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1. PATH LINES – path lines are defined as the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow.
These can be thought of as “recording” the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain
period. The direction the path takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each
moment in time.
2. STREAM LINES – streamlines are imaginary lines drawn through a flowing fluid. The tangent to
the streamline at any point gives the direction of the velocity of flow at that point. They are lines
tangent to the flow velocity vector or the flow direction at every point in the flow field at a
particular instant. Streamlines show the direction in which a massless fluid element will travel at
any point in time. There can be no flow across the streamlines as they are tangent to the
velocity at every point in the flow.
3. STREAM TUBES – a stream tube is a tubular region of fluid that is surrounded by streamlines.
Since streamlines don’t intersect, the same streamlines pass through a streamtube at all points
along its length. The size of streamtubes can vary, they can be defined in different sizes, and the
only constraint is that the bounding surface of a Streamtube should be made up of streamlines.
As the name denotes, it’s a tube, which indicates that flow is possible only through the tube and
not across the tube.
4. LAMINAR FLOW – laminar flow is characterized by smooth or regular paths of particles of the
fluid. The fluid flows in parallel layers (with minimal lateral mixing), with no disruption between
the layers. Therefore, the laminar flow is also referred to as streamline or viscous flow. In
laminar flow, the velocity, pressure, and other flow properties at each point in the fluid remain
constant.
5. TURBULENT FLOW – turbulent flow is a type of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in
pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in
parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers. Turbulent flow is common in
nonviscous fluids moving at high velocities. The fluid particles move in irregular patterns,
fluctuations, or mixing, while the overall flow is in one direction.
6. DISCHARGE OR RATE OF FLOW – discharge or rate of flow (Q) is defined as the amount of fluid
passing a section of a stream in unit time. It is expressed as volume flow rate, mass flow rate, or
weight flow rate.
7. CRITICAL VELOCITY – critical velocity is defined as the speed at which the flow of a fluid changes
from laminar (streamlined) to turbulent. It is the velocity at which the liquid flow changes from
streamlined to turbulent. Critical velocity is important in hydraulic calculations as it helps to
determine the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe or tube.
8. STEADY FLOW – steady flow is a type of fluid flow in which the quantity of liquid flowing per
second through any section is constant. In steady-state flow, the fluid properties at any single
point in the system do not change over time, including temperature, pressure, and velocity. The
flow parameters, such as velocity, pressure, density, and discharge, do not vary with time or are
independent of time in steady flow. Steady flow may be uniform or non-uniform. It’s important
to note that true steady flow is present only in laminar flow.
9. UNIFORM FLOW – In hydraulics, uniform flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow
parameters remain constant with distance along the flow path³. This means that the depth,
cross-sectional area, velocity, and flow at each section of a channel reach must be constant.
Uniform flow can only occur in long straight channels of uniform cross-section, constant slope,
and no side streams.
10. NON-UNIFORM FLOW – In hydraulics, non-uniform flow is a type of fluid flow in which the flow
parameters vary and are different at different points on the flow path. This means that the
velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters change from one point to another. Non-uniform
flow occurs when the area of the cross section of the flow varies.
11. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY – The equation of continuity in hydraulics is a fundamental principle

that describes the conservation of mass in a fluid system. It states that the rate at which fluid is
flowing into a given pipe must equal the rate at which it is flowing out of that pipe. This principle
is derived from the fact that mass is always conserved in fluid systems regardless of the pipeline
complexity or direction of flow.
12. KINETIC ENERGY – In hydraulics, **kinetic energy is the energy that a fluid possesses due to its
motion³. It is a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion³. Kinetic
energy is a property of a moving object or particle and depends not only on its motion but also
on its mass³.
13. ELEVATION ENERGY – In hydraulics, **elevation energy** is the potential energy that a fluid
possesses due to its elevation above a reference level¹⁴. It is a component of the hydraulic head,
which measures the total mechanical energy available in a fluid¹. Elevation energy is important
because it contributes to the total energy of the fluid, along with kinetic energy and pressure
energy.
14. PRESSURE ENERGY – In hydraulics, **pressure energy** is the energy that a fluid possesses due
to the pressure it is under³. It is a form of potential energy that is associated with the force
exerted on a fluid per unit area³.
15. POWER – In hydraulics, **power** is transmitted by pressurized fluid to a motor that converts it
into mechanical output¹. It is also defined as flow multiplied by pressure¹. Hydraulic power
systems have greater flexibility and accuracy than mechanical and electrical systems¹.
16. BENOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION – Bernoulli’s energy equation in hydraulics is a fundamental law
derived from the principle of the conservation of energy¹. It states that during steady flow, the
energy at any point in a conduit is the sum of the velocity head (v), pressure head (P), and
elevation head (z)¹. The equation takes the form of a conservation equation where the sum of
the three variables will always remain constant as long as no losses or additions occur¹.
17. PUMPS – A **hydraulic pump** is a mechanical device that converts mechanical power into
hydraulic energy¹³⁴⁵⁶. It generates flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by
the load at the pump outlet¹³⁴⁵⁶. When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the
pump inlet, which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by
mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic
system³⁴.
18. TURBINE – A **hydraulic turbine** is a rotary machine that converts the potential and kinetic
energy of flowing water into mechanical work¹. It is a prime mover that uses the energy of
flowing water and converts it into the mechanical energy in the form of rotation of the runner¹.
The turbine transfers the energy from a flowing fluid to a rotating shaft¹. The device is used in
hydroelectric generation plants to generate electricity¹.
19. COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS – In hydraulics, a **compressible fluid** is a fluid that changes volume
when subjected to pressure¹. Compressibility is sometimes expressed by the bulk modulus,
which is the reciprocal of compressibility¹. In hydraulics, compressibility is important in the study
of compressible flow theory, which deals with the influence of density change on a flow¹.
20. VENTURI METER – A **venturi meter** is a device used to measure the flow rate of
incompressible fluids through a pipe¹. It works by converting pressure energy into kinetic energy
and measuring the rate of flow of liquid through pipes¹. The device has a tube with a broad
diameter and a small constriction towards the middle¹. It can be used to measure flow rates of
various fluids, including gases, water, suspended solids, slurries, and dirty liquids¹. The venturi
meter is named after the Italian physicist Giovanni Venturi, who demonstrated the principle, but
it was first used in practical metering applications by American engineer Clemens Herschel¹.

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1. PATH LINES – path lines are defined as the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow.

11. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY – The equation of continuity in hydraulics is a fundamental principle

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