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Untitled Document

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tigerpawzion123
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Atoms: inside and out

Submitted by: Vashti Abigayle Prado

Submitted to: Ms. Melanie Q. Baradas


Acknowledgement

I would like to thank and acknowledge the support from my


teacher, Ms Melanie Q. Baradas for teaching and giving us an
opportunity to learn more about this topic, and for providing us
the resources. I would like to thank my friends and family also
who have given valuable feedback and helpful insights
throughout my research. Even though researching or writing is
something im not good at, this was still a fun activity to do so
since ive never done anything like this before. It feels nice that I
get to experience and learn these new abilities that i'll be able to
apply in the future.
Introduction
Overview of Atomic structure

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the


chemical properties of an element. Atoms combine to form
molecules, which then interact to form solids, gasses, or liquids.
For example, water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms
that have combined to form water molecules. Many biological
processes are devoted to breaking down molecules into their
component atoms so they can be reassembled into a more useful
molecule.

In chemistry, an atom is the basic unit of an element. Elements


such as Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, are all made up
of atoms. Atoms are extremely small, but they are still made up
of even smaller particles known as protons and neutrons.
Findings and Analysis
Structure of an Atom

Atom, the basic building block of all matter and chemistry. Atoms
can combine with the other atoms to form molecules but cannot
be divided into smaller parts by ordinary chemical processes.

Most of the atom is empty space. The rest consists of three basic
types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The protons and neutrons form the atom’s central nucleus.

Neutrons are a type of subatomic particle found in the atoms


alongside the protons and electrons. Neutrons have a neutral
electric charge and a mass that is slightly greater than the mass
of a proton. Neutrons play an important role in holding the
protons and electrons together in the atom and are a key
contributor to the stability of the nucleus of an atom.
Protons are a type of subatomic particle found in the atom
alongside the neutrons and electrons. Protons have a positive
electric charge and a mass that is slightly less than the mass of a
neutron. Protons play an important role in determining the
chemical properties of an element, as they determine the number
of positive charges in the nucleus of an atom.

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus is an essential


property called atomic number, and it determines the position it
has in the periodic table of elements.
Electrons are negatively charged particles with negligible mass.
The mass of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons. It is denoted by the symbol "e." and it participates in
nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they
are known as beta particles. Electrons exhibit properties of both
particles and waves: They can collide with other particles and can
be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are
easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles
like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass.
Basic properties

Electron shells, also known as energy levels or electron orbitals,


are regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where
electrons are most likely to be found. These shells are associated
with specific energy levels, and each shell can hold a certain
maximum number of electrons.

The shells are divided into sublevels or subshells. Each shell is


composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves
composed of atomic orbitals.

The electron shells are labeled with principal quantum numbers,


typically represented by the letters K, L, M, N, and so on. The
shell closest to the nucleus has the lowest energy and is
designated as the K shell, followed by the L shell, then the M
shell, and so forth.
The capacity of each shell to hold electrons is determined by a
formula based on the principal quantum number:
● The K shell (n = 1) can hold up to 2 electrons.
● The L shell (n = 2) can hold up to 8 electrons.
● The M shell (n = 3) can hold up to 18 electrons.
● The N shell (n = 4) can hold up to 32 electrons, and so on.
Atomic Bonds
Atomic bonds are the attractive forces that hold atoms together in
molecules, ions, or solids. These bonds arise due to interactions
between the electrons of neighboring atoms. There are three
primary types of atomic bonds:

Ionic Bonds: Some atoms are more stable when they gain or
lose an electron (or possibly two) and form ions. This fills their
outermost electron shell and makes them energetically more
stable. Because the number of electrons does not equal the
number of protons, each ion has a net charge
Metallic Bonds: A metallic bond is formed when the valence
electrons are not associated with a particular atom or ion, but
exist as a "cloud" of electrons around the ion centers. Metallic
materials have good electrical and thermal conductivity when
compared to materials with covalent or ionic bonding.
Covalent Bonds: Another way the octet rule can be satisfied is
by the sharing of electrons between atoms to form covalent
bonds. These bonds are stronger and much more common than
ionic bonds in the molecules of living organisms. Covalent bonds
are commonly found in carbon-based organic molecules, such as
our DNA and proteins
Conclusion:
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that can exist on their own,
and they combine to form the molecules and materials that we
interact with daily. Understanding atoms and their properties is
essential to our understanding of the world around us and how it
functions. Atoms have unique properties such as mass, charge
and atomic bondings, which are essential for their function in
nature. These properties can help scientists better understand the
behavior of matter and the elements that make up the universe.
With the knowledge of atom structure and properties, scientists
can develop new materials and technologies that can benefit
humanity and improve our understanding of the world.
Sources:
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/ces_guide/bonding.htm

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/atomic-
bonds/

https://byjus.com/chemistry/shell/

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-electron-chemistry-604447

https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsprotons#:~:text=The
%20proton%20is%20a%20subatomic,single%20proton%20and%20no
%20neutrons.

https://www.britannica.com/science/atom/Orbits-and-energy-levels

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