Kd;Diu

,e;jpahtpy; rhjp mikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy;NtW

,dg;gphptpdHfs; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. xt;NthH ,dj;jtUk; jdpr; rKjhakhf

tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. ,j;jifa ,dg; gphpTfspy; xd;W jkpo;ehl;bd;

njd;gFjpahd fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; tho;e;J

tUfpd;w ‘nts;shsH’ vd;W Ngr;R tof;fpYk;> ‘NtshsH’ vd;W ,dg;gphpthYk;

miof;fg;glf; $batHfs;. ,tHfs; Nky; kl;l rKjhaj;jpduhf tho;e;J

jw;NghJ gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l rKjhakhf jq;fis mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gy;NtW

Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jp tUfpd;wdH. ,t;tha;Ntl;by; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L

NtshsHfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mtHfspd; tho;tpay; Muhag;gLfpwJ.

Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

Ma;thsuhy; Muhag;gl;Ls;s Ma;tpd; jiyg;G “ehQ;rpy; ehl;L

Ntshshpd; tho;tpay;” (Njhthis tl;lk;> fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;) vd;gjhFk;.

,t;tha;T Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; tho;e;J tUk; NtshsHfspd; tho;f;if

Kiwfis ikakhff; nfhz;L Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Tf;fsk;

NtshsHfs; tho;fpd;w Njhthis tl;lj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L

mtHfspd; tho;tpay; Muhag;gLfpwJ. fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; Njhthis>

mf];jP];tuk; Mfpa ,uz;L tl;lq;fspy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfs; tho;e;J

te;jhYk; ‘nra;td jpUe;jr; nra;’ vd;gjw;Nfw;g Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; tho;e;J

tUk; NtshsHfspd; tho;tplNk Ma;Tf; fskhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

1
Ma;T Nehf;fk;

mwpahjpUf;Fk; nra;jpfis mwpa Kad;W mtw;wpd; cz;ikfis

ntspf; nfhzHtJ Ma;tpd; nghJthd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,t;tifapy;

NtshsHfspd; tho;tpay; gw;wpAk;> NtshsHfs; ahH? mtHfs; vq;fpUe;J

te;jdH vd;gijAk; ntspf;nfhzUk; Nehf;fpYk; ,t;tha;T

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs;

Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; tho;e;J tUk; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L Ntshshpd;

tho;tpay;> gpw rKjhaj;jpdhpd; tho;tpaypUe;J NtWgl;lJ vd;gNj ,t;tha;tpd;

fUJNfhshFk;.

Ma;T Mjhuq;fs;

Ma;tpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; Kjd;ik> Jizik Mjhuq;fs; %yk;

Nrfhpj;jitahFk;.

Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspd; tho;tpay; Kiwfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Ntshshpd; tuyhW> rlq;Ffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;

Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpj; jftyhspfsplk; fz;l Ngl;b> tpdh epuy;> cw;W

Nehf;Fjy;> Gifg;glq;fs; Nghd;wit Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fshf mike;Js;sd.

Jizik Mjhuq;fs;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspd; tuyhW gw;wpa E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;>

,jo;fs;> fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;> Ma;NtLfs; Mfpait Jizik

Mjhuq;fshFk;.

2
Ma;tpd; nkhopeil

“ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHpd; tho;tpay;” (Njhthis tl;lk;>

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;) vd;Dk; Ma;thdJ fs Ma;T vd;gjhy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L

Ntshshpd; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;

vspa jkpo; eilNa gutyhf gad;gLj;jgl;Ls;sJ.

Ma;tpd; mZF Kiw

“ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHpd; tho;tpay;” (Njhthis tl;lk;> fd;dpahFkhp

khtl;lk;) vd;Dk; Ma;thdJ rKjhatpay; mZFKiw> tuyhw;wpay; mZF

Kiw kw;Wk; tpsf;fKiw mZFKiw Mfpa mZFKiwfspy;

Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Ntl;bd; ghFghL

Ma;NtL Ma;T mwpKfk;> Ma;T epiwTiu ePq;fyhf ehd;F

,ay;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. NtshsH tuyhW

2. Ntshshpd; rlq;FKiwfs;

3. NtshsH ek;gpf;iffs;

4. NtshsH tho;tpaypy; gonkhopfSk;> tpLfijfSk;

‘Ma;T mwpKfk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;G> Ma;Tf;fsk;>

Ma;T Nehf;fk;> Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs;> Ma;tpd; Mjhuq;fs;> Ma;tpd; nkhopeil>

Ma;tpd; mZFKiw> Ma;Ntl;bd; ghFghL Mfpait ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

‘NtshsH tuyhW’ vd;Dk; Kjyhk; ,aypy; NtshsH gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NtshsH vd;w nrhy; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;iy

3
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,tHfspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; Ntshz;ikahFk;.

NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ,tHfs; gpuhkzHfSf;F mLj;j epiyapy;

itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. ,tHfs; gpw gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F

Kd;Ng ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; FbNawpatHfs;. tp[a efu murH fhyj;jpy; fhH

fhj;jhH> Nrhopa NtshsH> nfhbf;fhy; NtshsH vd;w %d;W gphptpy; fhzg;gl;l

NtshsHfs; ehaf;fH fhyj;jpYk; fhH fhj;jhH> nfhq;F NtshsH> Nrhopa

NtshsH> nfhbf;fhy; NtshsH vd;w gphptpYk; fhzg;gl;ldH. kuhl;baH

fhyj;jpy; fhuhsf; FbapdH> thioapiyf; nfhbapdH> ntw;wpiyg; Ngl;ilahH

Nghd;w gphpTfspYk; fhzg;gl;ldH. gyg; gphpTfshf fhzg;gl;lhYk; jw;NghJ

muR ntspapl;Ls;s NtshsH tiffs; 138 Mf cs;sd. ,it Fwpj;J

,t;tpaypy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

‘Ntshshpd; rlq;FKiwfs;’ vd;w ,uz;lhtJ ,aypy; gpwg;G Kjy;

,wg;G tiuapyhd rlq;Ffs; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. fUTWjy; njhlq;fp

Foe;ijapd; xU taJ G+Hj;jpahfp nkhl;il mbj;J> fhJFj;Jjy;

tiuapyhdit gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs; MFk;. fUTWjy; njhlq;fp rPke;jk;

(tisfhg;G) tiu gpwe;j tPl;lhuhy; gy rlq;Ffs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ij

gpwe;jTld; ‘NridnfhLj;jy;’ tPl;bd; %j;jtHfshy; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

‘rl;bg;ghid njhLjy;’> ‘gpwe;j ehs; tpoh’> ‘fhJFj;Jjy;’ Mfpait ,U

tPl;bduhYk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lhYk; nryT ngUk;ghYk; gpwe;j tPl;bdH

nra;tjhfNt cs;sJ.

,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffs; xUtH ,we;jJ njhlq;fp jptrk; tiu cs;sit

MFk;. xUtH ,we;jTld; mtiuf; Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> tpsf;F Kd; nghUl;fs;

itj;jy;> khub mbj;jy;> me;jpf;F mOjy;> fpoik Kiw Mfpait

4
mbae;jpuk; vd;Dk; 16-Mk; ehs; tiu nra;Ak; rlq;FKiwahFk;. mjd; gpd;

41-Mk; ehSk;> xU tUlk; fope;j gpwF jptrkhfTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

ngz; Foe;ij nghpats; Mdij cyFf;F mwptpg;gijr; ‘rlq;F’

vd;Wk; G+g;Gr; rlq;F vd;Wk;> G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpoh vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdH.

Kjy; ehs; jiyf;F jz;zPH Cw;Wtjpy; njhlq;fp rpwg;G czT nfhLj;jy;>

tpoh vLj;jy;> jha; khkd; rPH Mfpaitf; Fwpj;J ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

epr;raj;jhk;G+yk; njhlq;fp jhypg; ngUf;Fjy; tiuapyhdit jpUkzr;rlq;Ffs;

MFk;. epr;raj;jhk;G+yk; my;yJ ntw;wpiy ifkhw;Wjy;> jhypf;Fg;

nghd;DUf;Fjy;> Cuioj;jy;> jpUkzk;> cld;kWtPL> tuNtw;G> ehyhk; ePH>

Vohk; ePH> kWtPL> ,uz;lhk; kWtPL> jhypg; ngUf;Fjy;> Kisg; ghypif

fiuj;jy;> khq;fy;a fhb fha;r;Rjy; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpAk; ,t;tpaypy;

Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

‘NtshsH ek;gpf;iffs;’ vd;Dk; %d;whk; ,aypy; Ntshsh; tho;tpaypy;

filg;gpbf;Fk; ek;gpf;iffs; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;ek;gpf;iffs; mr;rj;jpd;

fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wpajhFk;. NtshsHfs; rFdq;fs; gw;wpAk;> fpoikfs;

Fwpj;Jk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdH. G+D}y; mzpe;j gpuhkzHfs; ,UtH vjpNu

tUtJ ey;y rFdk; vd;Wk;> xUtH te;jhy; nfl;l rFdnkd;Wk; fUjg;gl;lJ.

“Mz;G+rk; murhSk;> ngz;G+rk; G+rp fkj;Jk;” vd;w el;rj;jpu ek;gpf;ifAk;

NtshsHfspilNa fhzg;gLtJ Fwpj;Jk;> ehl;fspy; m\;lkp> etkp Nghd;w

jpjpfSk;> fpoik gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffSk; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

‘NtshsH tho;tpaypy; gonkhopfSk; tpLfijfSk;’ vd;Dk; ehd;fhtJ

,aypy; NtshsHfs; tho;tpy; gonkhopfSk;> tpLfijfSk; ngw;Ws;s ,lk;

Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. nghpatHfs; xt;nthU nraYf;F Neubahf Vrhky;

5
gonkhopiaf; $wpNa rhpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. khkpahH kUkfSf;FfpilNa cs;s

Vw;wj;jho;Tfis “khkpahH cilj;jhy; kz;Flk; kUkfs; cilj;jhy;

nghd;Flk;” vd;w gonkhop Ghpa itf;fpwJ. tpLfijfs; ngUk;ghYk; nghOJg;

Nghf;Ftjw;fhfTk; mwpTj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; gad;gl;ld.

nghpatHfs; rpwpatHfsplk; $WtjhfNt tpLfijfs; mike;Js;sd.

ngUk;ghYk; mjd; tpil xU ehs; my;yJ ,Uehs; tiu Nahrpj;J

nrhy;tjhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

jw;NghJ gonkhopfs; NtshsHfs; tho;tpy; ePq;fhj ,lj;ijg;

ngw;whYk; tpLfijapd; ,lj;ij njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w nghOJg; Nghf;F

rhjdq;fs; ngw;Ws;sjhy; mit kiwe;J tUtJ Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; Ma;T

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

‘Ma;T epiwTiu’ vd;Dk; jiyg;G ,t;tha;Ntl;by; fz;lwpe;j

cz;ikfs; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mjidj; njhlHe;J Ma;Tf;Fj; Jiz

epd;w ‘Jiz E}w;gl;bay;’ mfuthpirapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

‘gpd;dpizg;gpy;’ tiuglk;> jftyhspfs; gl;bay;> Ngl;b> Gifg;glq;fs;

Mfpait ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

6
Kd;Diu

$b tho;tNj rKjhakhFk;. “kdpjd; cUthfp te;j mNj

fhyj;jpNyNa kdpjHfSf;Fs; ,dg;gphpTfSk; Njhd;wyhapw;W.”1 kdpjHfs;

jq;fSf;Fs;Ns nghJthf mike;Js;s epwk;> clyikg;G> cauk;> jiyKb>

fz;zpd; epwk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; XH ,dkhfg; gphpe;jhHfs;. me;j

,dj;jpw;Fs;Sk; gyg; gphpTfs; Njhd;wpd. tz;Gfo; %tH jz;nghopy;

tiug;gpd; fz; gz;Gk; nraYk; FbikAk; fhuzkhf “me;jzH> murH> tzpfH>

NtshsH> vd;w ehw;ghthf jkpof khe;jHfs; mike;jdH.”2 “,jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;

NtshsH vd;Dk; gphptpdNu Fkhpkhtl;lj;jpy; nts;shsH vd;W kUtp

toq;fg;gLfpd;wdH.”3 ,t;tpaypy; NtshsH rKjhaj;jpd; G+HtPfk;> gphpTfs;

kw;Wk; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; NtshsHfspd; epiy Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

Fkhpkhtl;lk;

“GytHfshy; ‘jz;Jiwf;Fkhp’ vd;W tpje;J ghuhl;lg;gl;lJk;> tuyhw;Wr;

rpwg;G kpf;fJkhf tpsq;FtJ Fkhpkhtl;lk;. ,J ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpd;

njd;- Nfhbapy; Kf;flyhy; #og;gl;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ,jd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT

1>684 rJu fp.kP.”4 Njhthis> mf];jP];tuk;> fy;Fsk;> tpstq;NfhL vDk; 4

jhYfhf;fis cs;slf;fpj; jpfOk; Fkhpkhtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuhf ehfHNfhtpy;

tpsq;FfpwJ.

Njhthis tl;lk;

Njhthis tl;lk; ‘ehQ;rpy; ehL’ vd Fkhp khtl;lj;jpduhy;

miof;fg;gLk; gFjpahFk;. ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; cs;slq;fpa gFjpahd Njhthis

7
tl;lj;jpy; gy fpuhkq;fs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd. ,j;Njhthis tl;lj;jpy;

NtshsH>

1. kf;fs; top NtshsH

2. kUkf;fs; top NtshsH

3. irt NtshsH

vd %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpe;J tho;fpd;wdH.

NtshsH gphpTfs;

Kw;fhyj;jpy; NtshsHfs; xU rpyg; gphpTfshfNt tho;e;jdH. NtshsH

jk;Ks; Ez;zwpthy; rpwe;jtiu mwpTE}y; XJjw;Fk;> jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy;

flTs; topghL Mw;Wjw;Fk; xU tFg;gpduhfj; NjHe;njLj;J ,Ue;jdH. ,tHfs;

me;jzuhtH. ,tHfs; MjpirtH> FUf;fs;> gl;lH> ek;gpahH vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldH.

NghH nra;tjw;Fhpa Mw;wYk;> Fbfisg; ghJfhj;jw;Fhpa mwpT

typikAila Ntshz; kf;fisg; gphpj;J murhSjw;F itj;jhHfs;. vdNt

Kw;fhyj;jpy; murUk;> NtshsH gphptpy; xU gphptpduhff; fUjg;gl;ldH.

coTj;njhopy; nra;tjw;Nfw;w fzf;fwpTk;> ,d; nrhy;Yk;

,aw;ifahfNt tha;e;jtuha; cs;s jk;kpdj;jthpy; xU rhuhiug; gphpj;J

mtiu tzpfuhf epWj;jpdH. ,q;qdk; epWj;jg;gl;l tzpf NtshsNu njhd;W

njhl;L ,d;W tiu nfhiy> Giy Kjypad jtpHj;j mwpnthOf;fj;jpduha;

‘Ntshz;nrl;bfs;’ vd;W ngaH ngw;W tUfpd;wdH. ,t;thW Kw;fhyj;jpy;

%d;W gphpTfshf tho;e;jtHfs; jw;nghOJ gyg;gFjpfspy; tho;fpd;wdH.

mtHfisj; JSt NtshsH> nfhz;il fl;b NtshsH> nfhbf;fhy; fhu

NtshsH> fhdfPo; ehl;lhH (fhdf;fpop ehl;lhH) ghz;ba NtshsH> fhHfhj;j

8
my;yJ fhiuf; fhl;lhH> fhzpahd NtshsH> Nrhopa nfhq;F NtshsH>

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsH> nfhLg;Gio NtshsH> ey; NtshsH> Ntshz;

nrl;bfs; vdg; ghLg;gLj;jyhk;.

ehQ;rpy; ehL

“Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; Njhthis> mf];jP];tuk; jhYfhf;fis

cs;slf;fpa gFjp md;Wk; ,d;Wk; ehQ;rpy; ehL vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.”5

,e;jg; ngaH goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gl;L te;jjhFk;.

ngaHf;fhuzk;

ehQ;rpy; vd;w ngaH rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa toq;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.

,jw;F GwehD}W rhd;W jUfpwJ. “GwehD}w;wpy; tUk; caH rpika cohm

ehQ;rpy; nghUe” vd;w thp caHe;j rpfuj;ijAila ehQ;rpy; vd;Dk;

ngaiuAila kiyf;F Nte;Nj vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUfpwJ. “ehQ;rpy;

kiyiaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l ehL ehQ;rpy; ehlhFk;.”6

“mhprp Nfl;l xsitf;F ahidiag; ghprpyhfj; je;j ehQ;rpy; tstd;

vd;Dk; Gutyd; Mz;l ehlhdjhy; ehQ;rpy; ehL”7 vdg; ngaH te;J vd;gJ

Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is mtHfspd; fUj;jhFk;

“ehQ;rpy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; fyg;ig vd;Dk; nghUSk; cz;L. tay;

epiwe;j ,e;ehl;by; epyj;ij cOtjw;F fyg;igfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy;

ehQ;rpy; ehL vd;Dk; ngaH ngw;wJ vd;ghH. kw;nwhU rhuhH - ehQ;rpy;

vd;gjw;F kjpy;> cWg;G vDk; nghUSk; cz;L. kiyfSk;> fly;fSk;

9
,g;gFjpfSf;F ,aw;if muz;fshf mike;Js;sikahy; ehQ;rpy; ehL vd;W

ngaH ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;Jk; epyTfpwJ.”8

ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; rhpj;jpuk;

“rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; RkhH ,UE}w;iwk;gJ Mz;Lfshf (fp.gp.650 tiu)

ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lg;gFjp NruHfsJ Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. gpd; ghz;baHfspd;

iff;Fr; nrd;wJ. fp.gp. 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 13-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

NrhoHfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ vd;W rhrdq;fs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.

Nrhotk;rk; typik Fd;wp mopaNt> fp.gp. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J kPz;Lk; Nru

murHfs; ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp Msj;Jtq;fpdH. mjd;gpd; tp[aefug;

NguurHfshYk;> ehaf;f murHfshYk; kpfTk; my;yy;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 1635-,y;

ehaf;fH gil ehQ;rpy; ehl;il kpfTk; Jd;GWj;jpaJ. fp.gp. 1700–f;Fg;gpd; jhd;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; rpwpjsT rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;”9

G+HtPfk;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; thOk; kf;fisg; gw;wp gy tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSk;>

tha;nkhopf;fijfSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. “ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; gy FLk;gj;jpdH gy

E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng mq;F FbNawpatHfs;. xU rpy FLk;gj;jpdH

gilnaLg;NghL te;jtHfshapUf;fyhk;. rpyH G+Ht FbfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

Mdhy; ngUk;ghNyhH ghz;baehL> NrhzhLfspypUe;J nrd;wtHfNsahtH.”10

Ntshshpd; G+HtPfk;

“ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsH midtUk; gpw gFjpfspypUe;J gy

E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G mq;F FbNawpg; gilj;jiyik G+z;Lk;> tPuuha;

mike;Jk;> ehl;bd; Ml;rpj; Jiwapy; mjpfhuk; tfpj;Jk; te;jtHfshtH.

10
,tHfs; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; ngUk; epyj;jpy; chpikahsHfsha; ,Ue;jdH. ghz;b

Kjypa gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J tUk; gilfisj; jLj;Jk;> Ml;rpapy; mjpfhuk;

jhq;fp murpay; nrk;ikahf eilngWtjw;F cjtp Ghpe;Jk;> coT> thzpgk;>

Kjypa njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L ehl;bd; eyj;ijg; NgzpAk;> ngUe;njhz;L

Ghpe;J te;jdH. Nru murHfSf;F ,d;wpaikahj ngUq;Fbfsha; mike;jdH.

Ml;rp elj;Jtjw;F Ntz;Lk; nghUs;> tUtha; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;ehQ;rpy;

ehl;bdhplkpUe;Nj ngwf;$bajhapUe;jJ. RUq;ff; $wpd; Nru uh[;[paj;jpd; caH

epiyapypUe;J muR nropf;Fk;gbr; nra;jJ> ehQ;rpy; ehNlahFk;.”11

Fkhpkhtl;lj;jpy; ehL vd;why; ehQ;rpy; ehl;bidAk;> ehl;lhH vd;why;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L nts;shsHfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;ehl;by; tho;e;J tUk; gpw

rKjha kf;fSf;F ‘ehQ;rpy; ehl;L’ vd;w milnkhop fpilahJ. ,tHfspd;

Fyj;njhopy; Ntshz;ik vd;whYk; fzf;F tof;fpy; jpwikAilatHfshf

mf;fhyj;jpy; tpsq;fpdhHfs;.

nts;shsHfs; vd;why; nts;sj;jpy;> ePH epiyfspy; Ml;rp GhpgtHfs;

vdg; nghUs;gLk;. gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfshf murHfSf;Fk;> tzpfHfSf;Fk;>

nry;te;jHfSf;Fk; fzf;F tof;Ffis ,tHfs; jpwk;gl ftdpj;J te;jjhy;

‘fzf;Fgps;is’ vd;w nrhy; ,d;Wk; epiyngw;Ws;sJ.

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L nts;shsHfspd; G+HtPfKk; Nrho ehl;bd;

fhNthpG+k;gl;bdk; vdg; gyjkpof tuyhw;W mwpQHfs; fUJfpwhHfs;. ftpkzp

Njrpftpehafk; gps;is mtHfspd; %jhijaHfs; Nrho ehl;bd; ehfg;gl;bdk;

gFjpapypUe;J ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; FbNawpdtHfs; vdf; ftpkzp mtHfs;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;.

11
 jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; ts;spA+hpd; fpof;Nf ek;gpahW XLfpwJ.

ek;gpahw;wpd; njw;Ff; fiuapy; rpj;J}hpy; njd;fiu kfuh[d; jpUf;Nfhtpy;

cs;sJ. mf;NfhtpypDs; jstha; td;dpad;> tPukzp> Ngr;rpak;kd; Kjypa

rpW Njtijfspd; Nfhtpy;fSk; cs;sd. mt;T+iur; Rw;wpYk; nts;shsHfs;

mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dH

mtHfSk; mq;fpUe;J Fb ngaHe;J ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; Muy;tha;nkhop>

Njhthis> fLf;fiu> Gj;Njhp> G+jg;ghz;b> rpwklk; Kjypa CHfspy;

,lg;ngaHr;rp nra;J FbNawpdhHfs;. vdNt ,d;Wk; mt;T+hpy; ngUk;

nts;shshpilNa rpj;J}H Rthkpfspd; ngaHfs; nfhz;ltHfs; ngUkstpy;

,Ug;gijf; fhzKbAk;.

“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cUt ntz;kzy; KUFehW jz;nghopw;

gq;Fdp Kaf;fk; fope;j topehs;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .”12

ntz;ikahd kzYk;> FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa Nrhiyapy; cj;jpu el;rj;jpuk;>

epiwkjpAk; $ba ed;dhspy; gq;Fdp cj;jputpoh eilngw;wijr; rq;f

,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

mijg; Nghd;WMz;L NjhWk; gq;Fdp khjk; cj;jpuk;

el;rj;jpuj;ijnahl;b eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fspy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;bypUe;J

ngUe;jpushd nts;shsHfs; ,d;Wk; Mh;tj;Jld; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

nts;shsHfs; Nrhoehl;bd; jQ;rhT+H> Fk;gNfhzk;> kapyhLJiw Kjypa

gFjpfspypUe;Jk; ehQ;rpy; ehl;bw;Ff; FbngaHe;J te;jpUf;fyhk; vd

ek;gg;gLfpwJ. mq;fpUe;J ,q;F te;jtHfs; jq;fs; CHfspy; fhzg;gLk;

12
tay;ntspfs; Nghy; ,q;Fk; nropg;ghd tay;ntspfs; epiwe;jpUe;jjhy; jhq;fs;

FbNawpa gFjpf;F ehQ;rpy;ehL vdg; ngahpl;bUf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; kapyhLJiw

tl;lj;jpYk; xU ehQ;rpy; ehL cs;sJ vd;gJ ,q;F epidT $Htjw;FhpaJ.

ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; ePHtsk;> epytsk;> nrOikahd kiyfs; xU ftHr;rpahf

,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. ehQ;rpy; ehLk;> jQ;ir tl;lKk; xNu NeHf;Nfhl;by; ,Ug;gjhy;

G+Nfhs hPjpahf xU njhlHGk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ehQ;rpy; ehL; gof;ftof;fq;fspYk;> Fynja;t topghl;bYk;> Nrho

ghz;ba ehLfNshL gpize;Jf; fhzg;gl;ld. vdNt jhd; jq;fs; kf;fSf;F

kfhNjtd; gps;is> nrhf;fypq;fk; gps;is> Vfhk;guk; gps;is> ghz;bad;

gps;is> Rthkpehjd;> eluh[g;gps;is> rpjk;guk;gps;is> ePyfz;lgps;is> rpjk;gu

ufrpak;> kPdhl;rp> fhkhl;rp kw;Wk; ghz;ba ehl;Lj; nja;tq;fspd; ngaHfisr;

#l;b kfpo;e;jhHfNsh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

jpUney;Ntypr; rPikapd; fpof;Fg; gFjpahd ts;spA+H> ehq;FNehp kw;Wk;

rpj;J}H Kjypa CHfspy; mbf;fb Vw;gl;l twl;rp> mjd; jhf;fj;jhy; tpise;j

nfhiyfs;> fw;gopg;G rk;gtq;fshy; mg;gFjp nts;shsHfs; ghJfhg;ghd

,lq;fisj; Njbr; nry;y Ntz;ba fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. mjd;

fhuzkhf> tsk; epiwe;j gFjpahd ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; FbNawpdhHfs;.

“ehQ;rpy; ehl;L nts;shsHfs; vy;NyhUk; xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,q;F

te;J FbNawtpy;iy. mtHfs; gy;NtW fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; Nrho>

ghz;ba ehLfspypUe;J ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; FbNawpatHfs; vd;gjid kWf;f

KbahJ. Kjd; Kjyhf ehQ;rpy; ehl;bw;F te;J FbNawpatHfs; RkhH 1800

Mz;LfSf;F Kd; te;J ,Uf;fyhk; vd tuyhw;Wg; NghuhrphpaH lhf;lH Nf. Nf.

13
gps;is mtHfSk; kw;Wk; jpUtpjhq;$H khepyf; Fwpg;Ngl;bidj; njhFj;jtuhd

(Travancore State Manual) b.Nf. NtYg;gps;isAk; $WfpwhHfs;.”13

gplhif

“ehQ;rpy; ehL epHthf trjpf;fhf 12 gplhiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ciur; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpNa xU gplhif vdg;gLk;. 13-Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;dNu ehQ;rpy; ehL 12 gplhiffshfg; gFf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mf;fhyj;J kd;dHfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; Nghhpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl

Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; CHfSf;F nghJthditfs; epiwNtw;w Cuit

Njitg;gl;ld vd;fpwhH. Nj. Ntyg;gd;.”14

gplhiff;fhuHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; $l;lq;fSf;F gplhif my;yJ ehl;Lf;

$l;lk; vd;w ngaH fhzg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; vLf;Fk; Kf;fpa KbTfs; murdhy;

mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; rpwg;G nra;a ntz;fyKuR> nfhk;G> nts;spf;

fl;ba nghw;fpop Mfpait tpUJfshf kd;duhy; mspf;fg;gl;ld. 12 gplhifs;>

Njhthis jhYfh

1. mofpaghz;baGuk;

2. mde;jGuk; (fLf;fiu)

3. eLTg;gplhif

4. Nky; gplhif

5. jhof;Fb

6. Njhthis

mf];jP];tuk; jhYfh

1. gilg;gw;W

2. Nj&H

14
 3. Nfhl;lhW

4. gwf;if

5. RrPe;jpuk;

6. mf];jP];tuk;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; tlgFjpia tlkPjpnad;Wk; njd;gFjpiaj; njd;kPjp

vd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; gy;NtW rKjha kf;fs; tho;e;J

te;jhYk; $l rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tiu kUkf;fs; jhaj;ijf; filg;gpbj;J

te;j Ntshs rKjhakf;fs; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L nts;shsHfs; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhHfs;.

Ntshshpd; nrhw;nghUs;

NtshsH vd;w nrhy; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;iy mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L gpwe;jjhFk;. Ntshz;ik vd;gJ coTj; njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Ntshz;ik njhopiyr; nra;J te;j kf;fs; NtshsH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;iy ‘cgfhuk;’ nra;jy; vd;w

nghUisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

“jhshw;wpj; je;j nghUnsy;yhk;> jf;fhHf;F

Ntshz;ik nra;jw; nghUl;L” (Fws;: 212 )

vd;fpwJ Fws;.

“Ntshsd; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd;” vd;fpwJ jphpfLfk;.

Ntshz;ik vd;gJ cjtp vd;w nghUisAk;> Ntshsd; vd;w nrhy; gpwHf;F

cjtp nra;gtd; vd;w nghUisAk; jUfpwJ. kdpjd; capH tho cjTk;>

czTj; jhdpaj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J> midtUk; cz;L kfpo cgfhuk;

15
nra;tjhNyNa coTj; njhopy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; vd;Wk;> mt;

Ntshz;ikj; njhopiyr; nra;gtd; Ntshsd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

NtshsH gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

rKjhaj;jpy; jiyik tFg;gpduhf tpsq;fpa me;jzHf;F mLj;J

NtshsHfs; rq;ffhye;njhl;Nl rpwg;ghf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wdH vd;gjw;F

gytpjkhd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mit>

1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

2. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;

,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; NtshsH rq;ffhyk; KjNy fhzg;gLfpd;wdH vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

,yf;fpaq;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; caH kl;lj;jpduhf tpsq;fpa Ntshsiug;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhhpd; gl;bdg;ghiy Ntshshpd;

tho;f;if eyd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“nfhiy fbe;Jk; fsT ePf;fpAk;

mkuHg; NgzpAk; MTjp mUe;jpAk;

ey;yh NdhL gf;Nlhk; gpAk;

ehd; kiwNahH Gfo; gug;gpAk;

Gz;zpak; ml;bAk; gRk; gjk; nfhLj;Jk;”15

NtshsH Gz;zpa tho;f;if elj;jpajhff; $WfpwJ.

fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpyk;G> NtshsH

gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. “rpyg;gjpfhu rKjhaj;jpy; NtshsH epiy jdp xU

16
tifapdjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vy;NyhuhYk; mtHfs; tpUk;gg;gLfpd;wdH.

Mdhy; rKjhaj;jpd; runlJTk; mtHfs; ifapypy;iy. mtHfsJ

clDiwNthuhfj; jpfo;gtH MAH NtjUk;> fhyf;fzpfUk; MthH. ,jpypUe;J

mtHfs; kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk; Nghd;w mwpT E}y; JiwfspYk; MHtk;

nfhz;bUe;jdH vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.”16

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

NtshsH ,dj;ijg; gw;wpAk;> rKjhaj;jpy; mtHfs; ngw;wpUe;j ,lk;

gw;wpAk; fy;ntl;Lfs; gy rhd;Wfisf; $Wfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;

%yk; gy;NtW murhl;rpfspy; NtshsHfspd; epiy gw;wpj; njspthf mwpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

rq;ffhyk;

“NtshsHfs; vdg;gl;NlhH Ntshz;ikapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH.

fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,tHfisg; G+kpGj;jpuH> ehl;L kf;fs; vd;W Fwpj;jdH.

rpj;jpuNkop ehl;lhH vd;w mikg;G NtshsHfspd; eyDf;fhf ,aq;fpaJ.

jq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy; Ntshz;ik nra;j ngUk; NtshsHfs;

jtpu eykpy;yhjtHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. gpuhkzHfisg; Nghd;W NtshsHfSk;

murhq;fg; gzpfspy; nghWg;Ngw;wdH. ghz;ba kd;dd; rilad; khwdpd; fPo;

guhe;jfg;gs;sp Ntshd; ef;fd; Gs;sd; vd;ghd; Kf;fpakhd mjpfhhpahf

,Ue;jhd;. ,uhrrpk;k ghz;badplk; fzf;fdhf ,Ue;j fhlHNfhd; Ntshsd;

vd;gtidg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. NtshsHfs; gilj;jiytHfshfTk;

gzpahw;wpdH vdf; fy;ntl;L nra;jpfs; $Wfpd;wd.”17

17
NrhoH fhyk;

“Ntshz;ikia Kf;fpaj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;j NtshsHfs; XusT

rKjha me;j];J ngw;wpUe;jdH. murhq;fg; nghWg;gpYk; ,Ue;jdH.

gpuhkzHfl;F mLj;jgbahf murhpd; rYiffs; ,tHfl;Ff; fpilj;jd.

NtshsHfspd; epyk; ‘Ntshz; tif’ vdg;gl;lJ.”18

2-Mk; ghz;bag; NguuR fhyk;

“NtshsHfs; Vw;fdNt mikj;jpUe;j rpj;jpuNkopg; ngUehl;lhH vDk;

mikg;G tYg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,tHfs; Viuj; nja;tkhf topgl;ldH. rpj;jpuNkop

ngUehl;lhH mikg;G> thzpgf; fofk; Nghy; nray;gl;lJ. NtshsHfl;Fk;>

gpuhkzHfl;Fk;> ,ilapy; rpy Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpuhkzHfl;F

nra;aNtz;ba flikapy; jtwpaJld;> mtHfNshL rz;ilapl;ljw;fhf

Ntshz; CH NtshsHfsplk; kw;w rhjpapdH rz;ilapl;ljhff; Fwpg;nghd;W

fhzg;gLfpwJ.”19

tp[aefu muRf; fhyk;

“Ntshz;ikia Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;bUe;j NtshsHfs; gpuhkzHfl;F

mLj;jgbahd rKjha me;j];ijj; njhlHe;J ngw;wpUe;jhHfs;. fhHfhj;jhH>

Nrhopa NtshsH> nfhbf;fhy; NtshsH Nghd;w cl;gphpTfSk; Njhd;wpd. Gyhy;

cz;zhj gphptpdh; ‘irt NtshsH’ vdg;gl;ldH. NtshsHfs; gpw rhjpapdUld;

jpUkz cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.”20

ehaf;fH fhyk;

“gpuhkzHfl;F mLj;j rpwg;ig NtshsHfs; ngw;wpUe;jdH.

,tHfspilNa mUk;G+H fl;lk;> fhHfhj;jhH> nfhq;F NtshsH> Nrhopa

18
Nts;shsH> nfhbf;fhy; NtshsH vDk; gphptpdH ,Ue;jdH. ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk;

Ntshz;ikapy; <Lgl;bUe;jdH vdpDk; gzpahl;fisf; nfhz;Nl gapHj;njhopy;

nra;jdH. gyH tzpfHfshfTk;> giltPuHfshfTk;> murhq;fg; gzpahsH-

fshfTk; gzpGhpe;jdH. ,tH ‘gps;is’ vDk; rhjpg; gl;lj;ijj; jq;fs;

ngaUld; ,izj;jpUe;jdH. ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; irt rkaj;ijNa

gpd;gw;wpdH. irt czitNa cz;ldH.”21

kuhl;baH fhyk;

“kuhl;baH fhyj;jpy; NtshsHfs; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jdH.

,tHfspy; gyH epyr;Rthd;jhuHfshfTk;> rpyH epyq;fspy; gzpGhpAk;

CopaHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH. ,tHfs; kj;jpapy; fhuhsf; FbapdH> thioapiyf;

FbapdH> ntw;wpiyg; Ngl;ilaH vd;w %d;W gphptpdHfs; Njhd;wpdH.

jQ;iriar; NrHe;j NtshsHfs; jq;fisr; Nrhopa NtshsHfs; vd;W

mioj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.”22

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspd; gphpTfs;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspilNa ,U gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit

kf;fs; top> kUkf;fs; top vd;git MFk;. ,g;gphpT Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy;

kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ.

kf;fs;topg;gphpT

kf;fs; top NtshsH ,dj;jtH Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;j

vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;ljpYk; trpf;fpd;wdH.

,g;gphpT kf;fs; “nrl;b NtshsH” vd;W kUkf;fs; top kf;fshy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,g;gphptpy; xUthpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mthpd; kidtp>

19
kf;fSf;Nf chpikAilait. mtHfsJ jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs; kUkf;fs;top

NtshsHfspd; rlq;Ffis xj;jpUe;jhYk; xU rpytw;wpy; khWgLfpd;wd.

kUkf;fs; top gphpTfs;

Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; kUkf;fs; top gphptpdH> kf;fs; top gphptpdiutpl>

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. ,g;gphptpdhpy; xUthpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;> mtH ,we;j

gpd; mthpd; rNfhjhp kf;fSf;F chpikAilaJ. ,J Kd;gpUe;j epiyahFk;.

nrhj;Jf;fs; nry;Yk; epiyia itj;Nj NtshsH ,dj;jpy; ,UgphpTfs;

Njhd;wpd. Kd;G kUkf;fs; top Ntshsh;fs;> kf;fs; top NtshsHfSld;

jpUkz cwT nfhs;tjpy;iy. jw;NghJ ,e;epiy khwptpl;lJ. ,U

gphptpdUk;> kw;nwhU gphptpdUld; jpUkz cwT nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.

kUkf;fs; jhaKiw te;j tpjk;

Kd;G ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspilNa ,U gphpT ,y;iy. ,tHfs;

jkpofj;jpy; gpw gFjpfspypUe;J Fkhpapy; FbNawpatHfs;. “ehQ;rpy; ehl;L

NtshsHfs; vg;nghOJk; jq;fs; jhafkhfpa Nrho> ghz;ba Njrq;fisNa

vz;zpf;; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,e;epiyapy; mtHfisj; jkJ ehl;L epiyFbfshfr;

nra;Jtpl Ntz;Lnkd;W Nru murd; vz;zpdhd;. mtHfs; jq;fs; G+HtPf

ehl;bw;Fg; Ngha; tplhjgb kUkf;fs; jhar; rl;lj;ij mtHfs;

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gbr; nra;jhd; vd;nwhU fHz guk;giur; nra;jp NtshshpilNa

toq;FfpwJ.

NtnwhU nra;jpAk; toq;FfpwJ. ghz;bad; xUtDf;Fk;> Nrud;

xUtDf;Fk; ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; chpikiag; gw;wp tpthjk; epfo;e;jJ. ,UtUk;

jq;fSf;Nf ehQ;rpy; ehL chpikAilaJ vd;wdH. ,t;tpthjj;ij

20
me;ehl;bdNu jPHf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. mtHfs; NruH Ml;rpapy; tho;jiy

tpUk;gp> jhq;fs; kUkf;fs; jhaq;fNs vd;Wk;> mj;jha Kiwiaj; jq;fs;

Kd;NdhHfs; Nkw;nfhz;L tpl;ldH vd;W $wp tpthjj;ij Kbj;jdH. ,J

epfo;e;jJ fp.gp. 1116-,y; vd;W = gj;kehgRthkp NfhapypYs;s XH Xiyg;

gj;jpuk; njhptpf;fpwnjdj; jpUtpjhq;$H Njrr; rhpj;jpuk; $WfpwJ.”23

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,U nra;jpfshYk;> kf;fs; jhaKiwiaf; nfhz;l ehQ;rpy; ehl;L

nts;shsH> murpay; fhuzq;fshy; kUkf;fs; jhaKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdH

vd;gJk; cWjpahfpwJ.

kUkf;fs; jha Kiwapd; jd;ik

kUkf;fs; jhaKiwapd; jd;ik kpfTk; tprpj;jpukhdit. “FLk;gj;

jiytd; fhuztd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. fhuztdpd; G+HtPfr; nrhj;J

mtdJ rNfhjhpfspd; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jhd; chpikAilait. mtDila

Foe;ijfSf;F cfe;Jlik vd;Dk; rpw;Whpikiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j chpikAk;

,y;iy. rNfhjhpapd; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> G+HtPfr; nrhj;ijg; ghfg;gphptpid

Nfl;f chpik ,y;iy. ,aw;ifahd md;G jd; Foe;ijfs; kPJ nry;y>

nraw;ifahd rl;lk; me;j md;gpw;F ,lk; nfhlhjgb jd; rNfhjhpapd;

Foe;ijfSf;F mtfhrpfs; vd;w epiyapy; FLk;gr; nrhj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;gbr;

nra;jJ. rNfhjhpapd; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; ‘Nr\fhuH’ vd;W ngaH. ,tHfspd;

nrhw;Nfl;L fhuztH elf;fj; jtwpdhy;> mtidf; FLk;gNjh\p vd;W $wp

fhuztd; ];jhdj;jpypUe;J ePf;f top NjLthHfs;. FLk;gr; nrhj;ijg; ngUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;W fhuztd; epidg;gjw;Nf ,lNk ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. FLk;gr;

nrhj;Jf;fSk; ghohFk; epiy te;Jtpl;lJ. ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspd;

ngUq;FLk;gq;fs; ,t;thwhf my;yw;gl;L jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd.”24

21
Vw;gl;l khw;wk;

,e;epiyikfisnay;yhk; Nehf;fp> jq;fSf;Fhpa chpik gw;wpa

,r;rl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;J ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kf;fs; kdjpy;

Njhd;wpw;W. “,f;fUj;J RkhH 70 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH kpfTk; gpur;rhuk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. gyUk; NrHe;J NghuhbdhH. ,jw;fhd rPHjpUj;j kNrhjh 1926-

Mk; Mz;L rl;l rigapy; epiwNtwp 1927-,y; mkYf;F te;jJ. ,jd; gpd;

xU FLk;gj; jiytdpd; G+Htpfr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> mtdJ kidtpf;Fk;>

Foe;ijfSf;FNk vd;w epiy te;jJ.”25 ,e;jr; rl;lk; mkYf;F tUKd;

fztid ,oe;j ngz;zpd; epiy kpfTk; ghpjhgj;jpw;Fhpajha; ,Ue;jJ.

fhuztdpd; kidtp> kf;fis Mjhpj;Jf; ftdpf;Fk; nghWg;G Nr\f;fhuHfSf;F

rpwpJk; ,y;iy. fztd; ,we;j 16-Mk; ehs; kidtp> kf;fSf;F

cfe;Jilik vDk; nrhj;Jhpik my;yJ 1000 gzk; nfhLj;J mDg;gptpLtH.

,e;epiyia>

“INah>

Jauk;> Jauk;> gpwg;Ngh> Jauk;>

gpwg;gpDk; Jauk;> ngz;kfshjy;

ngz; kfshjtpw; nghpJk; Jauk;

kUkf; fs;top tiyapw; gLjy;”26

vd;W ftpkzp mofhfr; Rl;LfpwhH.

irt NtshsH

“irt NtshsHfs; ghz;b ehl;bypUe;J Fkhp khtl;lj;jpw;F Fbg;

ngaHe;J te;jtHfNsahtH. irtj;jpd; jhafk; ney;iy vd;gH.”27 “irtk;

vd;gJ ‘rptk;’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. rptk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ed;ik>

22
kq;fyk;> nrk;ik vd;W nghUs;gLk;. irtk; vd;gJ rptj;Jld; rk;ge;jk; vd;W

nghUs;jUk; me;jr; rk;ge;jj;ij mwpe;J czHe;J> mr;rptj;NjhL NrHe;J

mjdhy; kf;fs; Nky; epiyf;F Njhd;wpa rkak; irt rkak; my;yJ irtk;

vdg;gLk;. irt newpAld; tho;e;j NtshsHfNs irt NtshsH vdg;gl;ldH.”28

“gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhiyAk;> GyhYzTk; kWj;J rpttopghL ,aw;wp

te;jikapd; irt NtshsH vdg;gl;ldH.”29

irt Ntshshpd; goik

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH GijAz;l efuq;fSk;>

mtw;wpy; fpilj;Js;s nghUs;fSk;> rptypq;fk;> eluh[H Nghd;w cUtq;fSk;

irt Ntshshpd; rpt newpapd; njhd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. RkhH Mwhapuk;

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu rpwe;j ehfhpfk; gilj;j ehlhf tpsq;fpa rpe;J ntsp

gpuNjrj;ij ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;. ,jpy; GijAz;bUf;Fk;

nkhfQ;rjhNuh> `ug;gh Mfpa efuq;fspy; nghpa kw;Wk; rpwpa rptypq;fq;fs;

Mapuf; fzf;fpy; fpilj;Js;sd vd;Wk>; `ug;ghtpy; kl;Lk; 600 - f;F

Nkw;gl;l ypq;fq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd vd;Wk; njhpatUfpwJ. ,t;thuha;r;rpahy;

irt rkak; rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;Jf;Fk; (fp.K. 4000-f;Fk;) Kw;;gl;l

goikAilaJ vd;w jftiy mwpa KbfpwJ.

irt Ntshshpd; epiy

Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; irt NtshsHfs; Fiwe;j mstpy; tho;fpd;wdH.

Njhthis tl;lj;jpYs;s mUkey;Y}H> nrz;gfuhkd;GJ}H> njhprdq;Nfhg;G>

,wr;rFsk;> nts;sklk;> <rhe;jpkq;fyk;> fLf;fiu> fhl;Lg;GJ}H. rpwklk;>

mofpa ghz;baGuk;> Fwj;jpaiw> njq;fk;GJ}H Mfpa CHfspy; xU rpy

23
FLk;gj;jpdNu trpf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; fy;tp> nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> njhopypYk;

rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdH.

rKjhaj;jpy; NtshsHfspd; epiy

‘coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk;’ vd;whH ghujp. Mdhy;

,d;iwa kf;fs; tptrhaj;ij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. tay; ntspfspnyy;yhk;

fl;blq;fs; vOk;gp epw;fpd;wd. thdpd; fUizia ek;gp> tptrhaj;ijNa

%r;rhff; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; ,d;W rKjhaj;jpy; rpwe;j

epiyapy; ,y;iy.

gutpAs;s ,lq;fs;

nts;shsHfs; vd;Wk; gps;iskhHfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; NtshsHfs;

Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; mf];jP];tuk;> Njhthis jhYfhf;fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

fpuhkq;fspy; ngUthhpahf trpf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; thOk; CHfspy; gpw

rKjhaj;jpdH kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapNyNa ,Uf;fpd;wdH. mf];jP];tuk;

jhYf;fhtpy; ,utpGJ}H> fhpakhzpf;fGuk;> tlf;Fj; jhkiuFsk;> crutpis

(FyNrfud; Guk;)> ey;Y}H> gwf;if> kUq;$H> Nj&H> fpU\;zd; Nfhtpy;> Gj;Njhp>

xOfpdNrhp Mfpa fpuhkq;fspYk;> Njhthis jhYfhtpy; mUkey;Y}H>

nrz;gfuhkd;GJ}H> njhprdk;Nfhg;G> ,wr;rFsk;> nts;sklk;> <rhe;jpkq;fyk;>

fLf;fiu> fhl;Lg;GJ}H> rpwklk;> mofpaghz;baGuk;> Fwj;jpaiw> Nfrtd;GJ}H>

njq;fk;GJ}H> ehty;fhL Mfpa fpuhkq;fspYk;> rPjg;ghy;> tPuehuhazkq;fyk;>

me;juGuk;> tpsq;fhL> fLf;fiu> ,utpGJ}H Mfpa CHfspy; Fiwe;j

vz;zpf;ifapYk; trpf;fpd;wdH.

24
njhopy;

,e;jr; rKjhaj;ijr; rhHe;j kf;fs; midtUk; tptrhaj;ijNa

ek;gp tho;fpd;wdH. nrd;w jiyKiwiar; rhHe;j kf;fs; Ntshz;ikj;

njhopypy; ,Uf;f> ,d;iwa ,isQHfs; Ntshz;ikia cjwptpl;ldH. fy;tp

epiyapy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdH. kUj;JtHfshfTk;> nghwpapay;

epGzHfshfTk;> MrphpaHfshfTk;> fy;Y}hpapy; NguhrphpaHfshfTk;> muR

CopaHfshfTk; ,jugy JiwfspYk; ,t;tpdj;jtHfs; gzpGhpfpd;wdH.

fy;tp

NtshsH rKjhaj;ijr; rhHe;j ,d;iwa ,sk; jiyKiwapdH

midtUNk fy;tp fw;fpd;wdH. murpd; Kd;Ndwpa tFg;gpdH vd;w gl;baypy;

,lk; ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,l xJf;fL

P fs; ,tHfSf;F ,y;iy. vdNt kUj;Jtk;>

nghwpapay; fy;tp gapYgtHfs; FiwthfNt cs;sdh;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ

nghwpapay; fy;Y}hp mjpfk; cs;sjd; fhuzkhff; gapYk; tha;g;G

mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. ngz;fs; midtUNk fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;

cs;s ngz;fspy; rpyH kl;LNk gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;GfSld; fy;tpia epWj;jpf;

nfhs;fpd;wdH.

,r;rKjha khztHfspd; fy;tp tsHr;rpf;fhf Fkhpkhtl;lj;jpy;

nrz;gfuhkd; GJ}hpy; vd;.v];.Nf. njhopy; El;gfy;Y}hpAk;> fiythzh;

vd;.v];.Nf. fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hpAk;> nghwpapay; fy;Y}hpAk;>

Ntshsh; mwf;fl;lisAk>; koiyah; njhlf;fg; gs;spAk; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nghUshjhuk;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kd;NdwpatHfs; vd;W ,r;rKjhaj;jpdH Kj;jpiuf;

25
Fj;jg;gl;lhYk;> midj;J kf;fSk; nry;t nropg;Gld; ,y;iy. 100-f;F 10

rjtPjk; kf;fNs nry;te;jHfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; eLj;ju

tHf;fj;jpduhAk;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpatHfshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdH.

,tHfs; tptrhaj;ijNa ek;gp tho;fpd;wdH. midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; nrhe;j

epyk; ,y;iy. gpwH epyj;ijf; Fj;jiff;F vLj;J> cOJ> gaphpLgtHfSk;

cz;L.

ngz;fs; epiy

RkhH 50 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;> ,e;jr; rKjhaj;ijr; rhHe;j ngz;fs;

ntspNa tUtjpy;iy. ,e;j epiy jw;NghJ khwptpl;lJ. fy;tp> Ntiyf;Fr;

nry;Yjy; Mfpatw;wpy; ngz;fs; mjpfkhf <LgLfpd;wdH. mjpfkhf

tujl;riz thq;Fjy; ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nry;te;jHfs; epyKk;>

nghd;Dk;> kpf;fg; nghUSk; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ.

rkak;

NtshsH rKjhaj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs; midtUk; ,e;Jf;fshfNt

cs;sdH. xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Fynja;tk; vd;nwhU nja;tk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; FLk;gj;jpdH midtUk; mq;F $b nja;tj;ij

topgLfpd;wdH. mjpfkhf ‘mk;kd;’ vDk; ngz; nja;tj;ij topgLfpd;wdH.

,e;J rkaj;jpypUe;J fpwp];Jt kj;jpw;F khwpatHfs; xU rpyH cz;L.

K];yPk; kj;jpw;F khwpatHfs; ahUk; ,y;iy. ,t;thW kjk; khwpatHfSld;

NtshsHfs; jpUkz cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

Kd;Ndw;wk;

NtshsH rKjhaj;jpdH fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jpUe;jhYk;>

26
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. “cotd; kPjp coTf;

fk;ngdf;”30 $WtJ cz;ikahfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. NrHe;J nrayhw;Wk; jd;ik

kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. NtshsH rKjha kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf

nts;shsH rKjhar; rq;fk; xd;W ,aq;FfpwJ. ,e;j kf;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

gpd; jq;fpAs;sjhy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhH gl;baypy; NtshsH ,dkf;fisAk;

NrHf;FkhW muRf;Ff; Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;lNjhL> Ml;rpaH mYtyfk; Kd;G

Nghuhl;lKk; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhFg;Giu

Ø nts;sj;ij Ms;gtd; nts;shsd; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;

Ø njhopy; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa rKjhaNk NtshsH rKjhak;.

Ø ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfspd; G+HtPfk; Nrho> ghz;ba ehlhFk;.

Ø ehQ;rpy; vd;w ngaUk;> Ntshsd; vd;w ngaUk; rq;ffhyk; KjNy

toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jw;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W $Wfpd;wd.

Ø NtshsH ,dj;jtHfs; rq;ffhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Mz;l gpw kd;dHfs;

fhyj;jpYk; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wtHfshfNt ,Ue;J

te;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

Ø NtshsH vd;w ngaNu Fkhpkhtl;lj;jpy; nts;shsH vd kUtp

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tHfspilNa ,Ue;J te;j kf;fs; top> kUkf;fs; top

vd;Dk; gphpTfs; murpay; fhuzkhfNt cUthdJ. gpd; kf;fspd;

Nghuhl;lj;jhy; kUkf;fs;jha Kiw khwpaJ.

27
Ø NtshsH rKjhaj;jpdH fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jpUe;jhYk;>

nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.

Ø ngz;fspd; epiy> ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;ghdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Ø ,r;rKjha kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfNt NtshsH rKjhar; rq;fk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ø kf;fs; top NtshsHfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mtHfspd; Foe;ijfSf;Nf

chpikahdJ. Mdhy; kUkf;fs; topapy; mtHfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs;

rNfhjhpapd; Foe;ijfSf;Nf chpikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

Ø gd;dpnuz;L gplhiffisg; gphpj;J mjw;Fk; xU jiytiuf;

nfhz;Ls;sdH NtshsHfs;.

Ø ,tHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; $l;lk; ehl;Lf; $l;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.

Ø ehQ;rpy; vd;gjw;F fyg;ig vd;Wk; nghUs; cz;L.

Ø ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; rhHe;j NtshsHfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikNahH ghz;ba

ehl;bypUe;J FbNawpatHfshtH.

Ø NtshsHfs; murpay; elj;Jtjw;F Jiz Ghpe;jdH.

Ø Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; NtshsHfNs “ehQ;rpy; ehl;L NtshsHfs;”

vd;w milnkhopapy; miof;fg;gl;ldH.

Ø Ntshz;ik Fyj;njhopy; vd;whYk; fzf;fpYk; Gypahf fhzg;gl;ljhy;

fzf;Fg;gps;is gjtpia tfpj;jdH.

28
Ø rKjhaj;jpy; me;jzHfSf;F mLj;jgbahd me;j];jpy; NtshsHfs;

fhzg;gl;ldH.

Ø fy;ntl;L NtshsHfisg; ‘G+kp Gj;jpuHfs;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Ø NtshsHfspd; epyk; ‘NtshsHtif’ epyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Ø gq;Fdp khjk; cj;jpu el;rj;jpuKk; epiwkjpAk; $ba ehspy; cj;jpuk;

jpUtpohitf; nfhz;lhbdH.

Ø ehQ;rpy; ehL epHthfj;jpw;fhf 12 gplhiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Ø kUkf;fs; jha;Kiwapy; rNfhjhpapd; Foe;ijfis Mjhpf;fhjtH

‘FLk;gNjh\p’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH.

Ø 1927-Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpd;dNu G+HtPfr; nrhj;Jf;fs; kidtpf;Fk;

Foe;ijfSf;Fk; chpikahf rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L kUkf;fs;

jhaKiw xope;jJ.

29
,ay; Fwpg;Gfs;

1. fhHj;jp rKjha tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk; g. 27

2. K. jhrd; njhy;fhg;gpa fsQ;rpak;

nghUsjpfhuk; - 1 g. 56

3. ,uhkehj gps;is (jftyhsp)

4. rpe;jhkzp fd;dpahFkhp kthl;l kyH> 1984 g. 4

5. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; g. 7

gps;is

6. NkyJ ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top

khd;kpak; g. 7

7. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; Nk. g. g. 7

gps;is

8. rpe;jhkzp Nk. g. gf;. 1-2

9. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; Nk. g. gf;. 8-9

gps;is

10. Nk. g. g. 11

11. Nk. g. g. 12

12. nraghy; mfehD}W gh. 136

13. b.Nf. NtYg;gps;is Travancore State Manual g.

14. Nj. Ntyg;gd; ehQ;rpy; ehL g. 90

15. Nj. Ntyg;gd; ghujpapd; nghUspay; fUj;Jf;fs; g. 4

16. Nk. g. g. 11

17. gp. Nfhkjp ehafk; jkpofr; rKjhag; gz;ghl;L tuyhW g. 116

18. Nk. g. g. 149

19. Nk. g. g. 198

30
20. Nk. g. g. 228

21. Nk. g. g. 287

22. Nk. g. g. 307

23. itahGhpg;gps;is Nk. g. g. 16

24. Nk. g. g. 30

25. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top

gps;is khd;kpak; g. 55
26. Nk. g. g. 55

27. vk;.vk;. fz;zg;gd; (f.M) jkpo; ehL irt NtshsH rq;fk;

rpwg;G kyH g. 41

28. r. rr;rpjhde;jk; gps;is irt khehl;L nrhw;nghopTfs; gf;. 175- 176

29. kiwkiyabfs; NtshsH ehfhpfk; g. 16

30. NkyJ NkyJ g. 55

31