Contents

1 SOLUTIONS 3
1.1 Concentration of Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Solubility of gases in liquids (Henry’s law): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Henry’s law : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Raoult’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Ideal Solution: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Non-Ideal Solution: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Colligative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Relative lowering of V.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2 Elevation in boiling point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 Depression in freezing point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.4 Osmotic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Van’t Hoff Factor (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Degree of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Degree of dissociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 HOMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 1

SOLUTIONS

1.1 Concentration of Solution

Mass Percentage n1 n2
x1 = or x2 = ( x + x2 = 1)
n1 + n2 n1 + n2 1
w w2
%= × 100 In case of gases only,
W ( w1 + w2 )
p1 p
y1 = p1 + p2 or y2 = p +2p2
1
Volume Percentage
( y1 + y2 = 1)
v V2
%= × 100 Some relations connecting M, m, d
V (V1 + V2 ) 
mB 1

d=M +
Mass by Volume Percentage 1000 m

w w2
%= × 100 Example 1. In one molal solution that contains
V Vsolution(in mL) 0.5 mole of a solute there is
(a) 1000 g of solvent
Mass Fraction
(b) 500 mL of solvent
w1 w2 (c) 500 g of solvent
x1 = or x2 = (d) 100 mL of solvent
w1 + w2 w1 + w2

Strength gL−1 Sol.

Ans. (c) :
w2 (in g) moles of solute
× 1000 1 molal solution =
Vsolution (in mL) weight o f solvent
0.5
Parts Per Million (ppm) weight of solvent = kg
1
0.5
w2 weight of solvent = × 1000 g
× 106 1
( w1 + w2 )
weight of solvent = 500 g
Molarity ( M ) molL−1

Example 2. The normality of H2 SO4 in the solu-

w2 × 1000 tion obtained on mixing 100 mL of 0.1 M H2 SO4
M2 × Vsolution ( in mL) with 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is − × 10−1 N.
  (Nearest Integer)
Molality, (m) molkg−1
Sol.
w2 × 1000 Ans. (1) :
M2 × w1( in g) Given data-
Volume of H2 SO4 ( V1 ) = 100 mL
Mole fraction, ( x ) Molarity of H2 SO4 ( N1 ) = 0.1M
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.2. Solubility of gases in liquids (Henry’s law):

Volume of NaOH (V2 ) = 50 mL to the nearest integer) [Given, atomic masses

Molarity of NaOH (N2 ) = 0.1 M No. of equivalent H : 1.0u 0 : 16.0u ].
of H2 SO4 = 100 × 0.1 × 2 = 20
5. 4.5 g of compound A(MW = 90) was used to
No of equivalalent of NaOH = 50 × 0.1 = 5
make 250 mL of its aqueous solution. The mo-
N1 V1 − N2 V2 larity of the solution in M is x × 10−1 . The
Resultant normality =
V1 + V2 value of x is .(Rounded off to the nearst inte-
20 − 5 ger)
=
150
15
= = 0.1
150
1.2 Solubility of gases in liquids
Example 3. When 800 mL of 0.5M Nitric acid (Henry’s law):
is heated in a beaker, its volume is reduced to
half and 11.5 g of nitric acid is evaporated. The 1.2.1 Henry’s law :
molarity of the remaining nitric acid solution is
x × 10−2 M. (Nearest Integer) P = KH x
(Molar mass of nitric acid is 63 g mol−1 )
KH = Henry’s constant
Sol.
Ans. (54) : Given that,
molar mass of Nitric acid 63 g mol−1 1.2.2 Raoult’s Law
A. Non Volatile Solute in Volatile Solvent
nHNO3 = 0.5 × 0.8
= 0.4 mole p◦ − ps
= χsolute
p◦
11.5
nHNO3 = 0.4 − where p◦ = vapour pressure of pure solvent
63
= 0.2175 ps = vapour pressure of solution
χsolute = mole fraction of solute
Moles solute
Molarity =
Volume of solution in (L)
B. Volatile Solute in Volatile Solvent
= 0.5437 mol/Lit ◦
0.2175 pA = χA pA pB = χB p0B Ptotal = p A + p B
= × 1000
400 where p A = vapour pressure of A (Solvent)
54 × 10−2 mol/Lit
pB = vapour pressure of B (Solute)
◦ = vapour pressure of pure A
pA
Exercise ◦
pB = vapour pressure of pure B
1. 0.01M KMnO4 solution was addes to 20.0 mL χA and χB = mole fraction of A and B in solution
of 0.05M Mohr’s salt solution through a bu-
rette. The initial reading of 50 mL burette is
zero. The volume of KMnO4 solution left in Example 4. A gaseous mixture of two substances
burette after the end point is ——– ml.[nearest A and B, under a total pressure of 0.8 atm is in
integer] equilibrium with an ideal liquid solution. The mole
fraction of substance A is 0.5 in the vapour phase
2. The neutralization occurs when 10 mL or 0.1M and 0.2 in the liquid phase. The vapour pressure
acid ’ A ’ is allowed to react with 30 mL of 0.05 of pure A is ———– atm. (Nearest integer)
M base M(OH )2 . The basicity of the acid ’ A
’ is [M is a metal]
Sol.
3. The molarity of 10% (w/w) aqueous NaOH so- Ans. (2) :
lution (density 1.11 g mL−1 ) Given data-
(a) 2.50M (b) 3.25M Total pressure = 0.8 atm
(c) 2.78M (d) 1.52M Mole fraction of A in vapour phase = 0.5
4. The mole fraction of a solute in a 100 mo- Mole fraction of A in liquid phase = 0.2
lal aqueous solution...... ×10−2 (Round off
1.2. Solubility of gases in liquids (Henry’s law): Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS

70 × 12
Mole fraction of Y benzene =
45
YA = 0.5 YB = 0.5 = 0.777
PA = PB = 0.4 atm = 0.78 ≃ 78 × 10−2
PA = PA0 × YA Here,
X × 10−2
PA0 =2 So, X = 78 × 10−2

Example 5. CO2 gas is bubbled through wa- Exercise

ter during a soft drink manufacturing process at
6. Two open beakers one containing a solvent and
298 K. If CO2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.835
the other containing a mixture of that solvent
bar then x m mol of CO2 would dissolve in 0.9 L
with a non-volatile solute are together sealed in
of water. The value of x is . (Nearest integer)
a container. Over time
(Henry’s law constant for CO2 at 298 K is 1.67
×103 bar) (a) The volume of the solution decreases and
the volume of the solvent increases
Sol. (b) The volume of the solution does not
Ans. (25): change and the volume of the solvent de-
Given that, Partial pressure = 0.835 creases
bar V = 0.9 L = 900 mL (c) The volume of the solution increases and
Applying Henry laws the volume of the solvent decreases
(d) The volume of the solution and the sol-
PCO2 = KH Xgas vent does not change
0.835 = 1.67 × 103 XCO2 7. In water saturated air, the mole fraction of wa-
−3 ter vapour is 0.02, If the total pressure of the
XCO2 = 0.5 × 10
saturated air is 1.2 atm, the partial pressure of
nCO2 nH2 O = 900
 
XCO2 = 18 dry air is
nCO2 + nH2 O = 50
(a) 1.18 atm (b) 1.76 atm
nCO2

XCO2 = nCO2 << nH2 O (c) 1.176 atm (d) 0.98 atm
nH2 O
nCO2 8. Liquids A and B form an ideal solution in the
0.5 × 10−3 =
50 entire composition range. At 350 K, the vapour
nCO2 = 25 × 10−3 moles pressures of pure A and pure B are 7 × 103 Pa
and 12 × 103 Pa, respectively. The composition
Millimmoles of CO2 = of the vapour in equilibrium with a solution con-
25 × 10−3 × 1000 = 25 taining 40 mole percent of A at this temperature
is
Example 6. At 20◦ C, the vapour pressure of (a) XA = 0.76; XB = 0.24
benzene is 70 torr and that of methyl benzene (b) XA = 0.28; XB = 0.72
is 20 torr. The mole fraction of benzene in the (c) XA = 0.4; XB = 0.6
vapour phase at 20◦ C above an equimolar mixture (d) XA = 0.37; XB = 0.63
of benzene and methyl benzene is ....... ×10−2 9. The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B
(Nearest integer) are 400 and 600mmHg, respectively at 298 K.
On mixing the two liquids, the sum of their ini-
tial volumes is equal to the volume of the final
Sol. mixture. The mole fraction of liquid B is 0.5 in
Ans. (78): the mixture. The vapour pressure of the final
Given formula, solution, the mole fractions of components A
PTotal =PoC6 H6 × XC6 H6 + PoC6 H5 CH3 + XC6 H5 CH3 and B in vapour phase, respectively are
1 1 (a) 450mmHg, 0.4, 0.6
= 70 × + 20 ×
2 2 (b) 500mmHg, 0.5, 0.5
= 35 + 10 (c) 450mmHg, 0.5, 0.5
= 45 (d) 500mmHg, 0.4, 0.6
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.3. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions:

10. Calculate the quantity of CO2 required to pre-

pare 1 L of soda water when the soda water was
packed under 2 atm of CO2 . [Henry’s law con-
stant for CO2 is 1.67 × 108 Pa ]
(a) 5.98 g (b) 1.21 g
(c) 2.9 g (d) 67.1 g

1.3 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solu-

tions:
1.3.1 Ideal Solution: B. Negative Deviation:

1. Obey’s Raoult’s law 1. Disobey’s Raoult’s law

2. pA = p0A χ A 2. p A ̸= p◦A · χ A
pB = p0B χ B p B ̸= p◦ B · χ B
ptotal = p A + pB ptotal ̸= pA + pB [Ptotal < PA + PB ]
3. ∆Hmix = 0 3. ∆Hmix = −ve
∆Vmix = 0 ∆Vma = −ve
4. Interaction A - B = A - A/B - B 4. Interaction
A − B > A − A/B − B
e.g. CH3 COCH3 + CHCl3

Eg:n-butane & n-pentane

n-hexane & n-heptane
Cyclohexane & Cyclopentane
Benzene & Toluene Example 7. At 300 K, the vapour pressure of
Chloroethane & Bromoethane a solution containing 1 mole of n-hexane and 3
Methanol & Ethanol moles of n heptane is 550 mm of Hg. At the
CCl4 & SiCl4 same temperature, if one more mole of n-heptane
Chlorobenzene & Bromobenzene is added to this solution, the vapour pressure of
Chlorobenzene & Bromobenzene the solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. What is
the vapour pressure in mmHg of n-heptane in its
pure state............. ?

1.3.2 Non-Ideal Solution: Sol.

Ans. (600):
A. Positive Deviation:
Given, Vapour pressure PT = 550 We know that-
1. Disobey’s Raoult’s law PT = PA × A+ PB × B For first condition;
550 = PA 14 + PB 34


2. p A ̸= p◦A · χ A
p B ̸= p◦ B · χ B PA + 3PB = 2200 ....(1)
ptotal ̸= pA + pB [Ptotal > PA + PB ] Second condition;
   
3. ∆Hmix = +ve 560 = PA 15 + PB 54
∆Vmix = +ve PA + 4PB = 2800 ....(2)
4. Interaction From first and second equation,
A-B<A-A/B-B
e.g. CH3 OH − H2 O PA = 400 mmHg
5. PB = 600mmHg
1.4. Colligative Properties Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS

12. Which of the following does not show negative

Example 8. When attraction between A − B is deviation from Raoult’s law?
more than that of A − A and B − B, the solution (a) Acetone-Chloroform
will show: (b) Acetone-Benzene
(a) positive deviation from Raoult’s law (c) Chloroform-Ether
(b) negative deviation from Raoult’s law (d) Chloroform-Benzene
(c) no deviation from Raoult’s law
13. Which of the following statement is not correct
(d) Cannot be predicted
for azeotropes?
Sol. (a) At the point, the composition of a bi-
Ans. (b) : nary mixture is same as the composition
When attraction b/w A − B is more than that of in vapour phase.
A − A and B − B, the solution will show negative devia- (b) Minimum boiling azeotrope shows positive
tion from Raoult’s law because, the forces of attraction deviation from Raoult’s Law.
b/w components A and B is greater. (c) Maximum boiling azeotrope shows posi-
tive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
Example 9. A binary liquid solution is prepared (d) Nitric acid and H2 O can form maximum
by mixing n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of boiling azeotrope
the following statements is correct regarding the
behaviour of the solution?
1.4 Colligative Properties
(a) The solution formed is an ideal solution
A colligative property of a solution is one that depends
(b) The solution is non-ideal, showing positive on the number of solute particles dissolved in it.
deviation from Raoult’s law.

(c) The solution is non-ideal, showing negative

1.4.1 Relative lowering of V.P.
deviation from Raoult’s law The relative lowering in V.P. of an ideal solution is
equal to the mole fraction of solute at that tempera-
(d) n-heptane shows positive deviation while
ture.
ethanol show negative deviation from
Raoult’s law p◦A − p A n2 n w M
′ = χB = = 2 = 2 × 1
pA n1 + n2 n1 M2 w1
Sol.
Ans. (b) : Determination of molecular masses by relative lowering
n- heptanes and ethanol forms a non-ideal solution that in vapour pressure.
shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law. p◦ − p A W M
In solution, heptane- ethanol interactions are = ×
pA m W
weaker than ethanol- ethanol interactions. Where X = w = wt. of solute
mole fraction of gas in liquid. On increasing tempera- m = Mol. wt. of solute
ture solubility of gases decreases. W = wt. of solvent
M = Mol. wt. of solvent
Exercise
11. At 35◦ C, the vapour pressure of CS2 is 512 mm
Example 10. 160 g of non-volatile solute ’ A ’
Hg and that of acetone is 344 mmHg. A so-
is disolved in 54 mL of water at 373 K. What is
lution of CS2 in acetone has a total vapour
the vapour pressure of aqueous solution of A.
pressure of 600 mmHg. The false statement
(Given, molecular weight of A = 160 g mol−1 )
amongst the following is
(a) 760 Torr (b) 720 Torr
(a) Raoult’s law is not obeyed by this system (c) 570 Torr (d) 450 Torr
(b) CS2 and acetone are less attracted to each
other than to themselves Sol.
(c) A mixture of 100 mL CS2 and 100 mL Ans. (c):
( po − p )
acetone has a volume < 200 mL Raoult’s law of vapour pressure = po
(d) Heat must be absorbed in order to pro- [∵ po = vapour pressure of H2 O(g) at
duce the solution at 35◦ C 373 K = 760 bar Let,
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.4. Colligative Properties

d of water = 1 g/mL ⇒ 54 mL = 54 g water then,

nA WB × 1000
mole fraction (χA ) = MB = × Kb
nA + nH2 O ∆Tb × WA
160
760 − p 160 1 Example 11. 2 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte
= =
760 160 4 solute is dissolved in 200 g of two different sol-
+ 54
160 18 vents A and B whose ebullioscopic constants are
p 1 in the ratio of 1 : 8. The elevation in boiling
1− =
760 4 points of A and B are
3
⇒ p = × 760 = 570 torr.
4 In the ratio yx ( x : y). The value of y is —–
(Nearest Integer)
Exercise Sol.
Ans. (y = 8 × x) :
14. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by
Given, MA = 1, MB = 8 We know that,
10 mm of mercury when a non-volatile solute ∆Tb = Kb × m
was added to the solvent. The mole fraction of
(∆Tb )A ( Kb × m ) A 1
the solute in the solution is 0.2 . What should = = as mA = mB
(∆Tb )B ( Kb × m ) B 8
be the mole fraction of the solvent if the de-
(∆Tb )A
crease in the vapour pressure is to be 20 mm of ∴ = 18
(∆Tb )B
mercury ?
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
Exercise
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.2
17. If a compound AB dissociates to the extent of
15. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20◦ C is 185
75% in an aqueous solution, the molality of the
torr. When 1.2g of a non-volatile substance was
solution which shows a 2.5 K rise in the boiling
dissolved in 100 g of acetone at 20◦ C, its vapour
point of the solutionhis molal. (Rounded off to
pressure was 183 torr. The molar mass gmol− i
1 of the substance is

the nearest integer) Kb = 0.52 K kg mol−1
(a) 32 (b) 64 18. 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2 B3
(c) 128 (d) 488 is 60% ionised. The boiling point of the so-
lution at 1 atm is K (Rounded off to the
16. 3 g of urea is dissolved in 45 g of H2 O. The nearest integer). [Given, Kb for (H2 O) =
relative lowering of vapour pressure is 0.52 K kg mol− ]
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.04
19. If 1 mol of NaCl solute is dissolved into the
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.01
1 kg of water, at what temperature will water
boil at 1.013 bar?
( Kb of water is 0.52 K kg mol−1 )
1.4.2 Elevation in boiling point
(a) 373.15 K (b) 373.67 K
(c) 374.19 K (d) 373.19 K
(e) 375 K

1.4.3 Depression in freezing point

∆Tb = T − T0
Molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant, kb .
It is the increase in boiling point when the molality of
the solution is unity.

∆Tb = Kb m when m = 1, ∆Tb = Kb

1.4. Colligative Properties Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS

22. 40 g of glucose ( Molar mass = 180 ) is

◦
∆Tf = T t − Tf mixed with 200 mL of water. The freezing
point of solution is. K. (Nearest integer)
when m = 1, ∆Tf = Kf
[Given, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1 density of wa-
WB ter = 1.00 g cm−3 freezing point of water =
MB = × 1000 × K f
∆T f × WA 273.15 K ]

Kb and Kf are intensive properties of solvent and do

not depend upon solute or solution. 1.4.4 Osmotic pressure
The excess pressure which must be applied on a solu-
tion to prevent the passage of solvent into it through
Example 12. 1.8 g of glucose (molar mass a semipermeable membrane.
180 g mol−1 ) is dissolved in 0.1 kg of water. π = CRT = n/V.RT; πV = nRT (van’t Hoff equation
◦
 (in C ) is (Kf
The freezing point of the solution for dilute solutions)
for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 w2 w2 · RT
n= ; M2 =
(a) +0.186 (b) -0.372 M2 πV
(c) -0.186 (d) +0.372

Sol.
Ans. (c) :
Given, Mass of solute ( glucose ) = 1.8 g
Molar Mass of solute = 180 mol−1
Mass of solvent = 0.1 kg
Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1
∆Tf = Kf × m
Where m is molality
Example 13. The osmotic pressure exerted by a
Molality =
Mass of solute 1 solution prepared by dissolving 2.0 g of protein of
× molar mass 60 kg mol−1 in 200 mL of water at
Molar Mass of solute Mass of solution in Kg
1.8 1 27◦ C is — Pa. [Integer value]
= × = 0.1 m (Use R = 0.083 Lbar mol−1 K−1 )
180 0.1
∆Tf = 1.86 × 0.1 [JEE Main-26.06.2022 ]
= 0.186 K Sol.
∆Tf = To0 − Tf [To = 273.15 K Ans. (415) :
0.186 = 273.15 K − Tf Given, amount of solute = 2.0 g
Tf = 273.15 − 0.186 Molar mass = 60 kg mol−1 = 60 × 103 g mol−1
Amount of solution = 200 mL
= 272.964 K
T = 27◦ C + 273 K = 300 K
Tf = 272.964 K Now,
Tf = −0.186◦ C Π = C.R.T
2 × 1000
Exercise Π= × 0.083 × 300
60 × 103 × 200
Π = 0.00415 bar ∵ 1bar = 105 pascal)
20. Which one of the following 0.06M aqueous so-
Π = 415 Pa
lutions has lowest freezing point?
(a) Al2 (SO4 )3
(b) C6 H12 O6
(c) KI Exercise
(d) K2 SO4 23. 2.5 g of protein containing only glycine
21. 2 molal solution of a weak acid HA has a freez- (C2 H5 NO2 ) is dissolved in water to make
ing point of 3.885◦ C. The degree of dissocia- 500ml of solution. The osmotic pressure of this
tion of this acid is ......... ×10−3 . (Round off to solution at 300 K is found to be 5.03 × 10−3
the nearest integer). [Given : Molal depression bar. The total number of glycine in the protein
constant of water = 1.85 K kg mol−1 , freezing is —————-
point of pure water = 0◦ C] ( Given : R = 0.83 Lbar−1 mol−1 )
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.5. Van’t Hoff Factor (i)

24. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.6 g of urea Πv = inRT

n
(molar mass = 60 g mol−1 ) and  1.8 g of glu- Π=i X RT
v
cose ( molar mass = 180 g mol−1 in 100 mL Π = 1.1 × 0.1 × RT
of water at27◦ C. The osmotic pressure of the
 Π = 0.11RT
solution is R = 0.08206 L atm K−1 mol−1
(a) 8.2 atm (b) 2.46 atm Exercise
(c) 4.92 atm (d) 1.64 atm
25. 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX)
is 20% ionised. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg
1.5 Van’t Hoff Factor (i) mol−1 , the lowering in freezing point of the so-
lution is
Observed value of colligative proptery (a) −1.12 K (b) 0.56 K
i=
Theoretical value of colligative property (c) 1.12 K (d) −0.56 K

number of moles after dissociation 26. A non-volatile solute, ’A’ tetramerises in water
i= to the extent of 80% .2.5 g of ’ A ’ in 100 g
number of moles before dissociation
of water, lower the freezing point by 0.3◦ C.
Normal molar mass The moler mass of ’ A ’ in g is (Kf for wa-
i=
Abnormal molar mass ter = 1.86 Kkgmol−1 )
(a) 62 (b) 221
(c) 155 (d) 354

1.6 Degree of association

1.8 HOMEWORK
i−1
 
1
⇒ i = 1+ − 1 α, α = 1
n n −1
1. What mass of 95% pure CaCO3 will be required
to neutralize 50 mL of 0.5 MHCl solution ac-
cording to the following reaction?
1.7 Degree of dissociation
CaCO3( s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) +
⇒ i = 1 + (n − 1) α CO2( g) + H2 O(I) [Calculate up to second place
of decimal point]
Where n is the total number of ions produced per (a) 9.50 g (b) 1.25 g
molecules of electrolyte. (c) 1.32 g (d) 3.65 g
2. While estimating the nitrogen present in an or-
ganic compound by kjeldahl’s method, the am-
Example 14. pH of a 0.1M monobasic acid is monia evolved from 0.25 g of the compound
found to be 2 . Hence, its osmotic pressure at a neutralized 2.5 mL of 2M H2 SO4 . The per-
given temperature T is centage of nitrogen persent in organic com-
(a) 0.1RT (b) 0.11RT pound is
(c) 1.1RT (d) 0.01RT 3. Boiling point of a 2% aqueous solution of a non-
volatile solute A is equal to the boiling point of
8% aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute B.
Sol.
The relation between molecular weights of A
Ans. (b) :
and B is.
Given-
(a) MA = 4MB (b) MB = 4MA
HA ⇌ H+ + A−
(c) MA = 8MB (d) MB = 8MA
pH = 2
∴ [H+ ] = 10−2 4. The osmotic pressure exerted by a solution pre-
cα = 10−2 pared by dissolving 2.0 g of protein of molar
10−2 mass 60 kg mol−1 in 200 mL of water at 27◦ C
α = −1 = 0.1
10 —— Pa. [Integer value]
i = 1+α 5. The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.47 bar at
i = 1 + 0.1 300K. To inject glucose to a patient intra-
i = 1.1 venously, it has to be isotonic with blood. The
1.8. HOMEWORK Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS

concentration of glucose solution in gL−1 is. (a) 2.28 mol kg−1 (b) 3.28 mol kg−1
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol−P ) (c) 0.44 mol kg−1 (d) 1.14 mol kg−1
R = 0.083Lbar−1 mol −1 ) (Nearest integer) 14. 25 g of a solute of molar mass 250 g mol−1 is
6. Solute A associates in water. When 0.7 g of dissolved in 100 mL of water to obtain a solu-
solute A is dissolved in 42.0 g of water, it de- tion whose density is 1.25 g mL−1 . The molar-
presses the freezing point by 0.2◦ C. The per- ity and molality of the solution are respectively
centage association of solute A in water is: (a) 0.75 and 1 (b) 0.8 and 1
[Given: Molar mass of A = 93 g mol−1 Molal (c) 1 and 0.8 (d) 1 and 0.75
depression constant of water is 1.86 Kkgmol−1 ] 15. A binary liquid solution is prepared by mixing
(a) 50% (b) 60% n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of the fol-
(c) 70% (d) 80% lowing statements is correct regarding the be-
7. If the concentration of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) in haviour of the solution?
blood is 0.72gL−1 the morality of glucose in (a) The solution formed is an ideal solution
blood is..... ×10−3 M. (Nearest integer) [Given (b) The solution is non-ideal, showing positive
: Atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1, O = 16u ] deviatioin from Raoult’s law.
(c) The solution is non-ideal, showing nega-
8. Sodium oxide reacts with water to produce
tive deviation from Raoult’s law
sodium hydroxide. 20.0 g of sodium oxide is
(d) n-heptane shows positive deviation while
dissolved in 500 mL of water. Neglecting the
ethanol show negative deviation from
change in volume, the concentration of the re-
Raoult’s law
sulting NaOH solution is...... ×10−1 M.
(nearest integer) [Atomic mass : Na = 16. A solution has a 1:4 mole ratio of pentane to
23.0, O = 16.0H = 1.0 ] hexane. The vapour pressures of the pure hy-
drocarbons at 20◦ C are 440 mmHg for pentane
9. 100 g of propane is completely reacted with and 120 mmHg for hexane. The mole fraction
1000 g of oxygen. The mole fraction of carbon of pentane in the vapour phase would be
dioxide in the resulting mixture is x × 10−2 The (a) 0.200 (b) 0.549
value of x is——– (Nearest integer) [Atomic (c) 0.786 (d) 0.478
weight H = 1.008, C = 12.00, O = 16.00]
17. 1.80 g of solute A was dissolved in 62.5 cm2−
10. Calculate the molality of a solution that con- of ethanol and freezing point of the solution
tains 51.2 g of naphthalene (C10 H8 ) in 500 mL was found to be 155.1 K. The molar mass of
of carbon tetrachloride. The density of CCl4 is solute A is ——– gmol−1 . [Given: Freezing
1.60 g/mL. point of ethanol is 156.0 K. Density of ethanol
(a) 0.250 m (b) 0.500 m is 0.80 g cm−3 .
(c) 0.750 m (d) 0.840 m Freezing point depression constant of ethanol is
i
(e) 1.69 m 2.00 K kg mol −1

11. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid 18. Two solution A and B are prepared by dissolv-
solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of ing 1 g of non-volatile solutes X and Y. respec-
2.0 MHNO3 ? The concentrated acid is 70% tively in 1 kg of water. The ratio of depression
HNO3 . in freezing points for A and B is found to be
(a) 70.0 g con. HNO3 1 : 4. The ratio of molar masses of X and Y is:
(b) 54.0 g con. HNO3 (a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 0.25
(c) 45.0 g con. HNO3 (c) 1 : 0.20 (d) 1 : 5
(d) 90.0 g con. HNO3
19. The depression in freezing point observed for
12. An aqueous solution of urea containing 18 g a formic acid solution of concentration 0.5 mL
urea in 1500 cm3 of the solution has a density L−1 is 0.0405◦ C. density of formic acid is 1.05 g
equal to 1.052. If the molecular weight of urea mL−1 . The Van’t Hoff factor of the formic acid
is 60 , the molality of the solution is solution is nearly: (Given for water k f = 1.86 K
(a) 0.200 (b) 0.192 kgmol−1 )
(c) 0.100 (d) 1.200 (a) 0.8 (b) 1.1
13. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in (c) 1.9 (d) 2.4
water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solu- 20. The elevation in boiling point for 1 molal solu-
tion is tion of non-volatile solute A is 3 K. The de-
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.8. HOMEWORK

pression in freezing point for 2 molal solution of (a) 0.5010M (b) 0.2897M
A in the same solvent is 6 K. The ratio of Kb (c) 0.7093M (d) 0.1428M
and K f i.e., Kb /K f is 1: X. The value of X is (e) 0.4005M
[nearest integer] 29. The volume in mL of 0.1M solution of NaOH
21. At T (K) x g of a non-volatile solid (molar mass required to completely neutralise 100 mL of 0.3
78 g mol−1 ) when added to 0.5 kg water, low- M solution of H3 PO3 is
ered its freezing point by 1.0◦ C. What is x (in (a) 60 (b) 600
g)? (Kf of water at T(K) = 1.86 KKgmol−1 ) (c) 300 (d) 30
(a) 10.48 (b) 20.96 30. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol,
(c) 41.92 (d) 5.24 CH3 OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction
22. In a 0.2 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid of methyl alcohol in the solution?
HX the degree of ionization is 0.3 . Taking K f (a) 0.100 (b) 0.190
for water as 1.85 , the freezing point of the so- (c) 0.086 (d) 0.050
lution will be nearest to 31. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100
(a) −0.360◦ C (b) −0.260◦ C g of urea, [(NH2 )2 CO] is added to 0.3000dm3
(c) +0.480◦ C (d) −0.480◦ C of water at STP is
23. C6 H6 freezes at 5.5◦ C. The temperature (a) 5.55 × 10−4 M (b) 33.3M
at which a solution 10 g of C4 H10 in 200 g (c) 3.33 × 10−2 M (d) 0.555M
of C6 H6 freeze is ——— ◦ C. (The molal 32. Two solutions of HCl, A and B, have concen-
freezing point depression constant of C6 H6 is trations of 0.5 N and 0.1M respectively. The
5.12◦ C/m.) volume of solutions A and B required to make
24. When 3.00 g of a substance ’ X ’ is dissolved 2 litres of 0.2 NHCl are
in 100 g of CCl4 , it raises the boiling point by (a) 0.5 L of A + 1.5 L of B
0.60 K. the molar mass of the substance ’ X ’ (b) 1.5 L of A + 0.5 L of B
is ........ g mol−1 . (Nearest integer) [Given, Kb (c) 1.0 L of A + 1.0 L of B
for CCl4 is 5.0 K kg mol−1 ] (d) 0.75 L of A + 1.25 L of B

25. A solute a dimerises in water. The boiling point 33. At a certain temperature vapour pressure of pure
of a 2 molar solution of A is 100.52◦ C. water is 3000Nm−2 . 5 g of non-electrolyte and
non-volatile solute is added to 100 g of water.
The percentage association of A is ...... (Round
Vapour pressure of the solution is 2985 Nm−2 .
off to the nearest integer) [Use : Kb for wa-
Assume that it is a dilute solution, find the mo-
ter = 0.52 K kg mol−1 , boiling point of water
lar mass of the solute.
= 100◦ C]
(a) 90 (b) 180
26. 1 kg of 0.75 molal aqueous solution of sucrose (c) 200 (d) 270
can be cooled up to −4◦ C before freezing. The
34. Equal weights of NaCl and KCl are dissolved
amount of ice (in g ) that will be separated out
separately in equal volumes of solutions. Molar-
is ———(Nearest integer) [Given, Kf (H2 O) =
ity of the two solutions will be:
1.86 K kg mol−1 ]
(a) Equal
27. 1.22 g of an organic acid
 is separately dissolved
 (b) That of NaCl will be less than that of KCl
in 100 g of benzene Kb = 2.6 K kg mol−1 (c) That of NaCl will be more than that of
 
and 100 g of acetone Kb = 1.7 K kg mol−1 . KCl solution
The acid is known to dimerise in benzene but (d) That of NaCl will be about half of that
remain as a monomer in acetone. The boil- of KCl solution
ing point of the solution in acetone increases 35. 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2 B3
by 0.17◦ C. The increase in boiling point of so- is 60% ionised. The boiling point of the solution
lution in benzene in ◦ C is x × 10−2 . The value at 1 atm is K. (Rounded-off to the nearest inte-
of x is ....... (Nearest integer) [Atomic mass : ger) [Given Kb for (H2 O) = 0.52 kg mol−1 ]
C = 12.0, H = 1.0, 0 = 16.0 ]
36. When 12.2 g of benzoic acid is dis-
28. 200 mL of water is added to a 500 mL of 0.2M solved in 100 g of water, the freez-
solution. What is the molarity of this diluted ing point of solution was found to be
−0.93◦ C Kf (H2 O) = 1.86 K kg mol− 1 .


solution?
1.8. HOMEWORK Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS

The number (n) of benzoic acid molecules as- (a) I < II < III < IV
sociated (assuming 100% association) is (b) IV < III < II < I
37. Freezing point of 0.4 m solution in a weak (c) II < I < III < IV
monoprotic acid is −0.1◦ C what is its van’t Hoff (d) III < II < IV < I
factor i? 44. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a
(Kf = 1.86◦ C/m) cold climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which
should be added to 4 kg of water to prevent
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.6
it from freezing at −6◦ C will be (Kf for water
(c) 1.34 (d) 1.1
= 1.86 K kg mol−1 and molar mass of ethylene
38. Which of the following aqueous solution will glycol = 62 g mol−1 )
have the boiling point 102.2◦ C ? The molal el- (a) 804.32 g (b) 204.30 g
evation constant for water is 2.2 K kg mol−1 . (c) 400.00 g (d) 304.60 g
(a) 1 mCH3 COOH
45. An aqueous solution of NaCl shows the de-
(b) 1 mNaCl
pression of freezing point of water equal to
(c) 1MNaCl
0.372 K. The boiling point of BaCl2 solution
(d) 1 m glucose
of same molality will be Kf (H2 O) = 1.86 K kg
39. The depression in freezing point for 0.01 m
mol−1 ; Kb (H2 O) = 0.52Kkgmol−1
aqueous solution of Kx [Fe(CN)6 ] is 0.0744 K.
(a) 100.52◦ C (b) 100.104◦ C
the molal depression constant for solvent is 1.86
(c) 101.56◦ C (d) 100.156◦ C
dissociation, what is the correct molecular for-
mula for the solute? 46. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass
(a) K2 [Fe(CN)6 ] 250 g mol−1 ) was dissolved in 51.2 g of ben-
(b) K3 [Fe(CN)6 ] zene. If the freezing point depression constant,
(c) K [Fe(CN)6 ] K f of benzene 5.12 KKgmol−1 , the freezing
(d) K4 [(CN)6 ] point of benzene will be lowered by
(a) 0.3 K (b) 0.5 K
40. After adding non-volatile solute freezing point of
(c) 0.4 K (d) 0.2
water decreases to −0.186◦ C. Calculate ∆Tb ,
if Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1 and Kb = 0.521 KKg 47. Exactly 1 g of urea dissolved in 75 g of water
mol−1 . gives a solution that boils at 100.114◦ C at 760
(a) 0.521 (b) 0.0521 torr. The molecular weight of urea is 60.1 . The
(c) 1.86 (d) 0.0186 boiling point elevation constant for water is
(a) 1.02 (b) 0.51
41. 25 mL of an aqueous solution of KCI was found
(c) 3.06 (d) 1.51
to require 20 mL of 1MAgNO3 solution when
titrated using a K2 CrO4 as indicator. Depres- 48. If sodium sulphate is considered to be com-
pletely dissociated into cations and anions in
h of KCl solution with 100%
sion if freezing point
ionisation will be K F = 2.00 mol−1 kg , molar- aqueous solution,
 the change in freezing point
of water ∆T f , when 0.01 mole of sodium sul-
ity = molality ]
(a) 3.2◦ (b) 1.60 phate
 is dissolved in 1 kgof water, is
(c) 0.80 (d) 5.0◦ Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1
42. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and (a) 0.0372 K (b) 0.0558 K
toluene at a particular temperature are 100 mm (c) 0.0744 K (d) 0.0186 K
and 50 mm respectively. Then the mole frac- 49. Which one of the following 1.0 × 10−3 molal
tion of benzene in vapour phase in contact with aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point?
equimolar solution of benzene and toluene is (a) Aluminium (III) chloride
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.75 (b) Lead (II) nitrate
(c) 0.33 (d) 0.50 (c) Sodium chloride
(e) 0.20 (d) Magnesium nitrate
43. The correct order of increasing boiling points of 50. The molal elevation constant for water is 0.52.
the following aqueous solutions What will be the boiling point of 2 molal sugar
0.0001MNaCl (I), solution at 1 atm pressure? (Assume B.P. of
0.0001M Urea (II) pure water as 100◦ C )
0.001MMgCl2 (III), (a) 101.04◦ C (b) 100.26◦ C
0.01MNaCl (IV) is (c) 100.52◦ C (d) 99.74◦ C
Chapter 1. SOLUTIONS 1.8. HOMEWORK

Answer Key (Exercise)

1. (30) 6. (c) 11. (c) 16. (c) 21. (50)

2. (3) 7. (c) 12. (b) 17. (3) 22. (271)

3. (c) 8. (b) 13. (c) 18. (375) 23. (330)

4. (64) 9. (d) 14. (b) 19. (b) 24. (c)

5. (2) 10. (c) 15. (b) 20. (a) 25. (a)

Answer Key (Home Work)

1. (c) 11. (c) 21. (b) 31. (a) 41. (a)

2. (56) 12. (b) 22. (d) 32. (a) 42. (a)

3. (b) 13. (a) 23. (1) 33. (b) 43. (c)

4. (415) 14. (c) 24. (250) 34. (c) 44. (a)

5. (54) 15. (b) 25. (100) 35. (375) 45. (d)

6. (d) 16. (d) 26. (518) 36. (2) 46. (c)

7. (4) 17. (80) 27. (13) 37. (c) 47. (b)

8. (13) 18. (b) 28. (d) 38. (d) 48. (b)

9. (19) 19. (c) 29. (b) 39. (b) 49. (a)

10. (b) 20. (1) 30. (c) 40. (b) 50. (a)