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Task 3 Electromagnetism 1

1) The document presents a summary of chapter 23 on Gauss's law, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed net charge. 2) Some common applications of Gauss's law are described, such as demonstrating Coulomb's law for point charges and the expression of the electric field on the surface of a conductor or a line of charge. 3) Two electromagnetism problems solved using Gauss's law for calcification are included.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views11 pages

Task 3 Electromagnetism 1

1) The document presents a summary of chapter 23 on Gauss's law, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed net charge. 2) Some common applications of Gauss's law are described, such as demonstrating Coulomb's law for point charges and the expression of the electric field on the surface of a conductor or a line of charge. 3) Two electromagnetism problems solved using Gauss's law for calcification are included.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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National Autonomous University of Mexico

Science Faculty

Task 3

Electromagnetism 1

Gerardo González García


[email protected]

Delivery date: September 6, 2019


Summary of chapter 23: Gauss's Law
Given a square-shaped surface of area A , A is denoted by a vector normal to the surface whose
magnitude is precisely A , that is, A = An ˆ, with n ˆ a normal unit vector. Following the analogue of fluid
mechanics, given an electric field E , the quantity is called electric flux:
—— .
Φ := E ~ · A ~ (1)
which can be thought of as the amount of electric field that crosses the square surface.
Due to the dot product of the definition, it follows that the flux depends directly on the inclination of the
surface with respect to the plane, for example, if the surface is parallel to the field, the flux will be zero, since
E and A will be orthogonal. If a figure is formed by reasonable unions of square surfaces, the flow over that
surface is defined as:

x
E~·A~k (2)
k

For a more general surface, the definition of electric flux can be extended by dividing it into squares of
differential size and adding all the contributions, this sum becomes

Φ:= - -
Yes E·dA
in an integral:
(3)

Electrical flux can also be thought of as a quantity proportional to the number of field lines passing
through the surface. From the previous equations it can be seen that:

Number 2

[Φ]= C (4)

The German mathematician C. F Gauss established a relationship between the flow of electric field in a
closed surface and the charge it contains inside, it is known in his honor as Gauss's law:
€0 Φ = q enclosed (5)
If we substitute the general definition of flow, Gauss's law becomes:

/ ~~
E · dA = q enclosed (6)
Yes

The enclosed charge is the algebraic sum of the charges enclosed by the surface S, with considering its
sign. These surfaces are called Gaussian surfaces. By convention, the positive orientation of the surface is
taken, that is, the parameterization whose normal vector points towards the outside of the closed surface.
With this convention we have that, if the flux is negative, it means that the net charge enclosed by the surface
is negative, or equivalently, when negative charges are enclosed the field enters the surface, therefore, the
flux is negative.
Despite being a general law, Gauss's law is difficult to apply, but the work is greatly facilitated in
distributions with high symmetry. In these cases, if you want to calculate the field at some point in space due
to a charge distribution, you must consider closed surfaces that contain the point and whose parts coincide
with equipment surfaces. distribution potentials.
The most common applications of Gauss's law are listed below:

1
1. By applying Gauss's law to a point charge with a Gaussian surface (a sphere centered on the charge)
Coulomb's law can be demonstrated.

2. In an insulated conductor, any excess charge is located on the surface of the mate rial. This can be
shown by taking Gaussian surfaces on the inside of the conductor.

3. On the surface of a conductor whose surface charge distribution is σ , the field is given by:
E=σ (7)
€0

This can be shown by taking a small cylinder that passes through the surface of the con driver, leaving
one cover inside the driver and the other on the outside.

4. In an infinite line of charge with a uniform linear density λ , the field is given by:

E=λ
2π€ 0 r (8)

where r is the distance perpendicular to the load line. This is shown by taking a finite cylinder whose
axis coincides with the loaded line. The only important contribution will be that of the lateral surface of
the cylinder.

5. In a charged non-conducting sheet with a uniform surface distribution the field


electric is given by:
E=σ2e
(9) 0

To show it, you must take a cylinder that crosses the surface perpendicularly. cular and apply Gauss's
law, the only important contributions will be those of the covers.

6. With Gauss's law, the layer theorems mentioned in chapter 21 can be proven. To show it, you must
take spheres concentric to the shells.

Gauss's law can also be used to calculate the charge in some region bounded by a closed surface if the
electric field is available throughout space.

Issues
All calculations for the following exercises were done in Wolfram Mathematica.

Problem. 3. The cube in figure 1 has edge length 1 . 40 m and is oriented as indicated in a region of uniform electric field.
Find the electric flux that passesthrough the right face if the electric field, in newtons per coulomb, gives it a)
6.001, b) - 2.003 and c) - 3 . 00 ˆ ı + 4 . 00k N/A . d) What is the total flow that passes through the cube for
each field?

Solution. a) The right face has the normal vector a so, using the formula for flow over a surface:

E • • ddA = E E • ñdA = / 61 N/C • j dA = / 0 N/CdA = 0 Nm 2 /C (10)


H.H Yes Yes

2
Figure 1

b) We do the same calculation by changing the field:


— /(-2)N/C ) • 3dA -(-2N/0 ) /
E·dA = dA = ( - 2 N/C )(1 . 40 m ) = - 3 . 92 Nm /C (11)
2 2

c) Again we repeat the clause:


— TO, , _. ... 0 N/CdA =
E·dA = S
(
- 3 1 +4 k) N/A • j dA = 0 Nm /C
2
(12)
Yes

e)Since the three fields are constant and the same field lines that enter the cube leave, then the net flux of all the previous
fields is zero, it is not necessary to calculate all the integrals.
In this item, all the answers coincided with those in the text. N

Problem. 9. It is experimentally found that the electric field in a certain region of the Earth's atmosphere is directed
vertically downward. At an altitude of 300 m the field has magnitude 60 . 0 N/A ; at an altitude of 200 . 0 m, the
magnitude is 100 N/C . Find the net amount of charge contained in a cube of 100 m on each side, with horizontal faces
at altitudes of 200 and 300 m.

Figure 2

Solution. Gauss's law will be used, since it is possible to calculate the flow in the cube and it will be proportional to the

charge contained by a constant €0- 1


. Since the field does not pass through the side faces of the cube, only the flux on
the top and bottom faces is calculated, with fields E and E , as shown in the image.
+ -

Φ= E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ · n ˆ dA = E ~ · n ˆ dA + E ~ · n ˆ dA
-
Yes Yes S +
S

3
= E ~ ·n ˆ dA +
+
E ~ · n ˆ dA =
-
( - 60 ˆ k N/C ) · ˆ k dA + ( - 100 ˆ k N/C ) · ( - ˆ k ) dA

- 60 N/A dA + 100 N/C


S+ Yes
- -
S +
S S+ S

dA = ( - 60 N/C )(100 m ) + (100 N/C )(100 m )


2 2

= (40 N/C )(100 m ) = 4 × 10 Nm /C = q enclosed


2 5 2
(13)
€0

Solving for the enclosed charge we find that:

enclosed q = (4 × 10 Nm /C ) e 0 = (4 × 10 Nm /C )(8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm ) = 3 . 54 × 10 C (14)


5 2 5 2 -12 2 2 -6

The result coincides with the text, except that it is expressed in µC N

Problem. fifteen . Figure 3 shows a closed Gaussian surface in the shape of a cube of edge length 2 . 00 m with a corner
at x 1 = 5 . 00 m, and 1 = 4 . 00 m. The cube is in a region where the electric field vector is given by E = —
3.00% — 4.00y43 + 3 . 00 k N/C, with and in meters. What is the net charge contained by the cube?

Figure 3

Solution. Gauss's law will be used in the same way as in the previous problem, calculating the integrals on all
faces:

E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ · n ˆ dA
H.H

E E • ] dA + E E • ( — ] ) dA + E EE • k dA + E E . ( - k ) dA + E E . I dA + E EE . ( -^ dA
National Autonomous University of Mexico Science Faculty.............................................................1
Task 3.................................................................................................................................................1
Electromagnetism 1...........................................................................................................................1
Summary of chapter 23: Gauss's Law............................................................................................1
E·dA........................................................................................................................................1
/ ~~..........................................................................................................................................1
Issues..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution. a) The right face has the normal vector a so, using the formula for flow over a
surface:.......................................................................................................................................2
—............................................................................................................................................3
0 N/CdA =..................................................................................................................................3
0 Nm 2 /C....................................................................................................................................3
= E ~ · d ~ A.............................................................................................................................8
4
= E ~ ·n ˆ dA = E ~ ·n ˆ dA + E ~ · n ˆ dA...........................................................................8
10 7 N/A..................................................................................................................................9
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................9

In the text, the author has rounded to - 1 . 7 nC N

5
Problem. 19. A conducting sphere uniformly charged with 1 . 2 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 8 . 1
µC/m . a)Find the net charge on the sphere. b) What is the total electric flux that leaves the surface of the sphere?
2

Solution. a) With the charge density and dimensions of the sphere, the total charge on it can be calculated using the
following formula:

National Autonomous University of Mexico Science Faculty.............................................................1


Task 3.................................................................................................................................................1
Electromagnetism 1...........................................................................................................................1
Summary of chapter 23: Gauss's Law............................................................................................1
E·dA........................................................................................................................................1
/ ~~..........................................................................................................................................1
Issues..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution. a) The right face has the normal vector a so, using the formula for flow over a
surface:.......................................................................................................................................2
—............................................................................................................................................3
0 N/CdA =..................................................................................................................................3
0 Nm 2 /C....................................................................................................................................3
= E ~ · d ~ A.............................................................................................................................8
= E ~ ·n ˆ dA = E ~ ·n ˆ dA + E ~ · n ˆ dA...........................................................................8
10 7 N/A..................................................................................................................................9
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................9

In the text, the author has rounded both results, as he presents the answers 37 µC and 4 . 1 × 10 6
Nm 2
/C
respectively. N

Problem. 27. Figure 4 is a section of a conductive rod of radius R 1 = 1 . 30 mm and length L = 11 . 00 m inside a
coaxial conductive cylindrical layer, thin walls of radius R 2 = 10 . 0 R 1 and (the same) length L . The net charge on the
rod is Q 1 = +3 . 40 × 10 C , the net charge on the layer is Q 2 = - 2 . 00 Q 1 . What are a) the magnitude E and b) the
-12

direction (radially inward or outward) of the electric field at a radial distance r = 2 . 00 R 2 ? What are c) E and d) the
direction at r = 5 . 00 R 1 ? What is the charge on the e) inner and f) outer surface of the layer?

Figure 4

6
Solution. a) and b) Gauss's law will be used in its integral form, taking a cylinder that covers the complete cable, whose
axis coincides with the interior rod and of the same length, assuming that the normal is oriented towards the outside of the
wire. . By symmetry, the field will be constant in this Gaussian cylinder and will be parallel to the normal vector, therefore,
there will be no flow in its covers. If the sign of the field is positive, the field will go outwards, the opposite will be true if it is
negative.

E ~ · n ˆ dA = EdA
how locked = ~
E ·d A ~ Yes S side
up
=
=E dA = E ( 2πRL ) (19)
S side

7
From here we obtain that:

how locked up 3 . 4 × 10 C - 6 . 8 × 10
-12 -12C

2 π c 0 RL 2 π (8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm )(26 × 10 m )(11 m )


= -12 2 2 -3

= - 0 . 213791 N/A (20)


so the field goes inwards this time. The author has rounded E = 0 . 214 N/C , but the direction of the field agrees with
the answers.
c) and d) In these sections the same calculation is made as above, only on this occasion, the Gaussian cylinder only
encloses the rod and not the layer.

E = q enclosed = 3 . 4 × 10C
=
2 π e 0 RL 2 π (8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm )(6 . 5 × 10 m )(11 m )
= -12 2 2 -3

= 0 . 855165 N/A (21)


In this case, the field points outward, which coincides with the answers in the text, although the author has rounded E=0
. 855 N/C .
e) and f) Since it is a conductor, the charge is distributed on the outer and inner surfaces uniformly, then each one will
have half of the total charge of the layer, that is, - 3 . 4 × 10 -12 C N

Problem. 35. A square metal plate 8 . 0 cm edge length and insignificant thickness song has a total charge of 6 . 0 × 10 -6

C . a) Estimate the magnitude E of the electric field just outside the center of the plate ( for example, at a distance of
0.50 mm from the center) assuming that the charge is distributed uniformly on the two faces of the plate. b)Estimate E
at a distance of 30 . 0 m (large with respect to the size of the plate) assuming that the plate is a point load.

Solution. a) The plate is covered with a box-shaped Gaussian surface, so that the plate cuts it in half, as shown in the
image.

Since the flux does not cross the lateral faces, we would only have to calculate the flux on the S and S faces. The
+ -

field on these faces is constant, and it is the same flux on both faces, so which:
how locked = E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ ·n ˆ dA = E ~ ·n ˆ dA + E~·nˆ (22)
up dA
-
e0 Yes S+ S
~
=2 E ·nˆ = 2 EdA = 2 EA S +

dA
S+

8
then, when solving:
how locked 6 × -6C
10

E= up = 5.29661 × 10 N/A
7
(23)
2(8 × 10 m )(8 . 85 × 10
-2 -12
C /Nm ) 2 2

2 A e0
Naturally the author rounded the text's response to 5 . 3 × 10 7 N/A .
b) To calculate the field assuming the plate as a point particle, Coulomb's law must be applied:
1 how locked up
E=
4πe0 R 2

2 × 10 C -7-6
=(9 × 10 Nm /C ) 6× 10 C = 60 N/C
9 2 2
(24)
4 π (8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm (30
-12
. 25
)(0 m ) m)
2 2
2
2

2 × 10 C -7

This answer coincides perfectly with the one proposed by the author. N
4 π (8 . 85 × 10 -12
C /Nm )(3 m )
2 2 2

Problem. 65. A thin-walled metallic spherical shell has a radius of 25 . 0 cm and load of 2 . 00 × 10 C . Find E for a -7

point a) inside the layer, b) just outside it, and c) 3 . 00 m from the center.

Solution. a) When drawing a Gaussian sphere inside the sphere, it is observed that it will not contain any charge, which is
why the flux is zero according to Gauss's law. Furthermore, since the radius of the sphere is not at fixed, the field is zero.
b) Using Gauss's law:

q enclosed = E~ · d~A = €0S E ~ · n ˆ dA = EdA = EA = E (4 πR ) SS 2


(25)

when clearing:

E = q enclosed 4 πe
0R 2

= 28773 . 8 N/A

whose answer does not coincide with that of the author, since I round to E = 2 . 88 × 10 4 N/A
c) In this section we will have to repeat the procedure of the previous section, but changing the radius of the Gaussian
sphere:

E = q enclosed 4 πe
0R 2

199 . 818 N/A

In this section, the author rounded directly to E = 200 N/C N

Practically the same answers were obtained as in the text, except for the author's rounding or the use of
the Coulombian constant such as K = 9 × 10 Nm /C 9 2 2

Bibliography
[1] Fundamentals of Physics. H. Resnck. Patria Editorial 2009
[2] Electricity and magnetism. AND. Purcell. Revert´e Editorial 1994
[3] Introduction to electrodynamics. d. Griffiths Publishing Pearson 2013

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