pes. Sg. sen you

3. Pes. Sg. either hee, she

1. Pes. Pl. biz us

2. Pes. Pl. siz you

3. Pes. Pl. onlar they, they

People's pronomes are declined in Turkish

not singular

Nominative ben eu sen you either hee, she

Genitive ben im meu sin in teu or never seu, sua

Dative bana sana on a

Accusative ben i sin i or no

Locative ben from sen of vibe

Ablative ben den sen den or ndan

not Plural
 Nominative biz us siz you onlar he is

Genitive biz im nosso size in vosso onlar ın seus

Dative biz e size e wave to

Accusative biz i siz i onlar ı

Locative biz of size of onlar da

Ablative bizd in siz den onlar dan

The possessive pronouns in Turkish

Formation of two possessive pronomes in Turkish from large vowel harmony

vowel not final syllable possessive pronome suffix

clear vogais eee → meu: -(i)m

teu: -(i)n
seu: -i/-yes
nosso:-(i)miz
vosso: -(i)niz
seus: -leri

ö and ü → meu: -(ü)m

teu: -(ü)n
seu: -ü/-sü
nosso: -(ü)müz
vosso: -(ü)nüz
seus: -leri
 Formation of two possessive pronomes in Turkish from large vowel harmony

dark vogais ae ı → meu: -(ı)m

teu: -(ı)n
seu: -ı/yes
nosso: -(ı)mız
vosso: -(ı)nız
seus: -ları

oeu → meu: -(u)m

teu: -(u)n
seu: -u/su
nosso: -(u)muz
vosso: -(u)nuz
seus: -ları

The Turkish numbers from 0 to 10

sıfır zero

bir um

iki two

üç three

dört four

beş five

altı six

yedi seven

sekiz oito

dokuz nine
 on dez

The formation of all other numbers in Turkish is quite regular and follows this rule:

Numbers starting with 11: tens + units

You are numbered from eleven to twenty in Turkish

on bir eleven

on iki dozen

on üç thirteen

on dört quatorze

on beş fifteen

on altı dezesseis

onyedi dezessete

on sekiz dezoite

on dokuz dezenove

yirmi came

Learn to count agora até cem em in Turkish:

yirmi bir came and um

yirmi iki came and two

yirmi üç wine and three

yirmi dört wine and four

 yirmi beş I came five

yirmi altı wine and six

yirmi yedi came and seven

yirmi sekiz I saw and heard

yirmi dokuz came and nove

otuz trita

kırk forty

the Li fifty

altmış sixty

yetmiş seventy

seksen oitenta

doksan ninety

yüz cem

ikiyüz duzentos

üçyüz trezentos

dörtyüz quatrocentos

Note: 100 (cem) is always yüz and never again yüz . And now we continue counting até 1 bilhão:

yüz bir cento and um

bin thousand

bin yüz bir thousand cento and um

on bin ten thousand

yirmi bin I won a thousand

yüz bin cem thousand

bir milyon um milhão

bir milyar um bilhão