Task 3 Electromagnetism 1
Task 3 Electromagnetism 1
Science Faculty
Task 3
Electromagnetism 1
x
E~·A~k (2)
k
For a more general surface, the definition of electric flux can be extended by dividing it into squares of
differential size and adding all the contributions, this sum becomes
Φ:= - -
Yes E·dA
in an integral:
(3)
Electrical flux can also be thought of as a quantity proportional to the number of field lines passing
through the surface. From the previous equations it can be seen that:
Number 2
[Φ]= C (4)
The German mathematician C. F Gauss established a relationship between the flow of electric field in a
closed surface and the charge it contains inside, it is known in his honor as Gauss's law:
€0 Φ = q enclosed (5)
If we substitute the general definition of flow, Gauss's law becomes:
/ ~~
E · dA = q enclosed (6)
Yes
The enclosed charge is the algebraic sum of the charges enclosed by the surface S, with considering its
sign. These surfaces are called Gaussian surfaces. By convention, the positive orientation of the surface is
taken, that is, the parameterization whose normal vector points towards the outside of the closed surface.
With this convention we have that, if the flux is negative, it means that the net charge enclosed by the surface
is negative, or equivalently, when negative charges are enclosed the field enters the surface, therefore, the
flux is negative.
Despite being a general law, Gauss's law is difficult to apply, but the work is greatly facilitated in
distributions with high symmetry. In these cases, if you want to calculate the field at some point in space due
to a charge distribution, you must consider closed surfaces that contain the point and whose parts coincide
with equipment surfaces. distribution potentials.
The most common applications of Gauss's law are listed below:
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1. By applying Gauss's law to a point charge with a Gaussian surface (a sphere centered on the charge)
Coulomb's law can be demonstrated.
2. In an insulated conductor, any excess charge is located on the surface of the mate rial. This can be
shown by taking Gaussian surfaces on the inside of the conductor.
3. On the surface of a conductor whose surface charge distribution is σ , the field is given by:
E=σ (7)
€0
This can be shown by taking a small cylinder that passes through the surface of the con driver, leaving
one cover inside the driver and the other on the outside.
4. In an infinite line of charge with a uniform linear density λ , the field is given by:
E=λ
2π€ 0 r (8)
where r is the distance perpendicular to the load line. This is shown by taking a finite cylinder whose
axis coincides with the loaded line. The only important contribution will be that of the lateral surface of
the cylinder.
To show it, you must take a cylinder that crosses the surface perpendicularly. cular and apply Gauss's
law, the only important contributions will be those of the covers.
6. With Gauss's law, the layer theorems mentioned in chapter 21 can be proven. To show it, you must
take spheres concentric to the shells.
Gauss's law can also be used to calculate the charge in some region bounded by a closed surface if the
electric field is available throughout space.
Issues
All calculations for the following exercises were done in Wolfram Mathematica.
Problem. 3. The cube in figure 1 has edge length 1 . 40 m and is oriented as indicated in a region of uniform electric field.
Find the electric flux that passesthrough the right face if the electric field, in newtons per coulomb, gives it a)
6.001, b) - 2.003 and c) - 3 . 00 ˆ ı + 4 . 00k N/A . d) What is the total flow that passes through the cube for
each field?
Solution. a) The right face has the normal vector a so, using the formula for flow over a surface:
2
Figure 1
e)Since the three fields are constant and the same field lines that enter the cube leave, then the net flux of all the previous
fields is zero, it is not necessary to calculate all the integrals.
In this item, all the answers coincided with those in the text. N
Problem. 9. It is experimentally found that the electric field in a certain region of the Earth's atmosphere is directed
vertically downward. At an altitude of 300 m the field has magnitude 60 . 0 N/A ; at an altitude of 200 . 0 m, the
magnitude is 100 N/C . Find the net amount of charge contained in a cube of 100 m on each side, with horizontal faces
at altitudes of 200 and 300 m.
Figure 2
Solution. Gauss's law will be used, since it is possible to calculate the flow in the cube and it will be proportional to the
Φ= E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ · n ˆ dA = E ~ · n ˆ dA + E ~ · n ˆ dA
-
Yes Yes S +
S
3
= E ~ ·n ˆ dA +
+
E ~ · n ˆ dA =
-
( - 60 ˆ k N/C ) · ˆ k dA + ( - 100 ˆ k N/C ) · ( - ˆ k ) dA
Problem. fifteen . Figure 3 shows a closed Gaussian surface in the shape of a cube of edge length 2 . 00 m with a corner
at x 1 = 5 . 00 m, and 1 = 4 . 00 m. The cube is in a region where the electric field vector is given by E = —
3.00% — 4.00y43 + 3 . 00 k N/C, with and in meters. What is the net charge contained by the cube?
Figure 3
Solution. Gauss's law will be used in the same way as in the previous problem, calculating the integrals on all
faces:
E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ · n ˆ dA
H.H
E E • ] dA + E E • ( — ] ) dA + E EE • k dA + E E . ( - k ) dA + E E . I dA + E EE . ( -^ dA
National Autonomous University of Mexico Science Faculty.............................................................1
Task 3.................................................................................................................................................1
Electromagnetism 1...........................................................................................................................1
Summary of chapter 23: Gauss's Law............................................................................................1
E·dA........................................................................................................................................1
/ ~~..........................................................................................................................................1
Issues..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution. a) The right face has the normal vector a so, using the formula for flow over a
surface:.......................................................................................................................................2
—............................................................................................................................................3
0 N/CdA =..................................................................................................................................3
0 Nm 2 /C....................................................................................................................................3
= E ~ · d ~ A.............................................................................................................................8
4
= E ~ ·n ˆ dA = E ~ ·n ˆ dA + E ~ · n ˆ dA...........................................................................8
10 7 N/A..................................................................................................................................9
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................9
5
Problem. 19. A conducting sphere uniformly charged with 1 . 2 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 8 . 1
µC/m . a)Find the net charge on the sphere. b) What is the total electric flux that leaves the surface of the sphere?
2
Solution. a) With the charge density and dimensions of the sphere, the total charge on it can be calculated using the
following formula:
In the text, the author has rounded both results, as he presents the answers 37 µC and 4 . 1 × 10 6
Nm 2
/C
respectively. N
Problem. 27. Figure 4 is a section of a conductive rod of radius R 1 = 1 . 30 mm and length L = 11 . 00 m inside a
coaxial conductive cylindrical layer, thin walls of radius R 2 = 10 . 0 R 1 and (the same) length L . The net charge on the
rod is Q 1 = +3 . 40 × 10 C , the net charge on the layer is Q 2 = - 2 . 00 Q 1 . What are a) the magnitude E and b) the
-12
direction (radially inward or outward) of the electric field at a radial distance r = 2 . 00 R 2 ? What are c) E and d) the
direction at r = 5 . 00 R 1 ? What is the charge on the e) inner and f) outer surface of the layer?
Figure 4
6
Solution. a) and b) Gauss's law will be used in its integral form, taking a cylinder that covers the complete cable, whose
axis coincides with the interior rod and of the same length, assuming that the normal is oriented towards the outside of the
wire. . By symmetry, the field will be constant in this Gaussian cylinder and will be parallel to the normal vector, therefore,
there will be no flow in its covers. If the sign of the field is positive, the field will go outwards, the opposite will be true if it is
negative.
E ~ · n ˆ dA = EdA
how locked = ~
E ·d A ~ Yes S side
up
=
=E dA = E ( 2πRL ) (19)
S side
7
From here we obtain that:
how locked up 3 . 4 × 10 C - 6 . 8 × 10
-12 -12C
E = q enclosed = 3 . 4 × 10C
=
2 π e 0 RL 2 π (8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm )(6 . 5 × 10 m )(11 m )
= -12 2 2 -3
Problem. 35. A square metal plate 8 . 0 cm edge length and insignificant thickness song has a total charge of 6 . 0 × 10 -6
C . a) Estimate the magnitude E of the electric field just outside the center of the plate ( for example, at a distance of
0.50 mm from the center) assuming that the charge is distributed uniformly on the two faces of the plate. b)Estimate E
at a distance of 30 . 0 m (large with respect to the size of the plate) assuming that the plate is a point load.
Solution. a) The plate is covered with a box-shaped Gaussian surface, so that the plate cuts it in half, as shown in the
image.
Since the flux does not cross the lateral faces, we would only have to calculate the flux on the S and S faces. The
+ -
field on these faces is constant, and it is the same flux on both faces, so which:
how locked = E ~ · d ~ A = E ~ ·n ˆ dA = E ~ ·n ˆ dA + E~·nˆ (22)
up dA
-
e0 Yes S+ S
~
=2 E ·nˆ = 2 EdA = 2 EA S +
dA
S+
8
then, when solving:
how locked 6 × -6C
10
E= up = 5.29661 × 10 N/A
7
(23)
2(8 × 10 m )(8 . 85 × 10
-2 -12
C /Nm ) 2 2
2 A e0
Naturally the author rounded the text's response to 5 . 3 × 10 7 N/A .
b) To calculate the field assuming the plate as a point particle, Coulomb's law must be applied:
1 how locked up
E=
4πe0 R 2
2 × 10 C -7-6
=(9 × 10 Nm /C ) 6× 10 C = 60 N/C
9 2 2
(24)
4 π (8 . 85 × 10 C /Nm (30
-12
. 25
)(0 m ) m)
2 2
2
2
2 × 10 C -7
This answer coincides perfectly with the one proposed by the author. N
4 π (8 . 85 × 10 -12
C /Nm )(3 m )
2 2 2
Problem. 65. A thin-walled metallic spherical shell has a radius of 25 . 0 cm and load of 2 . 00 × 10 C . Find E for a -7
point a) inside the layer, b) just outside it, and c) 3 . 00 m from the center.
Solution. a) When drawing a Gaussian sphere inside the sphere, it is observed that it will not contain any charge, which is
why the flux is zero according to Gauss's law. Furthermore, since the radius of the sphere is not at fixed, the field is zero.
b) Using Gauss's law:
when clearing:
E = q enclosed 4 πe
0R 2
= 28773 . 8 N/A
whose answer does not coincide with that of the author, since I round to E = 2 . 88 × 10 4 N/A
c) In this section we will have to repeat the procedure of the previous section, but changing the radius of the Gaussian
sphere:
E = q enclosed 4 πe
0R 2
Practically the same answers were obtained as in the text, except for the author's rounding or the use of
the Coulombian constant such as K = 9 × 10 Nm /C 9 2 2
Bibliography
[1] Fundamentals of Physics. H. Resnck. Patria Editorial 2009
[2] Electricity and magnetism. AND. Purcell. Revert´e Editorial 1994
[3] Introduction to electrodynamics. d. Griffiths Publishing Pearson 2013
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